Amino acids are organic compounds. They create long chains of proteins and have essential functions in many biological processes. Amino...

Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates made of simpler sugars like glucose. They're the essential energy sources of plant and animal...

Starch is in many foods including potatoes, rice, cereals and bread. A complex polysaccharide, starch has vital functions in nature and...

Esters are organic compounds yielding countless flavors and scents. Their intriguing aromas make them valuable in cooking, perfumery,...

Ethyl acetate is an aromatic compound produced by yeast in beverage brewing, bestowing sweet fruity scents and complex flavor profiles....

Lactase is an enzyme important to breaking down lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products, into digestible elements. Lactase is...

Yeasts are lactose intolerant; but for every rule there are exceptions. These three species are able to use lactose, or milk sugar, as a...

Pseudomonadota  is a phylum of bacteria associated with nutrient cycling, human and environmental health. Some like the E. coli,...

Pickling and fermenting are processes for preserving vegetables like green beans. Both enhance flavor and extend shelf life, but methods,...

Fermentation in brewing transforms sugar into alcohol through the action of a vast colony of one-celled, immotile microbes. Top...

Pasteurization is a process of treatments designed to remove microbes from milk. Most microbes inhabiting raw milk are lactic acid...

Whey is a byproduct of cheese making. It comes with nutritional benefits and flavorful culinary options. Explore the production process...

Acetic acid (CH3COOH), or ethanoic acid, is an organic compound with a long history in food, health, science and other applications. This...

Vinegar is a dynamic culinary ingredient with a rich history and unique flavors. Created through fermentation of ethanol, including...

Green coffee is unroasted coffee. The green seeds or "beans" of the coffee cherry are covered in a whitish mucilage, tucked inside the...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) create delicious flavors and tangy textures in dairy products like cheese, yogurt and fermented milk. These...

Sugars are primary consumables and influence how bodies function, often in surprising ways. Sugars are essential for overall health. The...

Yeast strains and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in artisan baking and beverage production can affect the flavor profile of the product, like...

Krausen is a joyful moment in brewing and fermenting. When krausen appears, fermentation is under way. When it falls, fermentation is...

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is known as the energy currency of life. Without ATP, essential cellular processes stop. From rhythm of...