Spacecraft re-entering Earth's atmosphere must navigate intense heat and friction. Primary defenses against burning up include heat...

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) is in the central North Pacific Ocean. A massive moving marine dump, it accumulates vast amounts...

The Spacecraft graveyard or cemetery in the South Pacific is a disposal site for spacecraft at the end of their lives. Mir space station...

Earth's atmosphere is made of layers, each with certain characteristics and functions. From weather at ground level to the expanse of...

Laser communication uses light to send data. It's faster and more efficient than radio waves. The amount of information transmitted is...

Free-space optical (FSO) systems use light beams to transmit data. Known for high bandwidth, security and immunity to electromagnetic...

Satellites, spacecraft and astronauts must communicate with Earth. It's necessary for mission success, data transfer and astronaut...

Radio waves are part of the electromagnetic spectrum, created when electric charges move. Waves travel through space at the speed of...

Wildfires rage through forest, savannah and even urban regions. Frequency and intensity of wildfires increase dramatically as they're fed...

The secrets of life are in the double helix. DNA region manipulation modifies entire segments of DNA including multiple genes and...

Genetic engineering, manipulation or modification (GM) makes direct changes to DNA, influencing the characteristics of organisms. It's...

Slime molds dwell in dark, damp environments of decaying matter, like forest floors or compost heaps. They morph between fungi and...

Crude oil and natural gas are often found together in nature, both developing from the same process over millennia. Important energy...

Iran has a critical and often controversial position on the world stage. In the eastern Middle East, Iran is a primarily Muslim country...

OPEC emerges from a morass of political upheaval and economic shifts to consistently influence oil production and pricing worldwide. Its...

Clean water is a life need. Water pollution is a growing concern. Chemicals, microplastics, sewage, industrial waste and agricultural...

Extreme heat devastates health and infrastructure. Across the globe, regions already endure scorching temperatures. In extreme heat, r...

Extreme heat is a pressing reality for many parts of the world. Hazardous temperatures bring exhaustion, breathing problems, heatstroke,...

Heat is neutral. It can nurture or kill. With rising temperatures, many world regions already reach lethal levels. Extreme heat is...

Wind turbines use renewable energy, the power of the wind. They transform wind force into electricity. The process is built upon...