Galls and gall nuts are growths on plants, particularly oak trees, used for a number of purposes throughout history. They form due to insect infestation and egg-laying, and are used in ancient medicine, dyeing, nature magic, alchemy and art.
What are Galls?
Galls are abnormal outgrowths formed on plants in response to the injection of chemicals by certain insects like wasps, mites, or fungi. These growths, though seemingly harmful to the plant, have unique properties and applications.
The plant reacts to the egg-laying process by producing a protective growth to envelop the developing larvae, forming a gall. Depending on insect and host plant, galls can vary in size, shape, and color, from small, round and green to large, woody and brownish.
Traditionally oak galls are used to forecast the upcoming year's weather. According to the belief, discovering a "worm" inside the gall on Michaelmas Day (Sept 29) indicates a favorable year ahead. Finding a spider inside means a poor year of scarcity and failed crops.
Among the various types of galls, the most recognized are oak galls, which develop notably on oak trees (Quercus). Oak galls have a high concentration of tannins, compounds known for astringency and antimicrobial properties.
Ancient Uses of Galls and Gall Nuts
1. Dye Production
One of the most significant uses of galls in ancient and medieval times is their application in dye production. The high tannin content makes galls an excellent source of dark stains and dyes. It's also a good mordant for natural fibers like cotton and linen.
People crush the galls, simmer them with water and use the extracted tannins to color textiles and leather. The mortar and pestle is c. 35,000 years old. Deep black dye derived from galls is prized from ancient to Victorian times, and among artisans today.
2. Ink Manufacture
One of the most notable uses is in ink production. Iron gall ink, made using the gall nut mixed with iron salts, is a primary writing medium for ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Romans. Iron gall ink is known for its rich, dark color and longevity.
This ink's durability and darkness makes it ideal for writing important documents, religious texts and works of literature. The ancient Egyptians, in particular, used gall inks for hieroglyphics on papyrus or wall paintings.
3. Medicine
Ancient healers know the medicinal properties of galls. Their astringent and antimicrobial qualities make them a common ingredient in traditional medicines. They're used to treat ailments ranging from wounds to indigestion.
Ancient texts, such as those by Dioscorides, mention the use of galls in remedies for ulcers and other skin conditions. He recommends egg yolk fried in a pan with seeds of sumac or crushed oak galls to stop discharge of the bowels.
4. Pest Control and Agriculture
In addition to their roles in dye and ink production, galls can be effective as insect repellent. Ancient farmers use galls to protect crops from certain pests and diseases. Their natural insecticidal properties made them valuable for those reliant on agriculture.
5. Ritualistic and Symbolic Uses
Galls and gall nuts have symbolic significance in ancient rituals and customs. In some cultures, these formations were considered sacred and were used in religious ceremonies as offerings or talismans.
The intricate patterns and shapes of galls becomes a focal point in artistic expressions and cultural practices such as divination. Galls can be seen as symbols of protection and strength due to their fortifying presence around the growing larvae.
Legacy and Modern Applications
Today, galls are still used in traditional crafts, herbal remedies, and production of natural dyes. The historical impact of galls on human civilization serves as a reminder of the enduring gifts of nature.
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