Compost is a complex network of life, such as insects and generations of unseen microorganisms. In this earthy metropolis they busily break down organic matter, releasing nutrients. They eat and get eaten.
At the base of the compost food web are bacteria and fungi. These industrious microbes are primary decomposers, reducing complex organic molecules to simpler compounds.
Microorganisms
Bacteria: Bacteria are the most abundant microorganisms in compost. They adapt to different stages of decomposition. Some love anaerobic conditions and others love oxygen, and many can switch back and forth.
Bacteria multiply rapidly. Some species double every 20 minutes. They decompose carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, releasing heat in the process.
Heat helps maintain optimal temperatures for decomposition, which can rise above 60°C (140°F). Thermophilic bacteria dominate in this phase.
Fungi: These opportunistic decomposers break down tough organic matter like cellulose or lignin, plentiful in woody materials. They're recognized by thread-like structures or hyphae spreading through the compost.
Fungi access nutrients locked within plant materials, making them available for other organisms. They are especially important in cooler compost piles and can tolerate lower pH levels than many bacteria.
Protozoa also appear in compost ecosystems. They feed on bacteria and fungi, helping regulate populations. This predatory behavior prevents any single group from becoming too dominant.
Yeast: Where there is sugar, there is yeast. These hungry one-celled organisms can build complex communities around decomposing fruit and grains.
They consume glucose and fructose to release CO2 and water in aerobic conditions, helping maintain aeration and moisture levels. In anaerobic conditions they produce CO2 and alcohol.
Insects et al.
Springtails: The tiny, wingless insects are among the first to arrive in a compost pile. They feed on fungi and decaying matter in moist compost. Their activity contributes to the decomposition process and maintains a balanced environment.
Rove Beetles: Rove beetles are predatory insects helping control compost populations. They feed on other insects and larvae, including fruit flies and nematodes, which can compete for the same resources.
Fruit Flies: In composting cycles, they are considered primary consumers. They break down organic compost materials, fruit acids and sugars. They love fermented drink spillage and are particularly fond of bananas.
Soldier Fly Larvae: These voracious eaters are particularly adept at breaking down food waste. They can thrive in a wide variety of organic materials and contribute significantly to rapid decomposition.
Ants are often seen in compost heaps. They contribute to aeration by building tunnels, promoting microbial activity. Ants bring organic materials to their nests, further contributing to nutrient cycling within the ecosystem.
Mites are tiny arachnids, some microscopic. They contribute to breakdown of organic materials by feeding on fungi, bacteria, and decaying matter. Mites help promote growth when compost is in the garden.
Forcellinia are common compost mites who also live in symbiosis with honeybees. The arachnids keep the hive clean by consuming dead matter, and are no threat to honey or bees. In return they have a safe home.
Nematodes, or roundworms, are microscopic organisms who prey on bacteria and fungi, helping regulate microbial populations. Nematode species decompose organic matter, so plants can get essential nutrients.
Annelids
Earthworms: Earthworms are well-known compost inhabitants, particularly in vermicomposting. They ingest organic matter, grind it up, and excrete crumbly nutrient-rich castings, valuable as soil amendment. Their burrowing helps aerate forest soil, garden earth and compost.
Pot Worms (Enchytraeids): These small, white worms thrive in moist, acidic environments. They feed on decaying matter and microorganisms, breaking down the material further and excreting nutrient-rich castings.
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