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Yeast is a one-celled highly complex creature. Its major enzymes maltase, invertase, and zymase help convert sugars into alcohol and carbon dioxide for yeast activity, human baking and brewing on industry and artisan levels. Mannose: Simple Sugar of Nature & Health The Probiotic Yeast: Saccharomyces boulardii Short Chain Fatty Acids: Form & Function The extraordinary qualities of yeast are due to its enzymes. Made from proteins, enzymes are biological catalysts. They speed up chemical reactions. Maltase, invertase, and zymase are major operators. Yeast, a fungus, loves sugar. It happily gobbles up saccharides like maltose , glucose and mannose for energy through fermentation. Then, it exudes the byproducts carbon dioxide and alcohol, possibly releasing fragrant esters. Homeostasis: Internal Balance of the Body Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Peptides: Science of Human Health some yeasts release esters with fragrances of sweet pears or fresh baking In nature this is part of the decomposition process. Yeasts gather where sugars are abundant, as in ripe or rotting fruit. They're noticed on grapes at harvest. Many brewers use wild strains to start the fermentation process. In the human world, yeast's fermenting ability is invaluable in applications like baking bread, making wine and brewing beer. Maltase, invertase, and zymase transform complex sugars to simplified forms yeast can use. Proteins: Macronutrients of Nature & Health Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment try this ... Enzymes: Biological Catalysts Enzymes are biological catalysts. These proteins dramatically accelerate the rate of biochemical reactions within living organisms. Without them, these reactions would occur far too slowly to sustain life. Enzymes can do this by lowering the activation energy needed for a reaction to happen. Enzymes reduce the activation energy by attaching to reactant molecules. They position the molecules to facilitate the processes of breaking and forming chemical bonds. Amygdalin: Bitter Almonds & the Cyanogenic Compound Glucose: Essential Functions in Human Health Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food 1. Maltase: The Maltose Enzyme Creation Maltase, also known as α-glucosidase, is produced by yeast cells. They react especially when maltose, a disaccharide composed of two glucose molecules, is present in their environment. The presence of maltose is an inducer, triggering the expression of genes necessary for maltase production. The yeast only produces the enzyme when it’s needed. Structures of Starch: Amylose & Amylopectin Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology maltose is the ingredient in barley malt, malt whiskey, malt vinegar and malted milk In brewing, maltase is produced when yeast cells encounter maltose derived from grains during the malting process. In humans, maltase performs a similar function. It turns maltose from ingested food into glucose, which humans use for energy. The body can produce about 300 grams of glucose from maltose in a single meal. Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Candida albicans : Nature of the Yeast Function in Yeast Maltase's primary function is to hydrolyze the disaccharide maltose into two glucose molecules. This is important for yeast, as glucose is the preferred sugar for fermentation. By breaking down maltose, yeast can access glucose as a source of energy and carbon for growth. Sugar is about 42% carbon. Feed the Yeast: Nutrients for Microbe Health Ammonium (NH+4): Nitrogen Needs of Plants Botulism: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention sucrose is made of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen; it breaks down to glucose & fructose Function in Other Organisms Maltase is found in other organisms, including humans, where it resides primarily in the small intestine. Here, it digests dietary maltose derived from earlier starch digestion by other microbes. This enzyme occurs in the saliva of mammals, where it helps digestion. Human saliva has about 30% maltase activity. The production of maltase in yeast is often influenced by the strain of yeast and environmental conditions. Some strains are more efficient at producing maltase than others, influencing fermentation. Amazing Yeast: Feeding, Breeding & Biofilms Brettanomyces : Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Queen of Yeasts Brewing In beer production, maltase is crucial for converting malt sugars into alcohol. Beers with higher maltase levels may have more alcohol content. 2. Invertase: Splitting Sucrose Creation Invertase, also known as sucrase or β-fructofuranosidase, is produced by yeast and secreted into the surrounding environment. Like maltase, its production is influenced by the presence of sucrose (table sugar). Invertase is made in the cytoplasm of yeast cells. It hydrolyzes sucrose into monosaccharides glucose and fructose used by yeast during fermentation. Invertase raises the fermentation rate when sucrose is the primary sugar source. Beer: Malting & Mashing in Grain Fermentation Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Five Types of Resistant Starch: Fiber & Health cytoplasm is the fluid within the cytoplasmic membrane, surrounding the nucleus & organelles Function in Yeast Invertase catalyzes the hydrolysis of disaccharide sucrose into simple sugars glucose and fructose. The breakdown of sucrose is important for yeast fermentation. Many yeast strains can't directly transport sucrose into the cell. By breaking it down externally, they can readily absorb both glucose and fructose for energy production. Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Phenols: Powerful Compounds of Nature Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper energy Function in Other Organisms Invertase is widely distributed in plants and insects. In plants, helps in sucrose metabolism, ensuring the availability of glucose and fructose for cellular processes. This enzyme appears in the chemistry of honeybees. A forager bees uses her proboscis, a straw-like tongue, to collect nectar. As she transports the nectar, she introduces invertase. The invertase starts converting sucrose into glucose and fructose in the honey stomach or crop. The forager then passes the nectar to house bees, who add more enzymes. Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Maltose: Sweet Delight of Brewing & Energy Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Queen of Yeasts returning foragers The name "invertase" comes from the hydrolysis of sucrose. It changes the rotation direction of polarized light. Sucrose is dextrorotatory, rotating light to the right. The mix of glucose and fructose is levorotatory, rotating light to left. Invertase is not unique to yeast; it is also found in plants and some microorganisms. The glucose and fructose created by invertase are about 1.5 times sweeter than sucrose. This makes it popular in the candy industry. Too high a sucrose level can overwhelm and inhibit invertase activity. Starch-Loving Bacteria: Nature, Science, Nutrition Fermentable & Non-Fermentable Sugars Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Invertase is popular in candy making 3. Zymase - Fermentation Creation Zymase isn't a single enzyme, but a complex mixture of enzymes found in yeast cells. This system drives the multi-step process of fermentation. The enzymes are continually produced within the yeast cell. They're always present regardless of the external environment. Zymase is formed in the presence of sugars, especially active when oxygen levels are low. The enzyme complex also includes alcohol dehydrogenase and phosphofructokinase, which help sugar breakdown and fermentation. Pan: Wild Rustic God of Music & Flocks Lactase: Nutrition & the Milk Sugar Enzyme SCOBY & Mother of Vinegar: Cultured Cuisine Bread bubbles are created by CO2 produced by yeast during fermentation Function in Yeast Zymase orchestrates the anaerobic breakdown of sugars, primarily glucose and fructose, into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide. This is the core process of alcoholic fermentation. Each enzyme in the zymase complex has a specific function in the complex pathway. These range from initial sugar phosphorylation to the final production of ethanol. Seven Trace Minerals: Nature's Little Helpers Power of Pepsin: Potent Digestive Enzymes 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Function in Other Organisms While zymase is predominantly associated with yeast, similar enzymatic pathways exist in other organisms. It's used by bacteria and some animal cells, with different end products. For example, muscle cells during intense exercise can perform anaerobic glycolysis , a process analogous to fermentation. This produces energy when oxygen supply is limited. Seven Probiotics: Human Digestive Health Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation The discovery of zymase by Eduard Buchner in 1897 is a groundbreaking moment in biochemistry. It demonstrates fermentation can occur outside living cells, earning Buchner the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1907. Anaerobic vs. Aerobic : In oxygen-rich environments, yeast breaks down sugars differently, primarily through respiration. In contrast, zymase is essential in anaerobic conditions, making it fundamental for processes like brewing. Overall yeast prefers oxygen-free environments. Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Difference Between Pickling & Fermentation Milk & Dairy: Ancient Lactose Gene action of yeast fermenting apples for apple cider vinegar Ethanol Production : The fermentation powered by zymase is responsible for the alcohol content in beverages. Wines can vary in alcohol content from 8% to over 15%, largely depending on zymase activity. Yeasts also go dormant in alcohol concentrations of 10% to 20%. They sink to the bottom to become part of the sediment. Some brewers recycle yeast, repitching it up to three times. In wine making, the lees is made largely of fallen yeast, and produces specialty wines. Cellulose: Plant Fibers of Structure & Strength Lectins & Phytates: Nature of Plants + Human Health Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Cellulose is a polysaccharide or multi-sugar compound, one of the most abundant carbohydrates. Known for its flexible rigidity it supports plant structure and environmental health. For humans it provides fiber. Phytic Acid: Mother Nature's Nutrient Secrets Lectins & Phytates: Nature of Plants + Human Health Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment cellulose under microscope The purpose of cellulose in nature is primarily structural support and protection of plant cells. By forming rigid cell walls, cellulose helps plants keep their shapes and resist pressures from other plants, wind or animals. Cellulose allows plants to grow tall and reach for sunlight. About 40% of wood is cellulose. It's also integral to the intercellular transport of water and nutrients. 