Plutonium (Pu) is a synthetic chemical element known for its potent uses and dangers. A heavy, silvery white metal, it tarnishes to a...

Nine countries have nuclear arsenals: Russia, the United States, China, France, the United Kingdom, Pakistan, India, Israel, and North...

Super alloys have unique combinations of strength, corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. Made primarily with nickel,...

Solar energy and nuclear power are the two major forms of energy in space. Solar panels are familiar on satellites and spacecraft....

Bacteria are highly adaptable and many survive in extreme conditions, like high acidity. Some can function in anaerobic habitats....

Space debris is human made. It includes discarded rocket stages, defunct satellites and tiny fragments created by collisions and...

Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and generated by all living cells. It's used in cuisine, medicine, science and industry....

Cellular respiration enables living organisms to turn food into energy. It revolves around the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid...

Carrots are root vegetables with bright pigments and sweet flavors. Their roots are storage vessels for starch and sugar and peek from...

Astronauts on long-duration missions rely on water (H2O) for drinking, hygiene, food preparation, and oxygen generation by electrolysis....

Robots are automations in all shapes and sizes, yet they need key factors to function and survive. These include power or energy,...

Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere. In the vacuum of space there is no atmosphere. Oxygen is created by electrolysis of water, solid...

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries power phones, laptops, electric vehicles, satellites and spacecraft. Rechargeable energy storage devices,...

Solar panels or photovoltaic (PV) panels are designed to convert sunlight directly into electricity. They're composed of multiple smaller...

Lithium (Li) is a soft, silvery-white metal. Famous for rechargeable batteries, lithium is important to sectors like health and...

Transition metals are integral to nature, science, health and technology. Common transition metals include iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel...

CubeSats are miniature satellites with cutting edge technology and aerospace innovation. They are small units measuring 10x10x10 cm and...

Drone warfare uses advanced robotics technology to inflict destruction in various ways. It represents a paradigm shift in military...

Titanium (Ti) is a metallic element. From celestial origins titanium has widespread appeal as the metal of choice for robots,...

Building robots is a mix of engineering, technology, and creativity. Metals and plastics are the standout choices for roboticists....