Space has a profound effect on the human body. Human bodies, adapted to life on Earth, undergo constant stressors in orbit. Astronauts...

Nanorobots are machines of incredibly small size, about one nanometer or 100,000 times smaller than the width of a human hair. Nanobot...

Bacteria are among the most diverse organisms on Earth. They're found in extreme conditions like high acidity, toxic waste and scorching...

Citric acid is found naturally in citrus fruits and generated by all living cells. It's used in cuisine, medicine, science and industry....

Cellular respiration enables living organisms to turn food into energy. It revolves around the Krebs cycle, also known as the citric acid...

Root vegetables like carrots, beets or tuberous sweet potatoes are energy reservoirs. The plants store their power underground, packed...

Oxygen makes up 21% of the atmosphere. In the vacuum of space there is no atmosphere. Oxygen is created by electrolysis of water, solid...

Lithium (Li) is a soft, silvery-white metal. Famous for rechargeable batteries, lithium is important to sectors like health and...

Metalloproteins are biomolecules containing metal ions. From transporting oxygen and cell signals to catalyzing chemical reactions,...

Transition metals are integral to nature, science, health and technology. Common transition metals include iron (Fe), copper (Cu), nickel...

Zinc (Zn) is a transition metal integral to health, environment and technology. It's forged in the crucible of stars through nuclear...

Building robots is a mix of engineering, technology, and creativity. Metals and plastics are the standout choices for roboticists....

Salamanders can regenerate lost body parts like limbs, tail, eyes, heart and brain. Unlike humans, who can heal only minor wounds,...

Silicone is strongly integrated into modern technology. From kitchen to electronics and self-healing robots, silicone is a human made...

Dioscorides is a physician of Rome in the first century AD. He serves as a doctor in Nero's army and later writes De Materia Medici ,...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have been used in fermentation and food processing for thousands of years. The two forms of LAB fermentation,...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) have different ways of metabolizing nutrients depending on species. Homo-fermentation produces lactic acid,...

Salmonella is an opportunistic bacterium. Known for its effects on health, it can cause serious foodborne illnesses. All Salmonella...

Nucleic acids include DNA and RNA. They store, transmit and express genetic information in all living organisms. They define human...

Glutamates enhance flavors like umami, making them invaluable in cuisine. One of the best known forms is monosodium glutamate (MSG),...