7 Primary Electrolytes: Essential Ions & Health Noble Rot: Secret of Sumptuous Sweet Wines Kombucha: Ancient Brew & DIY Health Tea When plants die or shed leaves, their cellulose decomposes to enrich the soil around them with organic matter. This process promotes beneficial microbial activity in soil and overall ecosystem health. Cellulose exists in various forms and many biological processes. It strengthens cell walls of plants, algae and some bacteria. Plants produce an estimated 100 billion tons of cellulose each year through photosynthesis. Magnesium (Mg): Ecology & Human Health SCOBY & Mother of Vinegar: Cultured Cuisine Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Cellulose is a major polysaccharide. These are macromolecules formed by aggregation of numerous monosaccharide units through glycosidic linkages. They can be divided into two main categories: Storage polysaccharides , such as starch found in potatoes and glycogen stored in animal liver, which serve as energy reserves. Structural polysaccharides , like cellulose and chitin, which provide structural support. Functions of polysaccharides are tied to their chemical structures. Cellulose is made of long chains of glucose molecules linked by glycosidic bonds, or bonds connecting a carbohydrate (sugar) molecule to another group. Natural Anti-Spasmodic Treatments for Muscle Spasms & Pain Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Tannins: Complex Astringents of Nature Cellulose is a favorite food of mold. This enables its breakdown in nature but can present fungi-related issues for humans. While cellulose is indigestible to humans, it helps promote digestive health as dietary fiber. Too much fiber has symptoms such as bloating, gas and blockage. Digestion is facilitated by timeless methods such as fermentation. Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Cheese Making: Rennet & Natural Alternatives Flavonoids: the Big Five of Aroma, Flavor & Color red cabbage, rich in cellulose Creation of Cellulose in Nature Creation of cellulose starts with photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert sunlight into chemical energy. During photosynthesis, carbon dioxide and water are transformed into glucose and oxygen. Once glucose is available, it undergoes a series of enzymatic reactions and is polymerized into long cellulose chains. The enzyme cellulose synthase helps link the glucose units together. These long chains crystallize, forming microfibrils of great strength. This process also aids in water retention and nutrient transport. Flavonoids: Sensory Compounds of Nature Phenols: Effects on Health & Environment Mold: Cultivation & Use in Food Fermentation raindrops Cellulose is the primary structural component in the cell walls of green plants, algae and many fungi. As chitin, cellulose is also integral to the many arthropod exoskeletons. It's abundant in agricultural products like cotton, flax and wood. Its flexible strength enables flax to be spun into linen, considered the first textile. Phenols: Nature's Creations in Daily Life Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Starch: Power of Plants & Human Energy linen Characteristics & Properties Insolubility: Cellulose is not soluble in water, enabling it to support aquatic or wetland plants and algae. High Tensile Strength: This property enables plants to resist breaking under physical stress, allowing them to grow tall without collapsing. The linear structure of cellulose fibers is key to their strength. Tensile strength of cellulose can reach 600 MPa, comparable to steel. Crystallinity : The way cellulose chains organize into crystalline structures enhances their mechanical strength and resistance to breakdown, ensuring durability. Biodegradability: Cellulose can be broken down by microbiota and enzymes to reintegrate into the soil. Non-toxic: It is generally recognized as safe for human consumption in its natural form. Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Starch-Loving Bacteria: Nature, Science, Nutrition Phenols: Powerful Compounds of Nature Notable Human Uses Paper Production : Cellulose is the primary material for paper. The pulp extracted from wood and non-wood sources is processed to obtain cellulose fibers, which are then pressed and dried into paper. Textiles : Cotton is nearly pure cellulose (up to 99%), a significant natural textile world-wide. Cellulosic fibers from various plants are spun into threads for a wide array of fabrics. Food Industry : Cellulose is featured as a food additive to provide texture and stabilize mixtures. For instance, it's a thickener in puddings and bulking agent in low-calorie snacks. Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Lactic Acid Fermentation: Beneficial Bacteria Biofuels : With the growing interest in renewable energy, cellulose is recognized as a valuable resource for biofuel production. Through enzymatic hydrolysis, cellulose can be transformed into glucose, which is then fermented into ethanol. Pharmaceuticals : Cellulose is commonly used as an excipient in drug formulations. It acts as a binder, filler, or coating agent in tablets, enhancing the stability and delivery of active ingredients. Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Difference Between Pickling & Fermentation Milk & Dairy: Ancient Lactose Gene Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Saccharomyces boulardii is a probiotic yeast strain in the gastrointestinal tracts of humans and other organisms. A variant of brewer's yeast, it has unique traits and survival skills to optimize its vital functions. Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Queen of Yeasts Brettanomyces : Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld About Saccharomyces boulardii A non-pathogenic yeast, it belongs to the Saccharomyces genus, which includes yeast commonly used in baking and brewing. Unlike bacterial probiotics, S. boulardii is a eukaryote , having a true nucleus. This yeast can survive different environments, including low pH. Its optimal pH range is 5 - 6.5. Its cell wall is made of glucans and mannans, enabling it to stick to the intestinal lining. Spores & Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast, Fungi Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Parts of a yeast cell with bud Yeasts lack the ability of independent movement. Nonetheless they're active in their environment. They can gauge the number of yeasts of their species and other microbes nearby, and send signals to nearby cells, which are then relayed to those further away. Yeast can stick to a substrate or let go and float with the movement of fluids, passing through the body. Outside the body, yeast travels on dust motes, animals, wind currents and water drops. It senses concentrations of sugar, as in the ripe grapes colonized by wild yeast. Feed the Yeast: Nutrients for Microbe Health Maltose: Sweet Delight of Brewing & Energy Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria wild yeast appears as a whitish film on ripe grapes & other fruit Yeasts reproduce by budding and can form chains of daughter cells if scoping out the environment or expanding colonies. Cells of these chains are in communication with each other and the matriarch or main colony. Yeast cells also secrete toxins to battle pathogens. S. boulardii is not present in every person. It's believed to exist in some tropical fruits and their rinds. It's also found in the intestines of animals like pigs and calves. Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment 7 Primary Electrolytes: Essential Ions & Health Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy cow and piglet This yeast coexists and cooperates with other microbial populations. Yeast enjoys the company of other intestinal microbes like Lactobacillus , and acetic acid bacteria like Bacteroidetes . They're often together in the wild. S. boulardii is a saprophyte and gets nutrients from decaying organic matter. In the GI tract it primarily feeds on sugars like glucose, fructose, and mannose. B. Linens  Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids GI Yeast Hunter: Bacteroides thetaiotomicron mannose occurs naturally in fruit like oranges, peaches and apples As it metabolizes the sugars, S. boulardii produces byproducts like carbon dioxide and ethanol . Bacteroidetes and other acetic acid bacteria swoop in to do their jobs and transform ethanol to acetic acid. The SCFA acetate is a salt of acetic acid. Acetate is the most common and versatile of the SCFAs. Another, butyrate, provides energy to colon cells. S. boulardii also nourishes beneficial bacteria. First Life on Earth: Microbes & Stromatolites Difference Between Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria Scheele's Green: History's Most Toxic Pigment Medical Effects of Saccharomyces boulardii Diarrhea: It's used to prevent and treat antibiotic-associated diarrhea, traveler's diarrhea, and diarrhea caused by Clostridium difficile infections. It's able to bind to and inactivate toxins produced by these pathogens. Digestive Health: S. boulardii helps maintain a healthy balance of GI microbes, preventing overgrowth of harmful bacteria. Some genetically engineered Saccharomyces spp. can produce bacteriocins, acetic acid and enable production of lactic acid. In nature the latter two aren't functions of Saccharomyces . Galactose: Simple Sugar of Nature & Health Candida albicans : Nature of the Yeast Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation acetic acid bacteria consume ethanol produced by yeast, and create acetic acid Inflammation: It can modulate immune response in the GI tract, potentially reducing inflammation associated with conditions like inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Nutrient Absorption: By improving the overall health of the intestinal lining, S. boulardii can help in absorption of essential nutrients. Immune Function: Digestive health is linked to immune and mental