Malting and mashing are essential parts of the beer making process. These steps influence quality, flavor, and character of the final...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae , brewer's or baker's yeast, is undisputed Queen of yeasts. This immobile single-celled organism is popular in...

Hanseniaspora is a genus of wild yeast, notable for flavors and nuances it brings to wine. Hanseniaspora yeast loves sugar-rich...

Terroir is created by unique environmental aspects. Often linked to wine, terroir also influences agricultural products such as cheese...

Pasteurization is a process of treatments designed to remove microbes from milk. Most microbes inhabiting raw milk are lactic acid...

Brettanomyces is a wild yeast with domestic traits. "Brett" is found throughout the natural world. Microscopy helps define and...

Krausen is a joyful moment in brewing and fermenting. When krausen appears, fermentation is under way. When it falls, fermentation is...

Feudalism is a structured system of land ownership and governance in which the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. It includes a...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) work to help transform milk into cheese, creating unique flavors and textures. They ferment sugars, mainly...

German Romanticism (Deutsche Romantik) is an influential movement emphasizing profound emotions, the beauty of nature, and the power of...

Pyrococcus furiosus is an extremophile first discovered in the boiling hot, anaerobic conditions of the volcanic island Vulcano. This...

Vulcano is part of the Aeolian Island archipelago of Italy. Named for Vulcan, Roman god of fire and metalworking, Vulcano is a unique...

Yeast and mold are types of fungi, adept at the decomposition of organic matter. They share some similarities but each has a unique...

Flowers of antimony are a purified form of antimony trioxide (Sb2O3). Created through sublimation, they have chemical and medical...

Glass of antimony , or vitrum antimonii , gives warm yellow or red hues. As Sb2O3, its use in alchemy is largely medicinal, one of many...

Johann Georg Faust or Doctor Faustus is an alchemist, physician and magician, a cryptic figure of the German Renaissance. Perceived by...

The German Peasants' War (1524-5) is short, bloody and violent, and changes the course of history in Europe. Up to 400,000 peasants rise...

Galen of Pergamon (c. 129 - 216 AD) is well known in the history of medicine. His extensive writings and theories prevail for over 2000...

The Nine Years War, also known as the War of the League of Augsburg, is a key conflict in European history. Fierce battles erupt,...

Iodine (I) is an essential element in biology, industry, science and health. It's known for its intense violet gas and strong odor....