Babylonians are among the earliest astrologers. An ancient practice, astrology correlations the movements or habits of celestial bodies with events on Earth. The Babylonians chart the stars, observe the seven known planets and use complex mathematical data.
A constellation in the northern sky, Pegasus is named after the winged horse in Greek mythology. The constellation is one of the 48 listed by 2nd-century astronomer Ptolemy. Pegasus is among the eighty-eight (88) constellations recognized in modern times.
Dating back to c. 1800 BCE, Babylonian astrology is a significant part of the history of astrological practices, and world history as well. The Babylonians cultivate advanced knowledge of astronomy and mathematics. Babylonian principles are still used today.
Their observations of the movements of celestial bodies and their influence on earthly events were meticulously recorded on clay tablets, providing a detailed insight into the Babylonian worldview and their belief in the interconnection of the cosmos.
Babylonian astrology is a complex system with a crucial role in various aspects of society. Astrologers are respected individuals who served as advisors to kings and rulers, interpreting celestial omens to guide important decisions related to agriculture, warfare, and governance.
The alignment of planets and stars was believed to hold profound significance, influencing everything from individual destinies to the outcomes of battles and natural disasters.
In ancient Babylonia 1894–1595 BCE, the sun is significant to the royal authority. Shamash, one of the most powerful Mesopotamian deities, is the god of the sun, justice, and divination. He appears in the Code of Hammurabi (created 1755–1750 BCE).
The inscription reads,
"May the god Shamash, the great judge of heaven and Earth, who establishes fair paths for all living beings, the lord, my protector, remove his kingship."
A historical account detailing the downfall of Babylon at the hands of the Hittites led by Mursilis I during the rule of Samsuditana recounts a significant event involving a twin eclipse. This event is crucial for accurately establishing the chronology of Babylon.
The dual lunar and solar eclipses occurred in the month of Shimanu (equivalent to Sivan). The lunar eclipse happens on February 9, 1659 BCE. The latter phase isn't visible, confirming the historical record. The Bronze Age solar eclipse takes place February 23, 1659 BCE.
The Venus tablets of Ammisaduqa, various ancient versions inscribed on clay tablets, are widely recognized, and numerous books have been written about them. Various dates have been proposed for the events documented on the tablets.
The Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa, also known as Enuma Anu Enlil Tablet 63, contains astronomical data about the positions of Venus. This information is found in various cuneiform tablets dating back to the first millennium BCE.
It's believed the records are initially compiled during the rule of King Ammisaduqa, the fourth ruler following Hammurabi. Therefore, the origins of this text can be traced back to around the mid-17th century BCE, based on the Middle Chronology.
In mythology, Venus is conceived when the Titan Cronus (Roman Saturn) castrates his father, the god Uranus (Ouranos, the Sky), whose severed genitals fertilized the sea. Venus, goddess of love, fertility, victory and beauty, arises from sea foam.
The tablet details the times Venus rises and sets, including its first and last visibility on the horizon before or after sunrise and sunset (known as the heliacal risings and settings of Venus), using lunar dates. Astronomical positions are given for a 21-year period.
Modern calculations point to the year 1659 BC as the likely time of the fall of Babylon, based on statistical analysis of Venus observations. The currently accepted middle chronology is deemed insufficient from an astronomical perspective.
The legacy of Babylonian astrology extends far beyond its historical origins. Many of the astrological concepts and symbols that originate in ancient Mesopotamia continue to shape modern astrology practices.
The zodiac signs, planetary rulerships, and astrological houses that we recognize today all have their roots in Babylonian astrology, demonstrating the enduring impact of this ancient civilization on the way we perceive and interpret the movements of the stars.
While a primitive form of astrology is suspected during the Sumerian period in the 3rd millennium BCE, references are lacking. Scholarly exploration of celestial divination begins with the appearance of Old Babylonian texts in the nineteenth century BCE.
This marks the beginning of an organized approach to understanding celestial phenomena.
Academic astrology continues to evolve through the Middle Babylonian and Middle Assyrian periods c.1200 BCE, promoting exploration of the cosmos and its influence on human affairs.
Babylonian astrology reflects the ancient Mesopotamians' profound fascination with the heavens and their belief in the connections of celestial events with earthly happenings. Astrology is linked to medicine, and doctors study stars and planets as part of the curriculum.
Observations and interpretations of celestial movements by Babylonian scholars are a tool for predicting future events and contribute to the development of early astronomical knowledge. The tablets detail 7,000 celestial omens.
By c.16th century BCE, the practice of astrology based on omens is deeply ingrained in the cultures of ancient civilizations. Documentation is found in the Enuma Anu Enlil, a comprehensive collection of 70 cuneiform tablets.
Before the 7th century BCE, astrologers operate with only a basic knowledge of astronomy, relying on symbolism to interpret celestial movements. Symbols indicate seasonal changes and agricultural activities. Communities can synchronize activities to the cycles of nature.
The astrological guidance provides a framework for decision-making, influencing everything from agricultural practices to political decisions. By the 4th century BCE, significant strides in mathematics revolutionize of astrology.
Refinement of calculation methods allow more precise predictions of planetary positions and development of detailed ephemerides. Ephemerides, extensive tables charting positions of celestial bodies at certain times, bring an unprecedented accuracy to the practice of astrology.
Originating from divination practices, Babylonian astrology is closely linked to interpretation of celestial omens. The oldest known Babylonian divination texts, 32 tablets including inscribed liver models c. 1875 BCE, follow a similar approach as celestial omen analysis.
In this system, blemishes and markings on the sacrificial animal's liver are viewed as symbolic messages from the gods to the king. The gods manifest themselves through the celestial bodies such as planets and stars associated with them.
Unfavorable celestial omens related to a specific planet are signs of displeasure or unrest from the corresponding deity. Efforts are made to appease the god and mitigate any potential harm to the king and his kingdom.
Babylonian astrology is significant in ancient Mesopotamia, influencing decisions made by rulers and individuals alike. The intricate connections drawn between the movements of celestial bodies and earthly events are central to the belief system of the Babylonians.
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