Robots are automations in all shapes and sizes, yet they need key factors to function and survive. These include power or energy,...

Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere. In the vacuum of space there is no atmosphere. Oxygen is created by electrolysis of water, solid...

Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries power phones, laptops, electric vehicles, satellites and spacecraft. Rechargeable energy storage devices,...

Compost for the garden can benefit from the hidden nutrition of old or flat beer. Leftover brew contains vitamins and minerals to nourish...

Salamanders can regenerate lost body parts like limbs, tail, eyes, heart and brain. Unlike humans, who can heal only minor wounds,...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used in fermentation and food processing for thousands of years. The two forms of LAB fermentation,...

Soy sauce has a rich umami taste and complex traditional production process taking time and skill. Originating in Asian cuisine, it's a...

Kimchi, a Korean fermented delicacy, is popular throughout the world, made by activity of billions of microbes. Ingredients vary but...

Compost is created by billions of microbes in a natural exothermic process of biological oxidation, generating heat to make rich soil...

A sourdough starter is a living mixture of microbes, flour and water giving sourdough its unique flavor and texture. Often called the...

Kahm yeast is familiar in fermentation. A collective of wild yeasts including Pichia, Kazachstania and Candida spp , it's the...

Bacteria communicate using autoinducers, or signals. Autoinducers help bacteria coordinate their actions. In quorum sensing they inspire...

Apples ripen and fall to undergo earthly decomposition. Transformation from a crisp fruit to disappearance in the soil ecosystem is a...

Apples turn brown when exposed to air. This phenomenon is enzymatic browning, a chemical reaction not limited to apples, but prevalent in...

Oxidation and fermentation both are used by organisms to extract energy from molecules. These operate in distinct ways and under...

Black tea is made from the leaves of the Camellia sinensis  plant. As it undergoes full oxidation, it takes on a dark hue and a strong...

Wine making starts with selecting the ripest grapes and follows through various stages of fermentation, aging and bottling. Here's an...

The Crabtree effect causes yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce alcohol in an oxygenated habitat under osmotic pressures from...

Biofilms are prosperous microbial communities, complex networks of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and algae. Their secretions,...

Yeast is a single-celled organism, multiplying rapidly in the presence of sugar. Its products differ in aerobic and anaerobic conditions....