Yeast is a vital microorganism in wine making. From ancient fermentation to modern advancements, yeast influences taste, texture and...

Lactase is an enzyme important to breaking down lactose, a sugar found in milk and dairy products, into digestible elements. Lactase is...

Yeasts are lactose intolerant; but for every rule there are exceptions. These three species are able to use lactose, or milk sugar, as a...

Pseudomonadota  is a phylum of bacteria associated with nutrient cycling, human and environmental health. Some like the E. coli,...

Pickling and fermenting are processes for preserving vegetables like green beans. Both enhance flavor and extend shelf life, but methods,...

Lactic acid (C3H6O3) is an organic acid familiar to humans in food and health. Lactic acid is ten times more acidic than the acetic acid...

Lactobacillus is a genus of bacteria significant in food fermentation and human health. Members of the beneficial lactic acid bacteria...

Green coffee is unroasted coffee. The green seeds or "beans" of the coffee cherry are covered in a whitish mucilage, tucked inside the...

Coffee lovers welcome the smooth, rich aroma of the morning brew. The journey from coffee tree to flavorful cuppa Joe is a captivating...

Chocolate is one of the world's most beloved indulgences. The journey from cacao bean to chocolate bar is a series of artful processes,...

Brettanomyces is a wild yeast with domestic traits. "Brett" is found throughout the natural world. Microscopy helps define and...

Sugars are primary consumables and influence how bodies function, often in surprising ways. Sugars are essential for overall health. The...

Mold (mould) is a multi-faceted entity, with properties from food enrichment to serious health hazards. Central to survival of mold are...

Krausen is a joyful moment in brewing and fermenting. When krausen appears, fermentation is under way. When it falls, fermentation is...

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP, is known as the energy currency of life. Without ATP, essential cellular processes stop. From rhythm of...

Feudalism is a structured system of land ownership and governance in which the rich get richer and the poor get poorer. It includes a...

Glycolysis is a biochemical pathway used by organisms to convert glucose into functional energy. This process happens in single-celled...

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are industrious microbes working to transform ingredients such as milk into cheese and cabbage into sauerkraut...

Pan is the wild rustic god of shepherds, flocks and music. Originating in Arcadia, Greece, Pan embodies the essence of wilderness. He...

Yeast is a unicellular fungus essential in daily life. This gift of nature is used in baking leavened bread and in food fermentation. Its...