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Earth of Chios is a white to gray powdery mineral soil or fine grained clay found on the Greek island of Chios. Earth of Chios or Chian Earth has been used since prehistoric times for its multifaceted applications in medicine, cosmetics, pigment and alchemy. Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine What is Earth of Chios? Earth of Chios, or "Chios clay," is a fine, powdery soil harvested from volcanic ash deposits on the island. Many of the Greek islands are formed by volcanic action. Known use of Earth of Chios goes back to ancient Greece. The kaolin-rich white soil is found near Pyrgi in the south of the island. This soil has been used since ancient times for its astringent and cosmetic properties, referred to as "Chian earth" in Latin ( Chia terra ) and as πηλομαιοτικο (pēlomaiotiko) in Greek. Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Its formation is attributed to the unique geological and climatic conditions of the island, along with the presence of kaolinite {Al2Si2O5(OH)4}, a clay mineral used for its many benefits. Earth of Chios is white because it has almost no impurities like iron and organic materials. On collection, white clay earth is often refined and filtered to remove colorants, increasing the concentration of pure white kaolin or halloysite minerals. Some clays are bleached but these don't have the same composition as kaolinite earth. Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy How to Use Mineral Clay Face Masks : Mix Earth of Chios with water or a carrier oil to create a paste that can be applied to the face. Leave it on for 10-15 minutes before rinsing off with warm water for a mini spa experience at home. Foot Soaks : Dissolve the clay in warm water for a refreshing foot bath that helps draw out impurities and soften skin. Poultices : Use the clay in a poultice form to soothe minor wounds, cuts, and insect bites, combining the clay with water and applying it directly to the affected area. Detox Baths : Add Earth of Chios to your bathwater for an indulgent detox that helps cleanse the skin and restore balance. Finding the Philosophers' Egg Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment On collection, white clays are refined and filtered to remove any colorants, increasing the concentration of pure white kaolin or halloysite minerals. If buying these products be sure to deal with a reputable source. In pottery, pure kaolin is the clay of choice for bodies that need to be clean and white. Many porcelains contain only a kaolin mix as their clay complement, although kaolins have relatively low plasticity compared to other raw clay types. Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Steam Distillation in Ancient & Medieval Alchemy Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Kaolinite doesn't get its name until the 18th century. Archaic terms for kaolinite include lithomarge and lithomarga, derived from the Latin lithomarga (stone marl). In contemporary usage, lithomarge is now specifically used to describe a dense and solid type of kaolin. The Earth of Chios is white because it has almost no impurities like iron and organic materials. Iron oxide can color the earth yellow, orange or red. Often this formations create multicolored stripes with layers of rock. Iron oxide clays are also used for beauty and health. Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay In alchemical processes it imbues a transformative power. It's a common ingredient in recipes for silver-making. Earth of Chios also goes into creation of elixirs for eternal youth and health. It's prominent in recipes from the Leiden Papyrus c. 300: For silvering objects of copper: tin in sticks, 2 drachmas; mercury, 2 drachmas; earth of Chios, 2 drachmas. Melt the tin, throw on the crushed earth, then the mercury, and stir with an iron and fashion into globules. And for manufacturing of asem : Tin, 12 drachmas; mercury, 4 drachmas; earth of Chios, 2 drachmas. To the melted tin, add the crushed earth, then the mercury, stir with an iron, and put (the product) in use. How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Chian earth is renowned for its cosmetic benefits. It provides a whitening and smoothing effect on the skin. The powder is believed to prevent wrinkles more effectively than other substances for the same intended use. Earth of Chios is almost certainly used by Italian Renaissance cosmetic queens Caterina Sforza  and Isabella Cortese , and other alchemists specializing in beauty products. Like many trade items it's named for the place it comes from, such as Armenian bole and Cypriot copper. Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Purveyed for its gentle exfoliating, anti-inflammatory and purifying properties, this natural earth is used in face masks, skincare products, and baths. This clay is making a comeback in the beauty industry. It's sold in various forms: face masks, cleansers and makeup products. By drawing out impurities and toxins from the skin, Earth of Chios and other mineral clays help reduce blemishes and redness. The exfoliating effect reveals increases healthy blood flow for a more luminous complexion. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Anima Mundi: Soul of the World It can be used as a painters' pigment, ground to fine powder and mixed with a binder such an oil or egg yolk. It can also be found in some non-toxic white house paints. A group of common clay minerals, kaolinites are hydrous aluminum silicates, which comprise the main ingredients of kaolin (china clay). The group includes kaolinite and its rarer forms, dickite and nacrite, halloysite, and allophane. Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Artists and craftspeople have used plant pigments as a source of color for millennia. Works of art and textile dyes using vegetable pigments are found in Neolithic times c. 10,000 BCE. Natural dyes and pigments are profitable on early trade routes. Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Baltic Amber - Gold of the North The Alchemy of Nature: Extracting Plant Pigments Art of Plant Pigment Extraction Artists from ancient cultures around the world, including Egyptians, Romans, Mayans and Chinese, use the natural tones of plant pigments. The process of extracting plant pigments first involves carefully selecting plant parts rich in color, like leaves, flowers, roots, and bark. Materials Needed: Fresh plant material (leaves, flowers, roots, or bark) Mortar and pestle (or a blender) Water Saucepan Strainer or cheesecloth Glass jars or containers for storage Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making How to Make Copperas Red: Simply Science Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process 1. Madder Root (Rubia tinctorum) Extracting deep reds and earthy tones, red madder root has been a staple in dyeing textiles for centuries. Boiling the chopped roots in water or alcohol releases the red dye, which can be used in textiles, paints and cosmetics. 2. Indigo Plant (Indigofera tinctoria) Known for its rich blues, the indigo plant requires a unique fermentation process to extract its signature color. This prized pigment has been a favorite among dyers for its range of shades from sky blue to deep navy. The indigo leaves produce the coveted blue hue. Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors 3. Weld Plant (Reseda luteola) Yellow hues are in abundance with the weld plant, which was favored by ancient civilizations for its bright and lightfast properties. Boiling the plant's leaves and stems creates a vibrant yellow dye suitable for textiles and paints. 4. Turmeric (Curcuma longa) Turmeric is a cheerful bright yellow. Related to ginger, the roots give a zesty flavor to food. To extract the dye, the roots are grated and boiled. This plant is often used to dye robes of Buddhist monks. Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Ancient Uses & Medicine Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy 5. Hibiscus (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Flowers produce a deep red pigment / dye.  Dried flowers are infused in boiling water to extract the vibrant color. 6. Beetroot (Beta vulgaris) The root is the source of rich red purple dye. Fresh beets can be boiled down to create a strong pigment that works well for both textiles and paints. 7. Avocado (Persea americana) The pits and skins can be simmered to extract a soft peach or pink color. Avocado is also a deep-skin moisturizer. Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments White Herb of Maria: Ancient Alchemy Secrets Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments 8. Spinach (Spinacia oleracea) Green is the color of the spinach dye. Steam and blend spinach leaves for a natural green. Nettles also produce a good green. 9. Onion Skins (Allium cepa) Yellow or red onion skins yield yellow to orange colors which can be used to dye fabric. Another source of yellow pigment or dye is marigold petals. 10. Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) Bark and leaves of elderberry produce yellow-toned dyes. The berries can be boiled or macerated to extract dye, but dyers warn of the non-fastness of elderberry berry dye. A mordant can be used. Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Weld Yellow: Ancient Nature Pigments Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Other sources of plant colors for dyes and pigments include carrots, blueberries, red cabbage (purple), and woad. The last takes some extra time and labor. Experimentation is also fun. Preparation : Wash the chosen plant material thoroughly. Chop it finely to increase the surface area for extraction. Maceration : Place the chopped plant material in the mortar and pestle and grind it into a paste. If using a blender, add a small amount of water to help the process. This process releases the pigments from the plant cells. Boiling : Transfer the ground plant material to a saucepan and add enough water to submerge it. Bring it to a boil and then let it simmer for about 30-60 minutes. The longer it's simmered, the more intense the color will be. Watch the consistency and add more water if necessary. Straining : Once the color is right, strain the mixture through a strainer or cheesecloth to separate liquid pigment from solid plant material. Storage : Pour the liquid pigment into glass jars or containers. If planning to use it for dyeing fabrics, it’s best to add a mordant like alum to improve colorfastness. Store the pigments in a cool, dark place, and, if possible, refrigerate them for longer shelf life. Yarrow (Achillea) Magic & Medicine Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants About Mordants A mordant is a substance that bonds with fibers to enhance the permanence of natural colors. By preventing fading or washing off, mordants play a crucial role in preserving the vibrancy of natural dyes. While various mordants exist, they share two key characteristics: they are metal salts and can create an insoluble bond with fibers and dyes. Different metal salts, such as aluminum, iron, and copper salts, need specific formulations and are effective on certain types of fibers. Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Alum or aluminum salts are the most commonly used mordants. They are easy to use and make natural dyes lightfast, washfast, and vibrant. Tannins can be used independently or to enhance lightfastness of different dyes. They're available in colors such as beige, yellow, and pink. When mixed with iron, they produce a variety of deep hues like grey, moss green, and brown. Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Nicolas Flamel (1330 - 1418) is a prosperous scribe shop owner in Paris, France. He marries well and lives an illustrious life. At his death, his writings show no sign of the notoriety he achieves for discovery of the philosophers' stone and eternal life. Bernard Trevisan: Legends of Alchemy Basil Valentine: Secrets of Medieval Alchemy Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Nicolas Flamel Nicolas Flamel is not born into wealth. He works diligently, offers his skills as scribe and eventually owns two scribal businesses. At this time before the printing press, good scribes are never out of a job. His business acumen, and demand for written works such as religious texts, legal documents, and literary manuscripts allow Flamel to thrive in a competitive marketplace. Marriage to the daughter of a wealthy merchant in 1388 helps bring stability and prosperity. Arnaldus de Villanova: Medieval Alchemist Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Twice previously married to affluent men, Parenelle Flamel is known for philanthropy. She and Nicolas are generous patrons. They funds churches and hostels. Both devout Roman Catholics, they finance the creation of religious sculptures. Their images can be found in some. It's a good marriage, with both Nicolas and Parenelle working at aspects of the business. They buy properties, which would pass onto their children, if they had any. The marriage remains childless. This may have started rumors even before the deaths of the couple. Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Childlessness is viewed badly. Either one or the other fails to do the duty, or occult arts are involved. Later in the Renaissance of France, Catherine de' Medici (1518 - 1589) is suspected of messing in dark magic with the help of her astrologer . This is partly due to her childless marriage with the King of France. For ten years they're barren. Then, Catherine has eight children one after another. Today it's believed Henry's penile deformity causes lack of pregnancy in the Queen. In Renaissance France its witchcraft. Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Cosimo Ruggeri: Prophecies from the Dark Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Back in 14th century Paris Flamel builds his image as a public figure and contributes to the vibrant intellectual milieu of Paris. In his scribal houses he works with texts of philosophy, literature and alchemy, and gleans much knowledge from them. He circulates among intellectual elites. The combination of profession, education, and position allows Flamel to cultivate a reputation of esteem in the literary community. Only after his death does his activity come into question. Natural Colors: How to Extract Plant Pigments Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria The alchemical reputation of his wife Perenelle Flamel comes from the 1612 Booke of Hieroglyphicall Figures , allegedly written by Nicolas. Perenelle figures prominently in the introduction, where the character of Nicolas outlines his quest for the philosopher's stone. In this story, Perenelle witnesses alchemical projections and aids in chrysopoeia . Nicolas' reputation as an author of alchemy and immortal adept is considered an invention of the 17th century, but everyone loves a good story. Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Remarkable Islamic Women in History Alchemy tends to arise in centers of intellect, such as Alexandria in the early centuries AD, the Islamic Golden Age and the vitality of the Renaissance . Alchemists are considered natural philosophers. The first appearance of the philosophers' stone in writing is in the 13th century. By the time Nicholas is working, it's an idea whose time has come. Upon his death in 1418, rumors spread through Paris. Talk of alchemy, the mystic l apis and the elixir of immortality mold his image as a seeker of eternal life. Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making The lapis philosophorum , said to have or give the ability of turning base metals into gold, curing disease, providing eternal life, synthesizing purple and many more miraculous feats becomes synonymous with the legacy of Flamel. But how does this happen? Nicolas Flamel is inexorably linked to alchemy even though no evidence of alchemical experiments, texts or even a weird symbol is found among his effects. Yet, people believe Flamel and his wife know the secrets to a powerful magical medium. One reason stories circulate is due to the wealth of Monsieur and Madame Flamel. There are those who do not believe the Flamels come into money due to hard work and keen business sense. There must be a supernatural connection. Sociologically speaking this is a common assumption of many non-moneyed individuals, who also work hard but get pittance for it. Later in history, stories of the magical stone are replaced or bolstered with those of selling one's soul to the devil for wealth. Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings House of Wisdom: Medieval Scholarship in Baghdad Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Mention of soul-selling is found in c. 680, the 16th and 17th centuries, and is the subject of Goethe's Faust in 1808. Faust is the protagonist of a classic German legend based on the historical Johann Georg Faust (c. 1480 -1540). Selling one's soul is now a timeworn c liché. It's probable Flamel and/or his wife indulge in alchemy experiments. Alchemy is a major object of discussion and practice within the social circles they frequent. It's considered natural philosophy, part of the reason alchemists are rarely persecuted as witches. Witches & Witchcraft: Ancient World Drude: Germanic Demon of Darkness Lammašaga: Sumerian Angel Goddess By the 14th century alchemy has been practiced for centuries. Alchemy comes from ancient metallurgy and techniques of coloring metal and gems . Metallurgists already have reputations for mystical chthonic connections. Alchemy also comes from ancient herbology and medicine. In some tales, Flamel gains his knowledge from a Jew he meets on his travels. The man tells Flamel the nature and manifestation of the stone of philosophers. It's odd for a medieval Jew to dump secrets of wealth and life into the lap of a staunch Catholic, but so the story goes. Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Finding the Philosophers' Egg In another version the Jewish traveler gives Flamel a book holding the secrets of eternal life and wealth, which Flamel and Perenelle study at home. Many more stories are concocted. It's not so much superstition as supposition. The first recorded alchemist is Mary the Jewess . Her legacy is widely known in alchemical circles, having passed from Alexandria to Islam and thence through Europe. After the 16th century Mary is called Maria the Prophetess or Maria Prophitessa, and she is a legend. Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Among the connections of Jews to gold are the limitations imposed by authorities on Jews, restricting them to lower-status occupations like tax collection, rent collection, and moneylending. Catholic doctrines prohibit Christians from lending money for interest. Jews are often linked to gold in popular culture and history. Due to persecution Jews in the Middle Ages are secretive about their activities. This creates an aura of mystique but also rouses suspicion among nobles and commoners alike, and imagination adds the details. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Imaginations of academics and intellectuals also create invisible Rosicrucians in the 1600s. They invent Bernard Trevisan, not to mention a 2000-year basis for fabrication of alchemical mysticism. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) risks his reputation in the quest to turn lead to gold. After Flamel, information and speculation trickle into the greater populace, and once the gossip gets started there's no stopping it. Suddenly every move Flamel makes when he's alive becomes rife with alchemical significance and hidden meaning. Rosicrucianism in the Renaissance Natural Magic of the Renaissance Women Scientists of the Ancient World By the 17th century talk of Flamel and his fictional secret again make the rounds of the intelligentsia. He's now a historical figure, and interest in his tale is the hope for a glimpse into the mystic. By the 18th century he's a Romantic figure, larger in death than ever in life. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alchemy of the ancients includes skills such as preparation of dyes, pigments and mordants for fabric and stone. Purple dyes are especially in demand. Alchemists have first-hand knowledge of the dyeing process, techniques and materials needed. Mordants - Essential Ancient Dye Techniques Natural Colors: How to Extract Plant Pigments Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval A mordant is used to affix the dye to the fabric, rock or other surface. The mordant reacts with molecules of the dye and creates an impenetrable bond with the substance. Colors stay light-fast, bright and clear. Many different mordants exist for the ancient dyer. Mordants have individual properties. It's necessary for the alchemist to understand the different methods and types of mordant needed whether dyeing rock crystal, textiles or sheep. 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Dyeing and pigment making are considered part of alchemy into the 18th or 19th century. Fabric dyers and gemologists eventually take different paths, just as alchemy once splits from its predecessors metallurgy, gemology and ancient medicine to form its own identity. Ancient Mordants, and a couple which can be used today: "Boil chalcanthum and skorpiurus and employ for any desired color. These substances, however, also mordant all kinds of stones and skins." Chalcanthum , also known as chalcanth or calcanthum in alchemy, refers to blue vitriol (CuSO4) and the ink produced from it. The term can be confusing because it's also used for red vitriol (a natural cobalt sulfate) and green vitriol ( ferrous sulfate ), also a popular mordant. Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds How to Make Copperas Ferrous Sulfate: Process Chalcanthite: Crystal Blue Explosion Among alchemists, opinions differ regarding whether calcanthum is identical to colcothar or merely vitriol (sulfuric acid). Skorpiurus refers to Scorpiurus , scorpion's-tails or spiny caterpillar plants of the legume family. The two species are Scorpiurus muricatus , used in cuisine, and Scorpiurus vermiculatum, also edible. Both are native to the Mediterranean region. Heliotropium angiospermum, related to borage, is also called scorpion's tail. Nicolas Flamel: Creation of an Alchemy Legend Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Another Mordant Recipe: Dissolving of Alkanet "Alkanet is dissolved by oil, water, and nuts. The best of all dissolving mediums is, however, camel’s urine. For this makes the alkanet dye not only fast, but also durable." Alkanet is among the most popular dye plants in ancient and medieval times. The meaning is specific to dyers' alkanet o r Alkanna tinctoria . Other plants called alkanet don't work the same way. Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings House of Wisdom: Medieval Scholarship in Baghdad The charming blue flowers hide a root brimming with red-purple pigment. By the early centuries AD it's used to make gems of ruby from quartz stones. Another recipe: Dyeing with Mulberries - Grape Mordant "To dye with mulberries take and crush unripe bunches of grapes and mordant the wool therein for 3 days. On the fourth day put this grape juice in another pot and boil the wool therein, but when it boils lift it out, rinse it with water and let it become cold. Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Bernard Trevisan: Legends of Alchemy Then take juice of mulberries and boil up until it boils twice. Put the wool in and let it become cold therein and it will be a fine excellent purple ... " Other ancient mordants include gall nuts, very popular and effective due to the tannins therein. Lacking any of these, urine (stale urine, camel urine, urine of an uncorrupted youth) makes a good mordant and is recommended through the centuries. Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Mordanting with Oak Galls: Wet the fibre by soaking in water between one hour up to overnight. Simmer the oak galls (or sumac leaves) in about 4 gallons (18 liters) of water for one hour. Leave the solution to cool, then strain off the tannin liquid. And on the ground ... Symplocos grows throughout the world and ingests alum into its roots. The dry fallen leaves are the best source of alum and easy to collect. Macerated into liquid they are an effective mordant with a pale yellow tinge. This adds warmth to greens and reds and may create a blue-green with the right dye. Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Synthetic sapphires and lab-grown gemstones mimic the brilliance and allure of natural gems while often surpassing them in quality and clarity. Beauty and hardness of sapphires are renowned throughout history. Here are the main synthetic processes. Indigo: Extract Dye from Indigofera Tinctoria Sapphire Gemstones: Colors, Myths, Origins & Gemology Antimony (Kohl) Ancient Metal of Beauty & Trade Synthetic gemstones are created to replicate the chemical, physical, and optical properties of natural gemstones. Unlike imitation stones, which look similar to real gems without sharing their composition, synthetic stones are about the same as their natural counterparts. Market-driven demand for sapphires has surpassed available natural resources. Gem-quality corundum, comprising sapphires and rubies, is even scarcer than diamonds. Sapphires and rubies are among the earliest gemstones to be artificially produced over a century ago. Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Today, manufacturers use many of the same technological processes from that era to synthesize sapphires. In ancient alchemy, dyeing of quartz to resemble gemstones like emerald, ruby and amethyst is a skill of alchemy. Did alchemists create synthetic gemstones as they did silver and gold? Real gems are created in the Earth over millions of years by heat and pressure. This process can be replicated in a few ways. Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Chalcanthite: Crystal Blue Explosion Synthetic gemstone production in laboratories attempts to replicate the natural formation of gemstones under controlled conditions. The most inexpensive and oldest melt process is flame fusion or the Verneuil process. 1. The Verneuil Process Developed in the late 19th century, the Verneuil process is one of the oldest and most widely used methods for producing synthetic sapphires and rubies. This flame-fusion technique involves melting aluminum oxide powder in a high-temperature flame. The powder melts at 2,072 °C (3,762 °F; 2,345 K). Alchemy: Ancient Mordant Recipes for Fabric & Stones Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Natural Colors: How to Extract Plant Pigments In this method, a flame melts aluminum(III) oxide powder. Aluminum(III) oxide or aluminum oxide is the main component of corundum. The melted drops form into a long teardrop shape called a "boule" with characteristics of a corundum. Aluminum oxide comes from the mineral bauxite, the primary source of aluminum. Aluminum salts are widely used in ancient and medieval alchemy. Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Der Türst: Dread Huntsman & the Wild Hunt Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine As the molten material cools, it crystallizes into a solid form. The Verneuil process is relatively quick and allows for the production of large, flawless gems. However, the crystals often exhibit a characteristic "flame" structure, which can be a telltale sign of their synthetic origins. Synthetic sapphires are created in a lab with specialized machinery. To tell synthetic from earth-grown, look for flaws and inclusions in sapphires and ruby. Natural corundum often has inclusions, giving an inner glow, and some synthetic stones have air bubbles. Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Mordants - Essential Ancient Dye Techniques Physically aluminum(III) oxide is the chemical composition of corundum. Like the earth-made germs, synthetic sapphires possess remarkable hardness and durability. Natural corundum comes in a 9 on the Mohs hardness scale. Although hard, the stones, like diamonds, are brittle. Thus, a good hammer blow will destroy a real gem, including sapphire, ruby and emerald (a type of beryl) as easily as glass. Alchemy Processes & Related Astrology Signs Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science Lapis Lazuli: Vibrant Blue Gem of Ancients 2. The Czochralski Process The Czochralski process, or crystal pulling method, is another popular technique used for creating synthetic gemstones. In this method, high-purity materials are melted in a crucible, and a seed crystal is dipped into the melt. The maker inserts a rod tipped with seed crystal into the mixture, slowly rotates it and pull it out, creating a column of sapphire. This can create up to 4" of crystal per hour. Slowly pulling the seed upwards causes the material to solidify and form a large crystal. This method is particularly suited for producing larger and more perfect crystals than the Verneuil process. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants 3. Hydrothermal Synthesis The process involves placing a small amount of natural mineral, a seed crystal, into a solution of minerals and water at high pressure and temperature. Over time, this environment allows the minerals to crystallize and form synthetic gems. Hydrothermal synthesis is used to create a variety of gemstones, including emeralds and sapphires. It's desirable for the quality and authenticity of the resulting stones. Asteria - Starry Gems of Myth & Magic Herbology & Lore: Death Cap Mushrooms Alchemy Process of Congelation: Freezing, Crystallization All members of the star sapphire group can also be synthesized. An interesting fact about synthetic stones: they can resist a bullet better than real stones. Clear corundum has been used in huge structures as window glass and military equipment. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Corundum is a mineral composed of aluminum oxide. Living deep within the Earth in an environment of intense heat and pressure, the material undergoes transformation over millions of years. It's moved by glaciers and tectonic action. Making Sapphire & other Precious Gemstones Sapphire Gemstones: Colors, Myths, Origins & Gemology Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire Corundum forms in diverse geological settings. It's found in metamorphic rocks such as schist or gneiss, alluvial deposits and gem-bearing gravels. Forged with fire and force, corundum is a very hard, tough and stable mineral. It's unaffected by acids and most environments. The name corundum is first derived either from the Sanskrit word Kuirvinda or from the Indian name for corundum, Kauruntoka . A crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), corundum is considered one of the hardest natural substances on Earth. Garnets - Gemstones of Blood and Life Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine It ranks 9 on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness. Comparatively, diamond is 10, and glass is 5.5 - 6. Corundum's composition creates many structural formations, resulting in different varieties, most notably sapphire and ruby. A crystalline form of aluminum oxide, corundum typically contains traces of iron, titanium, vanadium and chromium. A rock-forming mineral, it's naturally transparent and can have different colors depending on the type of transition metal inclusions in its crystalline structure. Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Lapis Lazuli: Vibrant Blue Gem of Ancients Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth Sapphires can be any color but red, while rubies can be varying shades of red from clear and bright to deep and rich. Purple-red and vividly pink rubies are sometimes found. Rubies are red due to presence of the metal chromium, and sapphires exhibit a range of colors depending on what transition metal is present. A rare type of sapphire, padparadscha sapphire, is pink-orange. Padparadscha is from the Sinhalese for "aquatic lotus blossom." Egyptian Blue Lotus: Visionary Beauty Antimony (Kohl) Ancient Metal of Beauty & Trade Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy History and Geology Knowledge and use of corundum dates back thousands of years. Ancient civilizations admire sapphires and rubies for brilliance and colors. Sapphires are reported in rings from 800 BCE. Ancient Sanskrit texts refer to rubies. The belief in the mystical powers of rubies resulted in their use in regal ornamentation, representing power, passion, and protection. Ruby and sapphire are social and religious status symbols up to the present day. Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Natural Colors: How to Extract Plant Pigments Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Geologically, corundum plays a crucial role in studying the Earth's crust and its formation, giving insight into conditions under which it forms. Corundum in rock sequences can indicate high-pressure environments, often connected to mountain-building and strong tectonic activity. Corundum forms under high-temperature and high-pressure conditions, commonly found in metamorphic and igneous rocks. The primary sources of corundum include: Metamorphic Rocks : Corundum often develops within metamorphosed rocks where aluminum-rich minerals, such as kyanite, garnet, or spinel, decompose and dissolve under intense pressure and heat. Igneous Rocks : It can also crystallize from molten rock (magma) when conditions permit. In this context, corundum can form in pegmatitic deposits, which are characterized by large crystals. Alluvial Deposits : Erosion of corundum-rich rocks can lead to alluvial deposits, where the mineral is sorted and concentrated by the action of water. How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Corundum is picky. It requires specific conditions for crystallization, making it a scarce mineral, particularly in gem-quality form. Workers at alluvial sites might labor for weeks without finding a corundum gem. Properties of Corundum Corundum's enticing beauty is complemented by its remarkable physical and chemical properties. Key features: Hardness : Ranked 9 on the Mohs hardness scale, corundum is nearly impervious to scratches, a quality highly sought after in jewelry. Color : Pure corundum is colorless, but traces of other elements impart characteristic colors. For example, chromium gives rubies their red hue, while iron and titanium can create blue sapphires. The presence of different impurities leads to a range of colors, including yellow, green, orange, and pink. Luster : Corundum exhibits a vitreous to adamantine luster, providing a brilliant shine when polished. This luster enhances its appeal in jewelry. Transparency : While some corundum forms are opaque, gem-quality corundum crystals are usually transparent to translucent. Crystal Structure : Corundum is crystallized in the hexagonal system, forming prismatic ones, often associated with rhombohedra or hexagonal bipyramids. 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Corundum, with its striking beauty and formidable hardness, is a gem of geological, historical and economic significance. Knowing its formation, context of its existence in our planet’s crust, and defining characteristics give insight into not only geology and cultural history. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Aluminum oxide or alumina (Al2O3) is the secret to the composition and allure of precious gems such as sapphire and ruby. This white, odorless powder is one of the most abundant compounds in the Earth’s crust but is picky about where it creates its rare beauties. Corundum: Secrets of Valuable Gemstones Alchemy: Ancient Mordant Recipes for Fabric & Stones Natural Colors: How to Extract Plant Pigments How Aluminum(III) Oxide is Made from Bauxite Aluminum oxide primarily derives from bauxite, the most popular aluminum ore. The extraction of aluminum oxide from bauxite occurs primarily through a methodology called the Bayer Process. Aluminum oxide is typically created through the process of refining bauxite ore. This raw material undergoes a series of chemical reactions and purifications to yield the white, powdery substance known as aluminum oxide. Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Antimony (Kohl) Ancient Metal of Beauty & Trade Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History The extraction process involves a combination of grinding, heating, and fine-tuning to ensure the purity and quality of the final product. The result is a versatile compound for use in various industries. 1. The Bayer Process: The Bayer Process is the most prevalent method used to produce aluminum oxide from bauxite. The steps involved are: Crushing and Grinding : Bauxite ore is crushed and ground to liberate the aluminum minerals. Digestion : The crushed bauxite is then mixed with a hot solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) under high pressure. This causes the aluminum oxide in the ore to dissolve, while impurities (like iron oxides and silica) do not. Clarification : The resulting slurry is allowed to settle, separating the undissolved impurities from the sodium aluminate solution. Precipitation : Aluminum hydroxide is precipitated from the sodium aluminate solution by adding aluminum hydroxide crystals. This process is often referred to as seed crystallization. Calcination : Finally, the aluminum hydroxide is heated in rotary kilns or fluidized bed calciners at temperatures around 1000-1100 °C. This process removes water, resulting in pure aluminum oxide. Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Lunar Caustic AgNO3: Lapis Infernalis  of Alchemy Indigo: Extract Dye from Indigofera Tinctoria Is Aluminum(III) Oxide Dangerous? Aluminum oxide is generally considered to be safe in its typical uses and exposure levels; however, it is essential to understand potential risks: Health Risks : Inhalation of fine aluminum oxide dust can cause respiratory issues and irritation in the lungs. Long-term exposure may lead to more serious health complications, such as pulmonary diseases. Therefore, proper safety measures, including the use of masks and ventilation in industrial settings, should be implemented. Environmental Impact : The Bayer process presents potential environmental concerns. The red mud, a waste product from bauxite processing, can contain toxic materials and can be harmful if not managed properly. Companies are continuously working on improving the look of their waste management practices. Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Alchemy Processes & Related Astrology Signs 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life According to ESPI Metals: "Hazardous Decomposition Products: Aluminum oxide fume. Likely Routes of Exposure: Inhalation, skin and eyes. Symptoms of Exposure: May cause chills, flushing, fatigue, muscle and stomach aches, dyspnea, and nausea if fumes are inhaled. Dusts may irritate skin and eyes." According to the independent Cosmetic Review Panel, it's "safe as used in cosmetics." Entirely different stories come from various sources, even legitimate ones. Consumer awareness is crucial if buying, making or using this product for any reason, especially to create precious gems in a lab. Err on the side of caution and use safety gear. Alchemy & Prague: Countess Barbara von Zweibrücken-Neuburg Rudolf II Renaissance Prague: Alchemy, Eros & Occult Women Scientists of the Ancient World Applications of Aluminum(III) Oxide Aluminum oxide has a wide range of applications across different sectors due to its various properties. They include: Abrasives : Aluminum oxide is a key component in abrasive materials, including sandpaper, grinding wheels, and polishing compounds. Its hardness and durability make it ideal for surface finishing and material removal applications. Ceramics : In the field of ceramics, aluminum oxide is used in the production of high-performance ceramics for electronics, aerospace, and medical devices. Its heat resistance and electrical insulating properties make it valuable for such applications. As Corundum , Manufacturing Sapphire and Ruby Gemstones A crystalline form of aluminum oxide (Al2O3), corundum is considered one of the hardest natural substances on Earth. Depending on its inclusions it produces various colors or sapphire, and rich red ruby in the Earth's crust or in the lab. Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Manufacturing Aluminum : Aluminum oxide serves as the primary raw material for aluminum production through the Hall-Héroult process, essentially acting as the source material for aluminum metal. Refractories : Aluminum oxide serves as a refractory material in the construction of kilns, furnaces, and other high-temperature structures. Its ability to withstand extreme heat and thermal shock makes it indispensable in these industries. Catalysts : In the chemical industry, aluminum oxide is utilized as a catalyst support for various chemical reactions. Its porous structure and stability enhance the efficiency of catalytic processes. Dental Implants : Aluminum oxide is also found in the biomedical field, where it is used in dental implants due to its biocompatibility and resistance to corrosion. Electrical Insulation: Aluminum oxide is an excellent electrical insulator, making it ideal for applications in electronics, including substrates for integrated circuits. Biomedical Applications: In the field of medicine, aluminum oxide is utilized in some prosthetic devices due to its biocompatibility and mechanical strength. Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Aluminum(III) oxide, or alumina, is a vital compound with vast industrial applications. Its production primarily involves the Bayer process to efficiently convert bauxite into alumina. While generally regarded as safe, proper handling is crucial to avoid potential health risks. Aluminum oxide remains a foundational material of human existence. It's used in ceramics, manufacturing, electronics and biomedicine with significant contributions to contemporary industry and technology. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Solnitsata - Neolithic Salt Trade Town Finding the Philosophers' Egg Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alum has a multi-toned nature. Alum denotes a group of chemical compounds characterized by double sulfate salts. Alums are used across various industries, from food preservation to cosmetics. But what exactly is alum? Aluminum(III) Oxide: Secrets of Precious Gemstones Alchemy: Ancient Mordant Recipes for Fabric & Stones Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy What is Alum? Alum can by recognized by its crystalline appearance. In a broad sense alum refers to hydrated aluminum sulfate compounds, general formula KAl(SO4)2·12H2O. This is potassium aluminum sulfate, the most common alum, which can be found on grocery store shelves. The term alum is sometimes used interchangeably to refer to sodium alum, which gives the kick to baking powder; ammonium, a modified form of ammonia; and chrome alums, often used in leather tanning . A double salt, alum is made of sulfuric acid , alumina , and potash. Alum: Tanning, Dye & Beauty Salts Mordants - Essential Ancient Dye Techniques Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Origins of Alum Alum finds its origins in the mineral world. Naturally occurring in minerals like bauxite, alunite, and trona, alum has long been used for beneficial properties. The discovery of alum goes back to ancient civilizations, where it's known for astringent and preservative qualities. Alum naturally occurs in certain volcanic rocks and is often found in mineral deposits. It can form through various geological processes, particularly when sulfuric acid is present near aluminum-bearing minerals. Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments In nature, alum occurs in places associated with volcanic activity or in areas where alum-containing minerals are weathered. For example, alum can be harvested from the mineral alunite, found in the southwest United States, Europe, and some areas in South America. Many commercial alums are synthesized for specific applications. How is Alum Made? Natural Colors: How to Extract Plant Pigments Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine The production of alum depends on the type. The most common method involves the reaction of sulfuric acid with aluminum hydroxide or clay minerals. Here’s a simplified version of the manufacturing process for potassium aluminum sulfate: Preparation of Aluminum Source : Bauxite (an aluminum mineral) is processed to extract alumina (aluminum oxide). An array of industrial scale techniques make this a major project and for most of us it's best to just buy the stuff. However, knowing where from the products come enhances understanding of the whole. Reactions : After processing, alumina is treated with sulfuric acid, producing aluminum sulfate. Crystallization : Finally, potassium sulfate, often derived from potash or other sources, is mixed with aluminum sulfate and heated to produce potassium aluminum sulfate. The mixture is allowed to crystallize before being purified and packaged. Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life 10 Alchemical Metals - Ancient Metals of Alchemy Paracelsus: Renegade Renaissance Physician How is Alum Used? Food Industry : Alum has a long history as a food preservative and is commonly used in pickling. It helps maintain the crispness of vegetables by preventing the enzymatic breakdown that can lead to mushiness. Additionally, baking powder may sometimes contain alum, contributing to leavening. Water Purification : One of alum’s most significant roles is in the treatment of drinking water. It acts as a coagulant, helping to clump together particles and impurities so they can be easily removed, thus ensuring a clearer and safer water supply. Cosmetics and Skincare : Alum is present in many cosmetic products, including deodorants and aftershaves, due to its antimicrobial properties and its ability to tighten skin. Industrial Uses : Industries such as textiles use alum for dyeing and printing fabrics. Additionally, it finds application in the paper manufacturing process to enhance paper quality and brightness. Artisan Uses : renowned as a mordant for natural dyes. Medicinal Uses : In traditional medicine, alum has been used for its antiseptic properties. In small amounts it can treat minor cuts and abrasions or as a styptic to stop bleeding. Mordants - Essential Ancient Dye Techniques Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Alum's Environmental Impact Despite its varied applications, alum usage raises valid concerns about its environmental impact. The chemical's presence in water treatment processes can contribute to increased salinity levels in water bodies, potentially disrupting aquatic ecosystems. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Mordants are part of the dyeing process and help achieve vibrant colors. Dyeing fabrics goes back to the Stone Age. Mordants are also used for dyeing stones such as quartz, one of the essential techniques of ancient alchemy. Dyes are a big part of early trade and commerce. 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Natural Colors: How to Extract Plant Pigments Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval What are Mordants? Derived from the Latin word mordere, meaning “to bite,” mordants essentially "bite" the dye into textile, ensuring it adheres. Mordants fix colors onto fabrics or other materials, creating a strong connection between dye and fabric. Without mordants, dye colors quickly fade. Importance of Mordants Color Retention (fixation) : Mordants help the dye molecules bond with the fibers of the fabric. Mordants help maintain color and improve wash-fastness and light-fastness of dyed fabrics. Color Variability and Enhancement : Different mordants can yield different shades from the same dye, allowing variety and control over the final color. Sustainability : Using natural mordants (and dyes) is a sustainable choice. Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Weld Yellow: Ancient Nature Pigments Mordants fall into different categories based on chemical composition, including: Metallic : alum (potassium aluminum sulfate) is the most popular of metallic mordants. Alum is widely used as it creates bright and lasting colors. It works well with different fibers and is still used today in natural dyeing. Earliest evidence of alum is in Mesopotamia. It's applied as a mordant for madder dye . Use of alum in Egypt starts c. 1500-1000 BCE. Iron ( ferrous sulfate aka copperas, green vitriol ): this mordant darkens colors. Iron mordants are often used to shift the color of dyes towards black or gray shades. It can also weaken the fabric if overused. Ferrous sulfate is common at gardening stores. Tannins : Natural compounds found in many plants, including oak galls and sumac, serve as mordants by forming complexes with dye and fiber. Tannins are natural mordants and most effective with cellulose fibers like cotton. Tannins create softer, muted colors. In ancient and medieval times, stale urine is also used as a mordant. Each type of mordant can yield different shades and intensities within the same dye, allowing for home and market flexibility. While metallic salts like alum are effective, table salt NaCl is no good as a mordant. Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Dyeing with a Mordant Prepare the Fiber Ancient artisans follow a specific dyeing process. First, the fabric is prepared by washing and soaking to remove any impurities. Before applying dye, fibers such as cotton, wool, silk or even paper need to be prepped. This is basically washing to remove any oils or finishes, which allows the mordant to bond more effectively with the fibers. White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Apply the Mordant The chosen mordant is mixed with water to create a solution. This can be done through boiling or steeping, depending on the type of fiber and mordant used. The material is then immersed in the mordant solution for a specific time, allowing it to absorb the mordant. This process can take 8-24 hours. The fabric may trap air which must be forced out of the cloth. Weigh down fabric with clean objects if necessary. The mordant container is then lidded and the contents left to soak, occasionally stirred. It doesn't need heating. Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Khella - Ancient Health & Herbology Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Dyeing : Once the fabric has absorbed the mordant, it's rinsed and then immersed in a dye bath. The mordant reacts with the molecules of the dye, strengthening its bond with the fibers. This creates richer colors less likely to fade or wash out over time. Dye can be applied either in a dye bath or by using various other methods like tie-dyeing or fabric painting. The process can be repeated as desired. Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients In recent years, a renewed interest in natural dyeing and mordants arises due to growing focus on sustainability in the textile industry. Artisans and eco-conscious dyers revive ancient methods using natural materials to reduce environmental impact compared to chemicals. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Women often find inspiration in alchemy. In the light of the Renaissance several female alchemists emerge. Women alchemists of the Renaissance include Countess Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg, Caterina Sforza and Anna Maria Zieglerin . Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Women Scientists of the Ancient World Perenelle Flamel ( m. 1368; died 1397) Perenelle is married twice before she weds Nicolas Flamel in Paris, France, 1368. He owns two scribal houses and has a solid reputation in intellectual circles. Perenelle brings money to the marriage. The couple work well together but are childless, spurring rumors of the occult. A mystic stone, mentioned by Democritus  400 BCE, is defined as lapis philosophorum  in the13th century. Later, the wealth of Nicolas and Perenelle factors into their invention as successful alchemists, after the death of Nicolas Flamel in 1418. Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Countess Barbara of Zweibrücken-Neuburg (1559 - 1618) An enthusiastic scholar of alchemy, Countess Barbara is considered one of the most important women in this field. She employs several alchemists and corresponds extensively on the subject with her nephew, Augustus, Count Palatine of Sulzbach. Barbara also performs numerous experiments for Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II Hapsburg at his Prague residence. Rudolf II (1552–1612) has a strong interest in alchemy, astrology and occult arts. His mystic circle includes Michael Maier , Edward Kelley  and Tycho Brahe. Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Catharina Elisabeth Heinecken (1683 - 1757) Heinecken is a painter known for her portraits and still lifes, and as the mother of Christian Heinrich Heineken, a child prodigy known as "the infant scholar of Lübeck". At ten months old, he's able to speak German. By the age of one, he has already read the Pentateuch, and between two and three, he reads the Old and New Testaments in Latin. He's breastfed until shortly before his death at age four. It's thought he dies of celiac disease due to a change in diet. Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Theriac: Miracle Snake Venom Potion Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health One of Catharina Heinecken's most notable works is a portrait of Christian Heinrich, later an engraving by Christian Fritzsch. Aside from her artistic pursuits, Heinecken's interests extend to the realm of alchemy. Fascinated by mystical and transformative arts, she spends much of her fortune on alchemical studies and experiments. While her work brings little financial profit, the soul journey is one she must take. Queen Christina of Sweden (1626 - 1689) From the royal library at Prague, many of Rudolf II's books and curiosities come into the possession of Swedish Queen Christina. They influence her interest in alchemy and the occult, and she takes them to Rome when she abdicates. Alchemy: Red King & White Queen Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods She abdicates because she doesn't want to marry. Christina often wears male clothes and comports herself as a man. Some scholars believe she's transgender. As a newborn her deep cry and hairiness reportedly cause confusion among midwives, who think she's a boy. Midwives are typically skilled in gender determination. Thus, it's possible they see something "down there" to suggest Christina's a hermaphrodite. In alchemy hermaphrodites, children of Hermes and Aphrodite, relate to the divine Rebis and are considered particularly gifted. Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Christina wants to know more about alchemy and brings a younger woman, Sibylla, into the experiments. In 1670, she employs a working alchemist, Pietro Antonio Bandiera, to run her laboratory. She ultimately bequeaths the equipment to him. Duchess Sibylla of Württemberg (1564-1614) Many women of high standing are curious about alchemy. One such example is Sibylla of Württemberg, who shares an interest in alchemy with husband Duke Friedrich I. He's infamously an object of ridicule in The Merry Wives of Windsor by Wilhelm Shakespeare. Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Psychology: the Conscious Ego of Self Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists They have so many children, sixteen in all, Sibylla is often weak and bedridden. When it's agreed she should bear no more children, she and the Duke stop having sex. He no longer takes her on his travels and gives her little attention at court. Sibylla continues to pursue alchemical arts. In 1610, she and her son Duke Johann Friederich enter an agreement with alchemist Andreas Reiche. It obligates him to instruct the royal family in the theoretical and practical alchemy. Ultimately, Reiche ends up in debtor's prison. Tria Prima: Birth & the Power of Three Fairy Rings, Magic and Mushroo ms Rosicrucianism in the Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books Anna Maria Zieglerin (1550 - 1575) Main: Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin After a privileged childhood as daughter of minor nobles, at the age of fourteen Anna Maria Zieglerin rejects a suitor, who becomes enraged and rapes her. By fifteen she's a murderess as she gives birth in secret and drowns the child in the river. By eighteen she's already on her third husband, a cruel joke by her brother as the man is a court jester. They meet a huckster, Philipp Sömmering who purveys alchemical skills. When the town is besieged they all flee together. Colors of Alchemy: Rubedo Magnum Opus Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Sylvia Rose Books After a few years of wandering, they land the patronage of a Duke. Anna Maria becomes Sömmering's assistant and soon has her own laboratory. She develops a red oil she believes has miraculous properties. Caterina Sforza Main: Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy One of the primary alchemists of the Italian Renaissance is Caterina Sforza. Married at the age of ten she goes through three husbands and has eight children. A strong figure, she's known for leading troops into battle, in one case when she's seven months pregnant. Natural Magic of the Renaissance Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books She's barred by her husband from participating in politics. She puts the same vigor into her alchemical studies and experiments as into the rest of her life, developing medicines and cosmetics, and tries her hand at gold-making to pay off debts. Lady Isabella Cortese Isabella Cortese, (c. 1561) is a remarkable figure in the realm of alchemy and literature during the Renaissance. Despite limited information about her life, her legacy lives on through her renowned work, The Secrets of Lady Isabella Cortese . Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Sylvia Rose Books "Secrets" is another name for experiments. Her book breaks class barriers, appealing to humble and noble-born. Her medicines and cosmetics recipes start a major publishing trend in books of secrets. Literacy rates are rising especially among women. Women agree they know their own bodies better than men can. Based on this, and the unwillingness of men to admit women can understand science, several books of secrets are written by men under female names. Nature Spirits of German Mythology Lora Ley - Book Five - The Corn Spirits John Dee - Talking to Angels Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Bernard Trevisan is a prototypical figure in alchemy, constructed by various alchemical writers of the medieval and Renaissance eras in Europe. His story is that of alchemists through the ages, and his charismatic persona endears him to the world of writers and philosophers. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Sylvia Rose Books He joins a select list of mythical alchemists including Christian Rosenkreuz  of Germany, Anqi Shen  of China and Hermes Trismegistus  in Greco-Roman Egypt. The name Trevisan is Italian and means 'from Treviso (Venice)'. An enigmatic figure, Bernard sets upon his quest for the Philosophers' Stone at the age of fourteen. Alchemy is expensive. Bernard receives support from his family, who are intrigued by the hope of riches. He partners with a Cistercian monk, Gotfridus Leurier, for eight years. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Sylvia Rose Books Early experiments involve concoctions of hen eggshells, purified egg yolk, and horse manure. Alchemy uses natural ingredients and processes found in nature. The heat of fresh horse dung, created by bacteria, can keep an experiment warm for days in the process of Digestion. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Ingredients are for symbolic or chemical effect. The Egg is the world (yolk) surrounded by Chaos (white) and symbolizes the beginning and nourishment of life. The yolk is golden, symbolizing ... gold . Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Sylvia Rose Books Scientifically egg shell is made of physical elements including  calcium carbonate (about 94%) with small amounts of magnesium carbonate and calcium phosphate. Calcium carbonate is an antacid in medicine, treating digestive woes. How to use these is up to the alchemist. The fictional Bernard Trevisan is said to influence Gilles de Rais. In the 15th century the infamous French nobleman is known for his association with alchemy and occult. He's also known as a serial child murderer, using "child parts" in his experiments. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Herbs & Natural Remedies - Ancient Egypt Sylvia Rose Books Bernard Trevisan explores mysteries of nature, intrigued by the transformative properties of minerals and natural salts. Inspired by works of Jabir ibn Hayyan and Abu Bakr al-Razi , he tries distillation and crystallization to unlock the secrets of transmutation. With no sign of success in his quest for the Philosophers' stone, Trevisan shifts focus to the realm of organic substances. He experiments with various vegetable and animal components in his alchemical laboratory. Recipe ingredients include human blood and urine . Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Urine in Medieval Alchemy & Medicine Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Sylvia Rose Books Bernard gradually exhausts his wealth to buy secrets of the stone from swindlers and the deluded. He travels widely including to the Baltics, Germany, Spain, France, Austria, Egypt, Palestine, Persia, Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, to find clues left by past alchemists. His health deteriorates due to the fumes and toxins he ingests by working with substances and metals such as mercury, arsenic or lead. Bernard retires to the Island of Rhodes in southern Greece, where he continues to seek the Philosophers' Stone until his death in 1490. Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Sylvia Rose Books Bernard is a fictional character. It's in the nature of alchemy to use allegories, anagrams and symbols. He has roots in a mixup with alchemist Bernard of Trier. Rather than fading away, he grows to represent the complexities of the alchemical quest. The story remarks on the poverty of the alchemist in search of truth. This reflects universal ideals of sacrifice to attain a goal. Losing one's money to fraudsters also becomes more prevalent in reality, as the Middle Ages progress. Magic Metals, Gold, Smiths & Alchemists Vermilion - Scarlet Pigment of Death Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Sylvia Rose Books Patrons and peasants fall prey to talk of riches, although alchemy comes from the practice of dyeing metals. Coloring metals or stones is part of the ancient alchemist's skill set. When talk turns to creation of real gold the western world perks up. But how to make it happen? Bernard Trevisan is a typical model of the impassioned practitioner. At the time he's invented, alchemical practice leans more toward transmutation of metals like lead into gold. To turn lead into gold one must remove only three protons. