Kimchi, a Korean fermented delicacy, is popular throughout the world, made by activity of billions of microbes. Ingredients vary but...

Compost is created by billions of microbes in a natural exothermic process of biological oxidation, generating heat to make rich soil...

Compost is the heart of sustainable gardening. Composting turns scraps into nutritious soil, with help from microbes and other organisms....

Apples ripen and fall to undergo earthly decomposition. Transformation from a crisp fruit to disappearance in the soil ecosystem is a...

Polyphenols in plants are protectors, beautifiers and communicators. With diverse structures and functions these phytochemical compounds...

Phytochemicals are chemical compounds created by plants. They can enhance a plant's color, flavor, and aroma and provide defense systems...

Fructose is a simple sugar, a member of the carbohydrate family. It's found especially in fruits and honey. Fructose is known for...

Biofilms are prosperous microbial communities, complex networks of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and algae. Their secretions,...

Algae are a diverse range of species, from microscopic phytoplankton to massive kelp forests. Their variety comes from lack of a common...

Fatty acids are compounds with strong functions in biological processes of the human body. Found in plants, microbes to the largest...

D-Galactose and L-Galactose are forms of the simple sugar galactose . They have the same molecular formula but differ in structure and...

Acetogenesis influences ecosystems and human health. Reducing organic matter by microorganism action, acetogenesis makes acetic acid, the...

Acetate is a short chain fatty acid produced by microbes. In natural processes and biological functions, acetate has many tasks in...

Photosynthesis supports life on Earth. In this process, plants turn sunlight into sugars for energy and provide much-needed oxygen to...

Carbon fixation optimizes the health of the environment. By transforming carbon dioxide into organic compounds, this process forms the...

Glucose is a carbohydrate, a simple sugar or monosaccharide. It fuels life and ecology. Made by plants, glucose empowers microorganisms...

Starch is a carbohydrate indispensable to food, the environment and plant biology. It's an energy reserve for plants, consisting mainly...

Botulism is a serious food-borne illness caused by potent toxin of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . This neurotoxin can lead to...

Ammonium is an ion integral to biology, ecological processes, agriculture, industry and human nature. Close to its gaseous parent ammonia...

Amylase is a powerful digestive enzyme, also important to fermentation. In saliva, it initiates digestion by decomposing starches into...