A biofilm is a living community of microorganisms including bacteria, fungi and algae. Comprising over 80% of all microbial life on...

Oxidation is a primary part of chemistry and biology and essential to life. This chemical reaction is vital for energy production. From...

Methane microbes are among trillions of microorganisms who call humans home. In digestion these prokaryotes create colorless, odorless...

Lactic acid bacteria are important to fermentation of human foods like yogurt , pickles and cheese . Their transformative powers might be...

Alchemy uses natural processes, often driven by microbial forces. Unseen biological entities include bacteria, amoeba and flagellates....

Protozoa are single-celled organisms integral to ecosystems worldwide. As microbes they're microscopic and invisible to the human eye....

Microbes are invisible and exist everywhere, in air, water and soil. Scientists find microbes living in the charred soil wildfires leave...

Decomposing horse manure is essential in the alchemical process of digestion. A flask of substances is buried in dung. As if by magic the...

Digestion is the alchemical process of applying steady heat to a substance in a flask or container. Digestion can last hours or days. The...

Acetobacter bacteria are a group of acetic acid bacteria species integral to natural processes such as turning wine to vinegar. Their...

In microbiology the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris can be a gift from nature or a scourge of plants. Tiny but mighty, these...

Spices come from distant lands along ancient trade routes. These commodities bring flavor to food, health and beauty to consumers and...

Gum arabic, also known as acacia gum, is a natural substance derived from sap of Acacia trees, especially Acacia senegal . This sticky,...

Thickening gums such as gum arabic, guar and xanthan gums are indispensable for creation of inks and pigment by individual or industrial...

Carbon is the ubiquitous element. Art, beauty, science and health pivot around the life force of carbon. Here's the nature of carbon, its...

Soot, also loosely called lampblack or carbon black, is traditionally used to make ink, painters' pigment, medicines and makeup. A...

Carbon steel is an essential material in various industries, renowned for versatility and strength. Uncover the secrets of carbon steel:...

Potassium Hydroxide, also known as caustic potash, has a history dating back to ancient times. A versatile chemical compound, it's used...

Decay is a fundamental aspect of life cycles. An essential and complex process in the natural world, decay involves breakdown of organic...

Fermentation and rot are natural processes. While they may seem synonymous, a closer look reveals the differences between the two....