Polyphenols in plants are protectors, beautifiers and communicators. With diverse structures and functions these phytochemical compounds...

Phytochemicals are chemical compounds created by plants. They can enhance a plant's color, flavor, and aroma and provide defense systems...

Wine making starts with selecting the ripest grapes and follows through various stages of fermentation, aging and bottling. Here's an...

The Crabtree effect causes yeasts like Saccharomyces cerevisiae to produce alcohol in an oxygenated habitat under osmotic pressures from...

Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, is a disaccharide or double sugar of glucose and fructose. Most sucrose eaten by humans comes...

Algae are a diverse range of species, from microscopic phytoplankton to massive kelp forests. Their variety comes from lack of a common...

Yeast is a single-celled organism, multiplying rapidly in the presence of sugar. Its products differ in aerobic and anaerobic conditions....

Fermentation is a vital step in brewing, transforming sweet wort into beer. While the initial stages of malting, mashing and making the...

Cyanobacteria, also called blue-green algae, are historically entwined with the evolution of Earth. They convert sunlight, water, and...

Phytoplankton are microscopic plants of the waters. Phytoplankton support marine life, influence climate and health. A diverse group of...

Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are nutritional components of human and environmental health. From supporting brain function to regulating...

Acidosis is a medical condition characterized by increased acidity in body fluids like mucus, sweat, tears and urine and sometimes blood....

D-Galactose and L-Galactose are forms of the simple sugar galactose . They have the same molecular formula but differ in structure and...

Lactic acidosis is caused by the way bodies manage metabolism. A progressive medical condition, lactic acidosis is characterized by...

Food acids include citric, acetic, malic, tartaric and lactic acid. They have numerous uses in nature, health and cuisine, each with...

Pectin is a polysaccharide found in nature, cooking and confectionary. A type of fiber, it fortifies the structure of plants and is...

Methane is a colorless, odorless gas. The simplest hydrocarbon, it consists of one carbon atom bonded to four hydrogen atoms. It is the...

Methanogenesis or biomethanation, is biochemical process influencing the Earth's carbon cycle. Specialized microorganisms, methanogens...

Acetic acid is well known in cuisine for its pleasantly sour taste and sharp scent. From kitchen vinegar to major functions in...

Lactic acid affects human bodies and the physiology of organisms large and small. From climbing stairs to breaching athletic limits...