The Philosopher's Stone (latin: lapis philosophorum) conjures elements of primal lore and eternal powers. In history and legend, Philosopher's Stone is sought by alchemists for such purposes as healing, immortality and transmutation of base metals into precious ones.
The fabled Philosopher's Stone can produce the Elixir of Life, the secret to immortality or extreme longevity; a panacea for all disease; and effect the transmutation of base metals to noble. It's the ultimate goal of alchemic research and experimentation.
While regions such as China, Egypt and Arabia also use alchemy for centuries, the term 'Philosopher's Stone' is used primarily in the West. It appears in isolated early medieval texts. Mention of a mystic stone goes back to 5th century BCE philosopher Democritus.
It's mentioned by Mary the Jewess (c. 100 AD) and Zosimos (c. 300 AD) in Alexandria. Referred to as "the stone" it's not named as a "philosophers' stone" until medieval times, arguably first mentioned c. 1130 AD.
In Jungian analytical psychology, the lapis philosophorum is an image of the beginning. Metaphorically the Stone is both inception and end, as one often comes full circle. The Stone represents cycles of life and the quintessence of life itself.
Islamic alchemists pick it up after the 642 conquest of Egypt. In Arabian theory the Elixir of Life is often thought to be a dry red powder (also known as al-kibrit al-ahmar, red sulfur). It's made from the legendary stone, a mystical substance of multiple powers.
By 1025, Islamic practitioners are convinced metal transmutation is not possible. Europe continues to hold on to the idea of a metal-changing magical substance until the early modern period. Isaac Newton risks his scientific reputation seeking a way to change metals into gold.
While the quest for the Philosopher's Stone ignites imaginations today, many consider it an impossible pursuit. Alchemists forever try to achieve the impossible.
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