Lignin is a complex organic polymer essential for plant structure and strength, familiar in human natural health as fiber. This...

Polymers are large molecules made of repeating units called monomers. They're integral to the structure of matter, and occur in synthetic...

Probiotics help maintain human health and support environmental balance. Seven major probiotics species benefit human physical and mental...

Fermentation brings layers of flavor and a range of health benefits. Green beans are nutritious, but nourishing factors can be inhibited...

Fermenting cabbage to make sauerkraut is a cultural and culinary tradition. This tangy side dish und sausage topping has plenty of health...

The Symbiotic Culture of Bacteria and Yeast, or SCOBY, and Mother of Vinegar ( Mycoderma aceti ) both create delicious unique fermented...

Sugars are primary consumables and influence how bodies function, often in surprising ways. Sugars are essential for overall health. The...

Pyruvate, or pyruvic acid, is a powerful molecule essential in the energy production of living cells. An intermediate in metabolic...

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a common spore-forming yeast, known better as brewers' yeast. Some strains also release enzymes toxic to...

Acetobacter bacteria are a group of acetic acid bacteria species integral to natural processes such as turning wine to vinegar. Their...

Fermentation is used intentionally by c. 8000 BCE to create honey mead , a blend of fermented honey and water. Yeast is crucial to...

Wheat, barley, millet and rice are four of the ancient grains, going back to the Neolithic agrarian revolution c. 10,000 BCE. Ancient...

Broad beans ( Vicia faba ), faba or fava beans are cultivated as a crop from pre-Neolithic times to present day. Among the earliest...

Cultivation of apples goes back to the Middle Stone Age in central Asia. The wild ancestor of today's apples still grows in the region....

Plantain ( Plantago ) is a genus of low-growing plants with tall seed heads and narrow to broad green leaves. Part of history and folk...