Mushdamma (Mushdam, Mušdam(m)a or Mušdam) is the Divine Architect of the Mesopotamian ancient world. His epithet šidim gal den-líl-lá-ke4...

Mamu (Mamud) is a goddess of dreams in ancient Mesopotamia. Daughter of dawn goddess Aya and sun god Shamash (Utu), she may be called the...

Bitumen, a natural petroleum product, is a common trade route item in the ancient world. The earliest known use of bitumen dates back to...

Sailing begins in the Sumerian or southern Mesopotamian regions of river deltas and marshes. Boats and rafts at first are made of...

Linen from the flax plant is the most popular textile in ancient Egypt, used in everyday clothing, bedding and funerary shrouds. Hemp is...

Egyptian Blue is a soft smoky blue hue considered the world's first synthetic color. The original formula to create Egyptian blue pigment...

Aruna is the God of the Sea worshiped by the Hittites (c. 1600 - 1187 BCE). At their greatest range under King Šuppiluliuma I, the...

Isuwa is a Bronze Age Hittite kingdom founded by the Hurrians. Also called Išuwa or Ishuwa, it's one of the many states or kingdoms...

Hayasa-Azzi is a confederation of states in Bronze Age Anatolia from the Pontic regions at the Black Sea to the Armenian highlands....

Purulli is a spring festival acquired by the Hittites from the Hatti, previous occupants of the Anatolian lands. It also celebrates the...

Hapkis is an ancient vassal kingdom created to contain the unruly Kashka (Kaska, Kaška, Kaskians) of the Pontic Mountains. The range runs...

Tumanna is a northern Anatolian settlement of the ancient world. Embracing the south coast of the Black Sea, in the late Bronze Age...

Pala is a Bronze Age culture, located in northern Anatolia (Turkey) near the mountainous regions by the Black Sea. In the eastern...

Ebony is a coveted item of trade for thousands of years, in the ancient world still in demand today. A solid black hardwood, ebony is...

The middle Elamite period lasts c. 1500 - 1000 BCE. It's marked by the c. 1500 BCE rise of the Anshanite dynasties. Read: Cult of the...

Inara is the goddess of wild animals, hills and forests in Hittite mythology. The Purulliya Festival of spring comes from an older Hatti...

Tarhunna (Tarḫunna) is the Storm and Weather God of the Hittites, a warrior people who occupy much of Anatolia in the Bronze Age....

Ḫaḫḫima (Hahhima) is a dreaded frost demon god of the ancient Hittites. His realm is a frozen wasteland. He spreads bitter cold and...