Krausen is a joyful moment in brewing and fermenting. When krausen appears, fermentation is under way. When it falls, fermentation is...

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is known as the energy currency of life. Without ATP, essential cellular processes stop. From rhythm of...

Pyruvate, or pyruvic acid, is a powerful molecule essential in the energy production of living cells. An intermediate in metabolic...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) work to help transform milk into cheese, creating unique flavors and textures. They ferment sugars, mainly...

Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway used by organisms to convert glucose into functional energy. This process happens in single-celled...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are industrious microbes working to transform ingredients such as milk into cheese and cabbage into sauerkraut...

Binary fission is the primary method of reproduction for bacteria and other single-celled microbes, commonly explained as a parent cell...

Yeast is a single-celled organism of kingdom Fungi. Immotile yet dynamic and adept, these microbes are a treat to scientists for their...

Bacteria and archaea are the oldest life forms on Earth. Both defined as prokaryotes , they are fundamentally different in several ways....

Pyrococcus furiosus is an extremophile first discovered in the boiling hot, anaerobic conditions of the volcanic island Vulcano. This...

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the two major types of cellular creatures on Earth. Prokaryotes are among the first life 3.4 billion years...

Yeast and mold are types of fungi, adept at the decomposition of organic matter. They share some similarities but each has a unique...

Cell division is a core process of life in the microworld. Mitosis and meiosis are two types of reproduction in microbes such as algae,...

Wild yeast is a fascinating part of the natural world. Ubiquitous and often overlooked, it's a coveted organism of science, well-known by...

Yeast is a unicellular fungus essential in daily life. This gift of nature is used in baking leavened bread and in food fermentation. Its...

Yeast is a single-celled fungus essential for fermentation. It transforms simple sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide, a process...

Nitrogen fixation is essential for life on Earth. Despite nitrogen being the most abundant gas in our atmosphere, it exists mainly in...

Ancient microbes in harsh conditions are the earliest life forms. Fossil records appear in rock formations up to 3.7 billion years old....

Acidophiles, neutrophiles, and alkaliphiles are microbes which prosper at certain pH levels and environmental conditions such as sulfur...

Bacteroides thetaiotomicron is found in the human gastrointestinal tract (GI) as part of the normal digestive system biota, along with...