Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and generated by all living cells. It's used in cuisine, medicine, science and industry....

Cellular respiration enables living organisms to turn food into energy. It revolves around the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid...

Vermicomposting turns organic waste into nutrient rich compost using the natural inclinations of worms like nightcrawlers and red...

Salamanders can regenerate lost body parts like limbs, tail, eyes, heart and brain. Unlike humans, who can heal only minor wounds,...

Compost is a complex network of life, such as insects and generations of unseen microorganisms. In this earthy metropolis they busily...

Earthworms are movers and shakers of ecosystems. They're essential for the health and fertility of soil. They provide nutrients to plants...

Salmonella is an opportunistic bacterium. Known for its effects on health, it can cause serious foodborne illnesses. All Salmonella...

Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. They store, transmit and express genetic information in all living organisms. They define human...

Umami comes from the Japanese for "taste," applied to savory flavors. The four basic tastes are sweet, sour, bitter, and salty. Umami is...

Compost is the heart of sustainable gardening. Composting turns scraps into nutritious soil, with help from microbes and other organisms....

Hormones, a term derived from the Greek word hormao meaning to excite or arouse, are signaling molecules sent by cells to influence...

Pheromones are communication tools. Chemical substances released by an organism into the environment trigger responses to relay...

Cellular communication is a complex signaling system of living organisms from single-celled fungi to massive bodies. Cells use signals to...

Oxidation and fermentation both are used by organisms to extract energy from molecules. These operate in distinct ways and under...

Polyphenols in plants are protectors, beautifiers and communicators. With diverse structures and functions these phytochemical compounds...

Fructose is a simple sugar, a member of the carbohydrate family. It's found especially in fruits and honey. Fructose is known for...

Streptococcus is among the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), who include genera such as Lactobacillus . Besides LAB many species of...

Phytoplankton are microscopic plants of the waters. Phytoplankton support marine life, influence climate and health. A diverse group of...

Fatty acids are components of fats, with significant effects on environment and humans. Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and short-chain...

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are nutritional components of human and environmental health. From supporting brain function to regulating...