The Nine Years War, also known as the War of the League of Augsburg, is a key conflict in European history. Fierce battles erupt,...

Pyrometallurgy is the high-temperature processing of ores to extract and refine metals. It uses alchemical processes in a modern...

Cornstarch, also called corn flour, is a common ingredient worldwide. A fine, white powder processed from endosperms of corn kernels,...

Rotifers live in complex microbial water worlds like ponds. These tiny organisms help maintain the health of aquatic environments....

Potash is a mineral group prized in agriculture, health and human life though history. Potash covers various potassium-rich salts,...

Drawing is a creative expression for humans since cave paintings of prehistory. In art, anything making a mark is a drawing tool....

Sanguine is a rich, reddish-brown chalk beloved by Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo. Creating flesh-like tones in the human form...

Guar gum is recognized for its unique natural properties in visual arts and crafting. From enhancing textures to creating custom paints,...

Chloroauric acid H[AuCl4] is a yellow solution created in the 18th century. A gold(III) salt, chloroauric acid is an innovative compound,...

The Renaissance brings a unique approach to medicine. Based on the Four Humors theory of health the Galenic way, purging the body of...

Microfungi, including molds, mildews, and rusts create a vast hidden universe. These unseen eukaryotic organisms are essential to...

Alchemy seeks the magnum opus or great work. This twelve step program comes from the anonymous Ripley Scroll, so called as alchemist...

Prussic acid, widely known as hydrogen cyanide (HCN), has a rich history and unique properties as one of the most notorious compounds of...

Prokaryotes are single-celled organisms making up 10% of the Earth's total biomass. They're essential to the ecosystem and human life....

Acidophillium and Acidobacillus ferroxidens bacteria thrive in harmful conditions. These microscopic sulfuric acid-eating bacteria use...

Reduction is a fundamental aspect of everyday life, from breathing oxygen to powering a phone. Reduction and its counterpart, oxidation ,...

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a basic disinfectant and bleach of many households. If stored too long it will decompose. The decomposition...

Peracetic acid is a remarkable compound with powerful benefits and considerable risks. A colorless liquid with a sharp odor similar to...

White lead, lead(II) carbonate or PbCO₃, has a long sordid history in art, paint and industry, a major source of white for artists and in...

Digestion is the alchemical process of applying steady heat to a substance in a flask or container. Digestion can last hours or days. The...