Industries use automation and robotics to promote productivity. Along with robot manufacturing advances come environmental concerns....

Lithium (Li) is a soft, silvery-white metal. Famous for rechargeable batteries, lithium is important to sectors like health and...

The Russo-Ukrainian War begins in 2014. Conflict goes back much further. The war has profound political, social, and economic...

Titanium (Ti) is a metallic element. From celestial origins titanium has widespread appeal as the metal of choice for robots,...

Dioscorides is a physician of Rome in the first century AD. He serves as a doctor in Nero's army and later writes De Materia Medici ,...

Magnesium is an element and electrolyte crucial to life on Earth. As the fourth most abundant mineral in the human body, magnesium is...

Muscle spasms are involuntary, often painful contractions. They happen for many reasons including stress, body imbalance or dehydration....

Pyrococcus furiosus is an extremophile first discovered in the boiling hot, anaerobic conditions of the volcanic island Vulcano. This...

Vulcano is part of the Aeolian Island archipelago of Italy. Named for Vulcan, Roman god of fire and metalworking, Vulcano is a unique...

Ancient microbes in harsh conditions are the earliest life forms. Fossil records appear in rock formations up to 3.7 billion years old....

Chalk is fundamentally calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and takes hundreds of millions of years to form. This seemingly mundane mineral has a...

Silica, silicon, and silicone refer to related but distinct substances with specific properties, applications, and origins. Silica is...

Natural glass gemstones are caused by extraordinary geological events, such as intense heat and cataclysmic impacts. Natural glass...

Silica, or silicon dioxide (SiO2), occurs in the Earth’s crust, the microcosm and daily life. Silica makes ancient glass such as...

Silicon (Si) is the second most abundant element in the Earth's crust, next to oxygen. A ductile metalloid, it's integral to industry and...

Nickel (Ni), a silvery-white metal with a lustrous sheen, is a transition element essential to industry and commerce, and known in...

Cobalt is a silvery grey metal used across various fields, including science, medicine, and industry. It receives its name from the...

Zaffre (zaffer) is a vibrant deep blue pigment developed by alchemists, major pigment creators, by c. 1550 AD. Characterized by brilliant...

Calcite is made up of calcium carbonate (CaCO3). With stunning crystal formations and a range of beautiful colors, calcite also has...

Sporosarcina pasteurii is a gram-positive bacterium with the extraordinary ability to precipitate calcite and solidify sand when exposed...