Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are tiny molecules, usually fewer than six carbon atoms. They exert strong influences on health,...

Homeostasis keeps bodies functioning well. It's the process whereby living organisms like humans control the internal environment to stay...

Proteins are complex molecules integral to structure, function, tissue and organ regulation in all living organisms. Major proteins...

Proteins are macronutrients needed to build and repair tissues, produce enzymes and hormones, and support functions from brain health to...

Amygdalin is a compound in the seeds of many fruits, like peaches and bitter almonds. During metabolism, it produces hydrogen cyanide...

The Maillard reaction is a process in browning and flavor enhancement for food such as chicken, steak, bread and roast marshmallows. As...

Starch is a carbohydrate indispensable to food, the environment and plant biology. It's an energy reserve for plants, consisting mainly...

Carbohydrates are essential macromolecules important to human health and the natural environment. They range from simple monosaccharides...

Escherichia coli or E. coli are a benefit in the microbial world. Many strains are good for human health and the natural environment....

Botulism is a serious food-borne illness caused by potent toxin of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . This neurotoxin can lead to...

Ammonium is an ion integral to biology, ecological processes, agriculture, industry and human nature. Close to its gaseous parent ammonia...

Yeasts metabolize nutrients like nitrogen, biotin (vitamin H) and thiamin (B1) for optimal health in the competitive microworld. They're...

Sugars provide energy and influence bodily functions. They're essential to the growth of all living organisms. Simple carbohydrates,...

Maltose is a disaccharide, or double sugar, composed of two glucose molecules. Produced by a specialty enzyme, it's important to ecology,...

Malting and mashing are essential parts of the beer making process. These steps influence quality, flavor, and character of the final...

Amylase, a primary digestive enzyme, helps decompose carbohydrates into simple sugars. It's integral to digestion and yeast -driven...

Resistant starch is a carbohydrate. It doesn't digest in the small intestine but ferments in the large to provide fibrous bulk and...

Amylase is a powerful digestive enzyme, also important to fermentation. In saliva, it initiates digestion by decomposing starches into...

Lignans are compounds found mainly in whole grains, vegetables and seeds. Plants use them as defense weapons against threats like...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae , brewer's or baker's yeast, is undisputed Queen of yeasts. This immobile single-celled organism is popular in...