Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are tiny molecules, usually fewer than six carbon atoms. They exert strong influences on health,...

Photosynthesis supports life on Earth. In this process, plants turn sunlight into sugars for energy and provide much-needed oxygen to...

Carbon fixation optimizes the health of the environment. By transforming carbon dioxide into organic compounds, this process forms the...

Glucose is a carbohydrate, a simple sugar or monosaccharide. It fuels life and ecology. Made by plants, glucose empowers microorganisms...

Amygdalin is a compound in the seeds of many fruits, like peaches and bitter almonds. During metabolism, it produces hydrogen cyanide...

Starch is a carbohydrate indispensable to food, the environment and plant biology. It's an energy reserve for plants, consisting mainly...

Ammonium is an ion integral to biology, ecological processes, agriculture, industry and human nature. Close to its gaseous parent ammonia...

Maltose is a disaccharide, or double sugar, composed of two glucose molecules. Produced by a specialty enzyme, it's important to ecology,...

Malting and mashing are essential parts of the beer making process. These steps influence quality, flavor, and character of the final...

Amylase, a primary digestive enzyme, helps decompose carbohydrates into simple sugars. It's integral to digestion and yeast -driven...

Resistant starch is a carbohydrate. It doesn't digest in the small intestine but ferments in the large to provide fibrous bulk and...

Amylase is a powerful digestive enzyme, also important to fermentation. In saliva, it initiates digestion by decomposing starches into...

Lignans are compounds found mainly in whole grains, vegetables and seeds. Plants use them as defense weapons against threats like...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae , brewer's or baker's yeast, is undisputed Queen of yeasts. This immobile single-celled organism is popular in...

Molybdenum (Mo) is a chemical element of great importance to nature, industry and health. A transition metal, molybdenum is also an...

Trace minerals are vital nutrients the human body needs in miniscule amounts. Supporting enzyme functions in processes such as oxygen...

Fermentation is an easy, ancient process of preservation. Salt is dissolved in natural juice and/or water to make brine. Fermenting...

Pepsin is an enzyme important to digestion and health. It breaks down protein-rich foods for smooth function of the gastrointestinal (GI)...

Enzymes are biological catalysts in functions essential to life. They ensure smooth digestion, fuel cellular activities and help maintain...

Listeria is a genus of bacteria with major effects on human health and the environment. Many Listeria bacteria are beneficial, but...