Cellular communication is a complex signaling system of living organisms from single-celled fungi to massive bodies. Cells use signals to...

Apples turn brown when exposed to air. This phenomenon is enzymatic browning, a chemical reaction not limited to apples, but prevalent in...

Fructose is a simple sugar, a member of the carbohydrate family. It's found especially in fruits and honey. Fructose is known for...

Sucrose, commonly known as table sugar, is a disaccharide or double sugar of glucose and fructose. Most sucrose eaten by humans comes...

Algae are a diverse range of species, from microscopic phytoplankton to massive kelp forests. Their variety comes from lack of a common...

Yeast is a single-celled organism, multiplying rapidly in the presence of sugar. Its products differ in aerobic and anaerobic conditions....

Fermentation is a natural process for generating energy in anaerobic environments. Microorganisms like yeast and lactic acid bacteria...

Streptococcus is among the lactic acid bacteria (LAB), who include genera such as Lactobacillus . Besides LAB many species of...

Fatty acids are components of fats, with significant effects on environment and humans. Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) and short-chain...

Fatty acids are compounds with strong functions in biological processes of the human body. Found in plants, microbes to the largest...

Acidosis is a medical condition characterized by increased acidity in body fluids like mucus, sweat, tears and urine and sometimes blood....

D-Galactose and L-Galactose are forms of the simple sugar galactose . They have the same molecular formula but differ in structure and...

Lactic acidosis is caused by the way bodies manage metabolism. A progressive medical condition, lactic acidosis is characterized by...

Food acids include citric, acetic, malic, tartaric and lactic acid. They have numerous uses in nature, health and cuisine, each with...

Pectin is a polysaccharide found in nature, cooking and confectionary. A type of fiber, it fortifies the structure of plants and is...

Acetogenesis influences ecosystems and human health. Reducing organic matter by microorganism action, acetogenesis makes acetic acid, the...

Lactic acid affects human bodies and the physiology of organisms large and small. From climbing stairs to breaching athletic limits...

Acetate is a short chain fatty acid produced by microbes. In natural processes and biological functions, acetate has many tasks in...

Yeast fermentation is a natural process. It transforms simple sugars into energy, producing alcohol and carbon dioxide as byproducts....

Yeast is a one-celled highly complex creature. Its major enzymes maltase, invertase, and zymase help convert sugars into alcohol and...