Siris or Siraš is a Mesopotamian beer goddess. In Ebla she's called Zilaš. Siris connects to both the good and bad aspects of beer. Goddess of beer Ninkasi is sometimes considered her sister.
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In Ugaritic and Hebrew her name is used in reference to varieties of beer. Her major cult centers are Ebla in Syria and the ancient Sumerian city Nippur.
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Siris is associated with most elements of beer and beermaking. She oversees crafting, beer brewing and production, the flow of consumption and the effects of beer on humans. She's invoked in blessings of beer drinking. Rarely is she connected to the commercial aspects.
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In Akkadian texts her name, Siris or Siraš, also means beer. If her name is preceded by the dingir symbol 𒀭or divine determinative it refers to the goddess. Without the symbol it indicates beer.
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The Eblaites associate her with wine and honey, possibly honeymead. Mead may be the oldest brew, made by people of the Neolithic. Earliest mention of a drink fermented from honey is 6500 BCE in northern China.
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Mead production is thought to predate agriculture and ceramic pottery in the Neolithic. Warming temperatures after the last Ice Age (c. 10,000 ya), natural fermentation and the spread of bees throughout the world creates easy supply. Beekeeping starts c. 7800 BCE.
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If Siris is connected to wine, there's no specific attestation. In Nippur, she's worshipped in the temple of medicine goddess Gula. She's given offerings at Isin, and has her own sanctuary at Assur, Assyria. Syrian Ugarit also honors the goddess.
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In Babylon, she's worshipped in the temple of Mandanu, a justice deity. There she has a seat named Ekurunna or "house of liquor." In ancient near East literature appears the blessing, "may Siraš rejoice over you!"
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She has no spouse or consort. In the god list An=Anum she's in the courtly entourage of Enlil, supreme father god of Mesopotamia. In a Mesopotamia incantation later named The First Brick, Siris is one of the deities created by Ea (Enki) from clay of the Abzu.
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Considered a daughter of Enki, Siris has a tentative link to ancient Nisaba, goddess of grain. Nisaba was the deity of scribes and their skills such as surveying and architecture, before being replaced with scribe god Nabu.
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