The Maillard reaction is a process in browning and flavor enhancement for food such as chicken, steak, bread and roast marshmallows. As...

Starch is a carbohydrate indispensable to food, the environment and plant biology. It's an energy reserve for plants, consisting mainly...

Carbohydrates are essential macromolecules important to human health and the natural environment. They range from simple monosaccharides...

Escherichia coli or E. coli are a benefit in the microbial world. Many strains are good for human health and the natural environment....

Ammonium is an ion integral to biology, ecological processes, agriculture, industry and human nature. Close to its gaseous parent ammonia...

Yeasts metabolize nutrients like nitrogen, biotin (vitamin H) and thiamin (B1) for optimal health in the competitive microworld. They're...

Candida albicans is a common yeast dwelling in humans and the natural environment. Usually unnoticed unless pathogenic, it's found in...

Sugars provide energy and influence bodily functions. They're essential to the growth of all living organisms. Simple carbohydrates,...

Maltose is a disaccharide, or double sugar, composed of two glucose molecules. Produced by a specialty enzyme, it's important to ecology,...

Malting and mashing are essential parts of the beer making process. These steps influence quality, flavor, and character of the final...

Amylase, a primary digestive enzyme, helps decompose carbohydrates into simple sugars. It's integral to digestion and yeast -driven...

Resistant starch is a carbohydrate. It doesn't digest in the small intestine but ferments in the large to provide fibrous bulk and...

Amylase is a powerful digestive enzyme, also important to fermentation. In saliva, it initiates digestion by decomposing starches into...

Amylase, lipase & protease are digestive enzymes essential to health. As biological catalysts they metabolize macronutrients into...

Trace minerals are vital nutrients the human body needs in miniscule amounts. Supporting enzyme functions in processes such as oxygen...

Fermentation is an easy, ancient process of preservation. Salt is dissolved in natural juice and/or water to make brine. Fermenting...

Pepsin is an enzyme important to digestion and health. It breaks down protein-rich foods for smooth function of the gastrointestinal (GI)...

Listeria is a genus of bacteria with major effects on human health and the environment. Many Listeria bacteria are beneficial, but...

Lactase is an enzyme essential in digesting lactose , or milk sugar. A disaccharide, lactose breaks down as simple sugars glucose and...

Galactose is a simple sugar or monosaccharide. It's related to glucose, with both sugars produced through the same process. Galactose is...