Rotifers live in complex microbial water worlds like ponds. These tiny organisms help maintain the health of aquatic environments....

Silverpoint is a drawing medium with distinct artistic potential. This delicate and precise medium has a rich history, unique properties,...

Microfungi, including molds, mildews, and rusts create a vast hidden universe. These unseen eukaryotic organisms are essential to...

Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (1632 - 1723) is a self-taught scientist whose work in microscopy revolutionizes medicine and other disciplines....

Oxidation is a primary part of chemistry and biology and essential to life. This chemical reaction is vital for energy production. From...

Methane (CH4) is a familiar gas emanating from cow dung. Methane's creators are invisible creatures known today as methanaogens,...

Circulation is one of many processes of alchemy. The purification of a substance is achieved through circular distillation in a pelican...

Decomposing horse manure is essential in the alchemical process of digestion. A flask of substances is buried in dung. As if by magic the...

Digestion is the alchemical process of applying steady heat to a substance in a flask or container. Digestion can last hours or days. The...

Decay is a fundamental aspect of life cycles. An essential and complex process in the natural world, decay involves breakdown of organic...

Vinegar eels ( Turbovecula aceti ) are a vital link in the complexity of microscopic life forms. These tiny creatures are only 1-2 mm...

Carbuncle has many meanings. Today it most often describes a deep red almandine garnet gemstone cut with a smooth, convex face or...

In the Renaissance new healing treatments come to light, many based on ancient medicine. In the 17th and 18th century these include...

Galls and gall nuts are growths on plants, particularly oak trees, used for a number of purposes throughout history. They form due to...

Mendes is an important city of ancient Egypt, in the Nile Delta. The bolus of Mendes or Mendesian bole refers to a medical preparation...

Baphomet is a unity of opposites. The mysterious figure emerges from the mythology, esotericism, and dramatic history of medieval Europe....

Olympiodorus of Thebes (c. 380 - 425 AD) is a multifaceted figure. A Roman historian from Egypt, poet, philosopher, and diplomat, he...

In ancient Rome, the haruspex has a significant role in society as a trained specialist in the the practice of haruspicy. This form of...

The Diocletianic or Great Persecution, a significant event in the history of the Roman Empire, marks a period of intense hostility toward...

The malaria parasite P. falciparum has existed for up to100,000 years. Its numbers rise c. 8000 BCE with the Neolithic Revolution....