Proteins are complex molecules integral to structure, function, tissue and organ regulation in all living organisms. Major proteins...

Peptides are natural compounds used supplementally in medicine, skincare and fitness. Vital components of biological systems, peptides...

Starch is a carbohydrate indispensable to food, the environment and plant biology. It's an energy reserve for plants, consisting mainly...

Carbohydrates are essential macromolecules important to human health and the natural environment. They range from simple monosaccharides...

Botulism is a serious food-borne illness caused by potent toxin of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum . This neurotoxin can lead to...

Maltose is a disaccharide, or double sugar, composed of two glucose molecules. Produced by a specialty enzyme, it's important to ecology,...

Resistant starch is a carbohydrate. It doesn't digest in the small intestine but ferments in the large to provide fibrous bulk and...

Amylase is a powerful digestive enzyme, also important to fermentation. In saliva, it initiates digestion by decomposing starches into...

Lignans are compounds found mainly in whole grains, vegetables and seeds. Plants use them as defense weapons against threats like...

Amylase, lipase & protease are digestive enzymes essential to health. As biological catalysts they metabolize macronutrients into...

Molybdenum (Mo) is a chemical element of great importance to nature, industry and health. A transition metal, molybdenum is also an...

Trace minerals are vital nutrients the human body needs in miniscule amounts. Supporting enzyme functions in processes such as oxygen...

Pepsin is an enzyme important to digestion and health. It breaks down protein-rich foods for smooth function of the gastrointestinal (GI)...

Enzymes are biological catalysts in functions essential to life. They ensure smooth digestion, fuel cellular activities and help maintain...

Galactose is a simple sugar or monosaccharide. It's related to glucose, with both sugars produced through the same process. Galactose is...

Syphilis is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) of obscure origins, a spotty history and massive impact. In the Renaissance its...

Polymers are large molecules made of repeating units called monomers. They're integral to the structure of matter, and occur in synthetic...

Probiotics help maintain human health and support environmental balance. Seven major probiotics species benefit human physical and mental...

Fermentation brings layers of flavor and a range of health benefits. Green beans are nutritious, but nourishing factors can be inhibited...

Cellulose is a polysaccharide or multi-sugar compound, one of the most abundant carbohydrates. Known for its flexible rigidity it...