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sylvia Rose Books In the 16th century, several alchemy works are credited to Bernard. One of these, " Trevisanus de Chymico miraculo, quod lapidem philosophiae appellant, " ( Trevisan of the chemical miracle, which they call the philosopher's stone) is published 1583 by Gerhard Dorn. Another work attributed to Bernard, "The Answer of Bernardus Trevisanus, to the Epistle of Thomas of Bononia," along with "The Prefatory Epistle of Bernard Earl of Tresne" in English, is included in the 1680 publication "Aurifontina Chymica." Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Ge Hong: Teachings Alchemy Medicine Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil The work is fully titled "Aurifontina Chymica: or, a collection of fourteen small treatises concerning the first matter of philosophers, for the discovery of their (hitherto so much concealed) Mercury. Which many have studiously endeavored to hide, but these to make manifest, for the benefit of Mankind in general". Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Metals of Antiquity are the seven metals identified and used by humans in Europe and the Middle East in prehistoric times. They are gold, silver, copper, tin, lead, iron, and mercury. Jump to: Gold Silver Iron Mercury Tin Copper Lead These are the metals used in early metallurgy and subsequent alchemy. One of the goals of alchemy is to create noble metals like gold from base metals like lead. Alchemical recipes on dyeing metals and gemstones abound. Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology 10 Alchemical Metals - Ancient Metals of Alchemy Symbolic Meanings of the Metals Each metal corresponds to a celestial body, symbol and day of the week. In combination, such as fused into an amulet, they've been used to protect against disease. Gold - Sun ☉︎ Sunday Back to Top Has any metal aroused the passions so much as gold? On Earth, gold appears in rock ores formed from the Precambrian time, the earliest period of the Earth's formation. The first known use of gold is for spiritual purposes. Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals House Spirits of Germanic Mythology Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Pure gold is edible, sometimes used in cuisine . German liqueurs Goldwasser, a root and herb drink, and Goldschläger, a cinnamon Schnapps contain flakes of gold. Gold is associated with the 50th wedding anniversary. The spiritual meaning of gold includes purity, wisdom and enlightenment. Gold relates to the divine and transformation. Like silver it's a metal of attraction, lucky for money and love. In alchemy practitioners seek to turn lesser quality metals into facsimiles of gold and silver. Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Magic Metals, Gold, Smiths & Alchemists Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Silver - Moon ☾ Monday Back to Top Silver has the highest electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity of any metal. It's first used as money, jewelry and ornaments and not considered a candidate for metallurgy studies due to its poor structural strength. The earliest known coins come from the kingdom of Lydia in Asia Minor around 600 BCE. They're made of electrum , a naturally occurring alloy of gold and silver. Silver is associated with the 25th anniversary. Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Wild Women and Winter Tales German Myth & Folklore: Moss People In folklore, silver has mystic powers. Silver represents magic of the moon and the feminine principle. It also has a male aspect as seen in moon god figures like Sin of Mesopotamia, the father of the Sun. A soul mirror, the moon in the still of night shows the truth. It's a symbol of elemental water, intuition, dreams, flow of prosperity. In alchemy the moon represents lunar caustic or silver nitrate, a salt of silver. In ancient Egypt, bones of the gods are silver, and their flesh is gold. Moonwort (Botrychium Lunaria): Folklore, Magic and Medicine White Herb of Maria: Ancient Alchemy Secrets Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Iron - Mars ♂ Tuesday Back to Top The most common element on Earth, iron forms much of Earth's inner and outer core. Humans learned to extract iron from ore in Eurasia in about 2000 BCE. Iron weapons and tools replaced those of copper alloys. Mass production of tools and weapons, and iron alloys like steel, mark the Iron Age in history. How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home The Many Faces of Frau Holle Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Iron is the popular symbol of strength, fortitude, honor, courage and confidence. It gives power and the knowledge to use it wisely. The 11th anniversary is associated with steel, an alloy of iron and carbon. Traditionally, iron is known to dispel the power of malevolent fairies, witches, nixies and other creatures of the supernatural. An iron knife buried beneath the doorstep prevents evil magic from entering. Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Hags in Germanic Myth & Folklore Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Mercury - Mercury ☿ Wednesday Back to Top Also called quicksilver, mercury is the only metal known to be liquid at room temperature. It also evaporates at room temperature sending off unseen fumes. Mercury is one of the primary metals in alchemy and an element of the tria prima, with sulfur and salt. From the Renaissance it's suggested for treating syphilis. In raw form, mercury is found in the element cinnabar (HgS) as a red ore, which can be ground up to create the color vermillion . Paleolithic cave paintings of 30,000 years ago in Spain and France use cinnabar. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root Mercury is known by the ancient Egyptians before 1500 BCE. The first Emperor of unified China dies after consuming an alchemic mixture of mercury and jade, said to be the elixir of life. Finding an Elixir of Life is a common goals of alchemists world-wide. Spiritually the metal mercury represents human consciousness and the human spirit. Because of its captivating liquid nature, mercury is thought to have supernatural powers. In medieval alchemy mercury represents the spirit. Sulfur is soul, salt is body. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Tin - Jupiter ♃ Thursday Back to Top A soft, silvery, malleable metal, tin is often used in alloys. Bronze, of 1⁄8 tin and 7⁄8 copper, is popular for tools and weapons as early as 3000 BCE. Another tin alloy is pewter, made of 85 - 90% tin with another metal or alloy. Polished, tin is a protective coat for other metals, and also used in mirrors. Extraction and use of tin dates back to the early Bronze Age. It replaces copper in alloys due to high content of arsenic found with copper. Tin occurs most commonly in the ore cassiterite . Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Tin Trade Routes - Ancient Networks Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Spiritually tin is a metal of health, wealth and effortless prosperity. Associated with Jupiter, tin relates to transcendence and higher mental planes. Tin vibrates to the sacral chakra, which rules sexuality, creative expression and emotions. Tin is the metal of the 10th Anniversary due to its resilience, consistency and resistance to rust. Copper - Venus ♀ Friday Back to Top Copper is one of the few metals occurring in nature in usable metallic form, or native metals. Copper is sacred to Roman Goddess Venus and ruled by planet Venus. In the Roman era, copper mines are established on Cyprus, from which the metal name copper is derived. Pagan Christmas Yule Fests: Frau Holle Cypriot Copper & Ancient Cyprus Germanic Mythology - Brook Horses Copper is essential to all living things . In mollusks and crustaceans, blood is copper-based and looks blue, in contrast to red iron-based blood of other animals. A soft metal, copper is often used in art and alloys. Bronze is a copper-tin alloy; brass combines copper and zinc. A metal of balance and health, copper relates to positive energy of the spiritual world. Copper purges negative energies and enhances feelings of optimism and positivity. Copper corresponds to calmness and clarity of mind. It's associated with the 7th anniversary. Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Medieval Islamic Scientist Lead - Saturn ♄ Saturday Back to Top A heavy metal, lead is denser than most materials. Lead is toxic even in small amounts. Lead poisoning through pipes and drinking vessels is thought by some to be a contributing factor in the fall of the Roman Empire. A neurotoxin, lead builds up in bones and soft tissues. Among other effects it damages the nervous system and can cause neurological disorders from behavioral problems to brain damage. Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Alchemy Processes Invented by Islamic Alchemists Lead is often found combined with sulfur. It rarely occurs in native metallic form. In alchemy, lead is the personification of the ego. which must be purified to free the soul. According to the popular medieval concept, metal is created base and "matures" to precious in the ground. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top