Multi-layer insulation (MLI) creates the shiny crinkled gold and silver foil look on spacecraft and space equipment. MLI helps protect...

The global space race begins during the Cold War (1947-1991). Today, competition and collaboration rise among countries seeking universal...

Lubrication is integral to keep mechanical parts moving smoothly. Robot lube increases performance and lifespan. From mineral oils to...

Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) are foremost in artificial intelligence. RNNs are used in language translation and speech recognition....

Silver is a lustrous versatile transition metal used from Neolithic times to create ornaments. It's known for antibacterial powers, and...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a world revolution, virtually nonexistent in public use before the 21st century. Knowing how to make an...

Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a powerful force. It enables machines to think and act like humans. From perky virtual assistants and...

China is the oldest continuous civilization in the world. Its history spans thousands of years including the Yellow River culture,...

Mars Curiosity Rover is one of NASA's most ambitious projects, hailed as an optimal feat of science and engineering. Far overreaching its...

Tardigrades are micro-animals also called water bears or moss piglets, often found in water drops on moss. Known for resilience, they can...

Plutonium (Pu) is a synthetic chemical element known for its potent uses and dangers. A heavy, silvery white metal, it tarnishes to a...

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a totalitarian regime. The government controls political,...

Super alloys have unique combinations of strength, corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. Made primarily with nickel,...

Solar energy and nuclear power are the two major forms of energy in space. Solar panels are familiar on satellites and spacecraft....

Bacteria are highly adaptable and many survive in extreme conditions, like high acidity. Some can function in anaerobic habitats....

De-orbiting is the controlled descent and re-entry of satellites into Earth’s atmosphere. Methods include propulsion systems and solar...

Space debris is human made. It includes discarded rocket stages, defunct satellites and tiny fragments created by collisions and...

Astronauts on long-duration missions rely on water (H2O) for drinking, hygiene, food preparation, and oxygen generation by electrolysis....

Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere. In the vacuum of space there is no atmosphere. Oxygen is created by electrolysis of water, solid...

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries power phones, laptops, electric vehicles, satellites and spacecraft. Rechargeable energy storage devices,...