Cellular respiration enables living organisms to turn food into energy. It revolves around the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid...

Carrots are root vegetables with bright pigments and sweet flavors. Their roots are storage vessels for starch and sugar and peek from...

Photosynthesis enables plants to convert sunlight into energy in the form of glucose molecules to support plants and life on Earth....

Metalloproteins are biomolecules containing metal ions. From transporting oxygen and cell signals to catalyzing chemical reactions,...

Zinc (Zn) is a transition metal integral to health, environment and technology. It's forged in the crucible of stars through nuclear...

Vermicomposting turns organic waste into nutrient rich compost using the natural inclinations of worms like nightcrawlers and red...

Salamanders can regenerate lost body parts like limbs, tail, eyes, heart and brain. Unlike humans, who can heal only minor wounds,...

Compost is a complex network of life, such as insects and generations of unseen microorganisms. In this earthy metropolis they busily...

Earthworms are movers and shakers of ecosystems. They're essential for the health and fertility of soil. They provide nutrients to plants...

Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. They store, transmit and express genetic information in all living organisms. They define human...

Glutamates enhance flavors like umami, making them invaluable in cuisine. One of the best known forms is monosodium glutamate (MSG),...

Compost is the heart of sustainable gardening. Composting turns scraps into nutritious soil, with help from microbes and other organisms....

Bacteria communicate using autoinducers, or signals. Autoinducers help bacteria coordinate their actions. In quorum sensing they inspire...

Quorum sensing enables microorganisms to communicate effectively. This coordinates behavior among bacterial communities. In quorum...

Apples ripen and fall to undergo earthly decomposition. Transformation from a crisp fruit to disappearance in the soil ecosystem is a...

Hormones, a term derived from the Greek word hormao meaning to excite or arouse, are signaling molecules sent by cells to influence...

Pheromones are communication tools. Chemical substances released by an organism into the environment trigger responses to relay...

The Crabtree effect causes yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce alcohol in an oxygenated habitat under osmotic pressures from...

Biofilms are prosperous microbial communities, complex networks of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and algae. Their secretions,...

Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are historically entwined with the evolution of Earth. They convert sunlight, water, and...