The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is in the central North Pacific Ocean. A massive moving marine dump, it accumulates vast amounts...

Earth's atmosphere is made of layers, each with certain characteristics and functions. From weather at ground level to the expanse of...

Genetic engineering, manipulation or modification (GM) makes direct changes to DNA, influencing the characteristics of organisms. It's...

Slime molds dwell in dark, damp environments of decaying matter, like forest floors or compost heaps. They morph between fungi and...

OPEC emerges from a morass of political upheaval and economic shifts to consistently influence oil production and pricing worldwide. Its...

Uruk in Mesopotamia is considered the first true city in human civilization. One of the largest sites of the ancient world, Uruk is...

Cassava ( Manihot esculenta ), also called manioc or yuca, is a woody shrub native to South America. This root vegetable has significant...

Caffeine is the world's most widely consumed psychoactive drug. Many rely on its stimulating effects. Caffeine occurs naturally in over...

Black tapioca is the sweet ingredient of bubble tea or boba, a popular drink originating in Taiwan. Tapioca is from cassava root, a...

Fossil fuels, including oil, natural gas and coal, are formed by the buried remains of ancient organisms, under heat and pressure. Fossil...

Mineral oil is a petroleum product with vast uses in health and cosmetics, robotics, food and industry. In 1859 Edwin Drake successfully...

Carbon sequestration capture and store carbon either through biological means or in geological formations. This process, currently used...

Carbon dioxide (CO2) is a colorless, odorless gas essential for life on Earth. CO2 is both a natural component of the atmosphere and a...

Bioremediation cleans up contaminated environments using live organisms like microbes, plants and fungi to nullify pollutants in soil,...

Industries use automation and robotics to promote productivity. Along with robot manufacturing advances come environmental concerns....

Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and generated by all living cells. It's used in cuisine, medicine, science and industry....

Carrots are root vegetables with bright pigments and sweet flavors. Their roots are storage vessels for starch and sugar and peek from...

Photosynthesis enables plants to convert sunlight into energy in the form of glucose molecules to support plants and life on Earth....

Root vegetables like carrots, beets or tuberous sweet potatoes are energy reservoirs. The plants store their power underground, packed...

Metalloproteins are biomolecules containing metal ions. From transporting oxygen and cell signals to catalyzing chemical reactions,...