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Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons
Nine countries have nuclear arsenals: Russia, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, India, Israel and North...

Sylvia Rose
Mar 66 min read
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Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land
Irrigation creates rich agricultural lands from dry barren earth. For thousands of years, people invent and refine ways to move water to...

Sylvia Rose
Feb 245 min read
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Gallic Wars: Caesar's Invasion of Germania
Julius Caesar's military campaigns in Germania provoke fierce opposition, strategic alliances and guerilla warfare. Rome conquers most of...

Sylvia Rose
Feb 245 min read
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How to Make a Sourdough Starter
A sourdough starter is a living mixture of microbes, flour and water giving sourdough its unique flavor and texture. Often called the...

Sylvia Rose
Feb 204 min read
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Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food
The Maillard reaction is a process in browning and flavor enhancement for food such as chicken, steak, bread and roast marshmallows. As...

Sylvia Rose
Feb 65 min read
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Beer: Malting & Mashing in Grain Fermentation
Malting and mashing are essential parts of the beer making process. These steps influence quality, flavor, and character of the final...

Sylvia Rose
Feb 45 min read
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Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Queen of Yeasts
Saccharomyces cerevisiae , brewer's or baker's yeast, is undisputed Queen of yeasts. This immobile single-celled organism is popular in...

Sylvia Rose
Feb 17 min read
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Hanseniaspora: Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes
Hanseniaspora is a genus of wild yeast, notable for flavors and nuances it brings to wine. Hanseniaspora yeast loves sugar-rich...

Sylvia Rose
Jan 183 min read
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Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place
Terroir is created by unique environmental aspects. Often linked to wine, terroir also influences agricultural products such as cheese...

Sylvia Rose
Jan 175 min read
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Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction
Pasteurization is a process of treatments designed to remove microbes from milk. Most microbes inhabiting raw milk are lactic acid...

Sylvia Rose
Jan 105 min read
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Brettanomyces: Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast
Brettanomyces is a wild yeast with domestic traits. "Brett" is found throughout the natural world. Microscopy helps define and...

Sylvia Rose
Jan 57 min read
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Krausen (Kräusen): Bubbles of Brewing Success
Krausen is a joyful moment in brewing and fermenting. When krausen appears, fermentation is under way. When it falls, fermentation is...

Sylvia Rose
Jan 25 min read
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Feudalism & the German Peasants' War
Feudalism is a structured system of land ownership and governance in which the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. It includes a...

Sylvia Rose
Jan 19 min read
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Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB)
Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) work to help transform milk into cheese, creating unique flavors and textures. They ferment sugars, mainly...

Sylvia Rose
Dec 31, 20246 min read
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German Romanticism: Nature & Emotion
German Romanticism (Deutsche Romantik) is an influential movement emphasizing profound emotions, the beauty of nature, and the power of...

Sylvia Rose
Dec 29, 20247 min read
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Pyrococcus furiosus: Extremophile of Vulcano
Pyrococcus furiosus is an extremophile first discovered in the boiling hot, anaerobic conditions of the volcanic island Vulcano. This...

Sylvia Rose
Dec 25, 20244 min read
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Vulcano: Child Miners, Gods & Extremophiles
Vulcano is part of the Aeolian Island archipelago of Italy. Named for Vulcan, Roman god of fire and metalworking, Vulcano is a unique...

Sylvia Rose
Dec 24, 20245 min read
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Yeast & Mold: Ancient Fungi, Modern World
Yeast and mold are types of fungi, adept at the decomposition of organic matter. They share some similarities but each has a unique...

Sylvia Rose
Dec 22, 20248 min read
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Flowers of Antimony: Pure Medieval Purgative
Flowers of antimony are a purified form of antimony trioxide (Sb2O3). Created through sublimation, they have chemical and medical...

Sylvia Rose
Nov 25, 20244 min read
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Glass of Antimony: Renaissance Purgatives
Glass of antimony , or vitrum antimonii , gives warm yellow or red hues. As Sb2O3, its use in alchemy is largely medicinal, one of many...

Sylvia Rose
Nov 24, 20244 min read
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