Space weather includes solar flares, geomagnetic storms and cosmic rays from the Sun. It interacts with the electromagnetic field and...

NOx are nitrogen compounds, mainly nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). These gases create serious environmental problems,...

Vehicle emissions are the waste material of combustion, including gases and particulate matter (PM). With more than 1.4 billion vehicles...

Ozone manifests as pale blue gas. The ozone layer, a concentrated region in the stratosphere, protects Earth from damage by UV rays....

Biofuels, made from organic materials, promise a renewable alternative to fossil fuels. While the sunny side of biofuel touts its...

The solar wind is a continuous stream of charged particles emitted by the sun. This supersonic outflow of protons and electrons permeates...

Experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) achieve success when astronauts cultivate and eat lettuce in space. With...

Deglobalization is the diminishing of interdependence and integration of nations and the rise of national self-sufficiency....

Gravity influences ocean tides and shapes the weather patterns. It attracts objects toward one another, causing swollen seas, cloud...

A laser weapon is a type of directed-energy weapon (DEW) using lasers to inflict damage. Unlike traditional projectile weapons, which...

Space aerosols are natural particles active in the atmosphere of Earth. They affect weather patterns, health and ecological balance. Some...

Spacecraft re-entering Earth's atmosphere must navigate intense heat and friction. Primary defenses against burning up include heat...

The Spacecraft graveyard or cemetery in the South Pacific is a disposal site for spacecraft at the end of their lives. Mir space station...

Earth's atmosphere is made of layers, each with certain characteristics and functions. From weather at ground level to the expanse of...

Laser communication uses light to send data. It's faster and more efficient than radio waves. The amount of information transmitted is...

Satellites, spacecraft and astronauts must communicate with Earth. It's necessary for mission success, data transfer and astronaut...

Radio waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, created when electric charges move. Waves travel through space at the speed of...

Wildfires rage through forest, savannah and even urban regions. Frequency and intensity of wildfires increase dramatically as they're fed...

The Yemeni civil war is a freedom fight and humanitarian disaster. Millions suffer starvation and human rights violations due to...

There are three main types of WMDs: nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons. For decades in modern history the United States develops...