health as well as physical. S. boulardii stimulates immune cell activity. Lignans: Nature's Weapons of Defense Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Homeostasis: Internal Balance of the Body Special Talents and Survival Skills Acid and Bile Tolerance: S. boulardii is remarkably resilient, able to withstand low pH and bile salts. pH is lowest in stomach acid (1 - 3.5) and alkalinity changes as the route progresses. The small intestine has a pH of 6-7.5, while the large intestine ranges from 6-7. High Growth Rate: The yeast can multiply rapidly, allowing it to quickly colonize favorable environments. Antibiotic Resistance: S. boulardii is inherently resistant to most antibiotics, making it a valuable for managing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. Biofilm Formation: It can form biofilms, which provide a protective layer against external threats and enhance its survival in the body. Seven Probiotics: Human Digestive Health Peptides: Science of Human Health Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose yeast biofilms are made of yeast bodies, organic particles and yeast secretions Nurturing Saccharomyces boulardii Probiotic Supplements: Supplements containing S. boulardii are available. Diet: Fiber-rich foods and complex carbohydrates promote a healthy GI environment and support growth of beneficial microbes, including S. boulardii . High fiber foods like fruit, vegetables and whole grains, work synergistically with S. boulardii. In the intestine, bacteria decomposes fiber into its component sugars, such as the monosaccharide glucose, beloved by yeast and many bacteria. Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Pan: Wild Rustic God of Music & Flocks Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation bulgur wheat is the grain highest in fiber Facts About Saccharomyces boulardii S. boulardii is first isolated in 1923 by French microbiologist Henri Boulard from lychee and mangosteen fruit skins in Indochina (now Vietnam). It's considered a biotherapeutic agent, used to treat or prevent disease. Saccharomyces boulardii cells are transient and commonly found in human feces, eliminated from the body by bowel movements. Heat Sensitivity: Proper storage of live yeast keeps it vital. S. boulardii is sensitive to heat. Yeast cells are killed by temperatures of 60°C (140°F) or higher, as in baking and brewing. 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Mannose (D-mannose) is a monosaccharide or simple sugar with many functions in bodies and natural environment. It fortifies cell structure and aids in communication. It's found in food, and organisms like humans. The Probiotic Yeast: Saccharomyces boulardii Short Chain Fatty Acids: Form & Function Homeostasis: Internal Balance of the Body About Mannose A monosaccharide belonging to the aldohexose family, mannose is a six-carbon sugar with an aldehyde group. Chemically, it's closely related to glucose, differing only in spatial arrangement. This seemingly small difference alters its interactions with enzymes and proteins, giving it unique functions. Mannose can form mannans, polysaccharides helping to strengthen cell walls. Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Proteins: Macronutrients of Nature & Health Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation human cell - a lot depends on the membrane. If it ruptures the cell dies. Mannose is instrumental in urinary tract health. It also aids communication between cells. It exists in various forms. Production in the Body: Bodies can synthesize mannose from glucose, or sugar metabolism. Mannitol: Mannitol is a common polyol derived from mannose used in foods and in the non-food sector. Mannitol is controversial not due to health effects but because it's often used to mask illegal drugs. Natural Polymers: It is commonly found as a component of polysaccharides (complex carbohydrates) in plants, bacteria and fungi. Peptides: Science of Human Health Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose fungal proteins are rich in mannose Dietary Sources: Mannose occurs in fruits and vegetables including: Cranberries: Known for improving urinary health. Blueberries: Antioxidants and fiber. Avocados: Healthy fats and nutrients. Peas: Plant protein and fiber. Mushrooms: Vitamins and minerals. Apples Peaches Broccoli Green Beans It's also in some seaweeds and grains. While less common than glucose, it has strong nutritional value. Amygdalin: Bitter Almonds & the Cyanogenic Compound Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Maltose: Sweet Delight of Brewing & Energy cranberries Properties and Characteristics of Mannose Sweetness: Mannose is less sweet than glucose or the disaccharide sucrose. Solubility: Mannose is also highly soluble in water, enabling easy absorption into the bloodstream. Metabolism: Unlike glucose, mannose is not directly used for energy production. Instead, it's primarily used for the synthesis of glycoproteins. Chemical reactivity: Its reactive aldehyde group can participate in chemical reactions. Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food Structures of Starch: Amylose & Amylopectin Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria blood Mannose can bind with proteins, forming glycoproteins and glycolipids necessary for cell signaling and immune responses. Binding also prevents UTI pathogens from sticking to urinary tract walls and colonizing. The Purpose of Mannose Glycoprotein Synthesis: Mannose is a "building block" for glycoproteins, which are proteins decorated with sugar molecules. Glycoproteins are essential for cell-to-cell communication, protein folding and immune system function. Supporting Immune Function: Mannose supports urinary tract health by preventing bacteria from adhering to the bladder walls. Some research indicates its potential in modulating immune response. Botulism: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention Ammonium (NH+4): Nitrogen Needs of Plants Pseudomonadota: E. coli , Gonorrhea & Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria Transitional. cross section: urinary bladder magnification: 400x Cell Communication : Mannose helps produce glycoproteins and glycolipids, vital for cell recognition and communication. These interactions are needed in numerous bodily functions, including immune response and inflammation relief. Metabolic Regulation : Mannose helps metabolize sucrose, which can affect insulin release. Support for Kidney Health : By reducing UTI risks, mannose can contribute to overall kidney health. Feed the Yeast: Nutrients for Microbe Health Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Fermentable & Non-Fermentable Sugars kidneys Mannans Mannans are polysaccharides composed primarily of mannose units. They are found in various organisms and have diverse functions. For example, mannan is a major component of yeast cell walls and some plant seeds. They're also in legumes and some seaweed. These complex carbohydrates contribute to the structural integrity of organisms and are vital energy reserves. Mannans may have health benefits, including potential prebiotic effects. Research is under way. Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Queen of Yeasts mannans are found in some seaweed The Relationship Between Mannose and Yeast The relationship between mannose and yeast is particularly significant. Mannan, a polymer of mannose, constitutes a large part of the yeast cell wall. The mannan layer is integral to the yeast's structure, protection, and interaction with its environment. The mannan in yeast can also nourish beneficial bacteria in the digestive tract. The body's immune responses to pathogenic yeasts include mannose-binding lectins. These proteins help identify and respond to inappropriate behavior by yeast. Mannose intervention can protect against fungal infections. Phytic Acid: Mother Nature's Nutrient Secrets Seven Trace Minerals: Nature's Little Helpers Power of Pepsin: Potent Digestive Enzymes Facts About Mannose Cranberries: The benefits of cranberry juice for urinary tract infections are linked to mannose. Cranberries contain mannose, which can prevent bacteria like E. coli from sticking to the urinary tract lining. Diverse Ecosystem Presence : Mannose is not only found in fruits but also in fungi and bacteria, with ecological significance across various life forms and environments. Historical Context : Mannose has been used in traditional medicine, particularly in herbal remedies to supporting urinary health and overall wellness. Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Pan: Wild Rustic God of Music & Flocks Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation peaches are dripping with mannose Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Broad beans ( Vicia faba ), faba or fava beans are cultivated as a crop from pre-Neolithic times to present day. Among the earliest cultivated crops, broad beans are easy to grow. In the Bronze Age they're found in regions such as Greece, Turkey and Europe. Gold-of-Pleasure: Bronze Age Crops Figs - Food of the Ancient World Megaliths & Building at Gobekli Tepe Broad beans are also known as Vicia faba, fava or faba bean, and horse beans The wild ancestor of V. faba isn't known. Charred faba bean remains are discovered at three Neolithic sites in Lower Galilee, Israel. With radio-carbon dating scientists believe the beans are cultivated by 8250 BCE. V. faba is a vetch plant of the pea and bean family Fabaceae. It's among the four most common types of pulses: beans, chickpeas, lentils and peas. Pulse is the edible seed inside the pod. Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Hünenburg: Bronze Age European Trade Hub Vicia faba or broad bean, botanical illustration Soak beans overnight before eating to remove the outer coat. It might be tough and bitter. Opinion is divided as to whether soaking is required or if the husks need to be removed. Bean age is a factor. Nutritionally fava beans are a gift from the gods. They're a viable source of protein with 8g / 100g. A hundred grams of (raw) beans has a high content, which is 20% or more, of several vitamin and mineral daily values. Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Glucose: Essential Functions in Human Health Nutritional Value for Fava Beans per 100 g. Folate 106% Manganese 77% Phosphorus 60% Magnesium 54% Iron 52% Thiamine (B1) 48% Copper 41% Potassium 35% Zinc 33% Vitamin B6 28% Riboflavin (B2) 28% ... also a good source of selenium (12% DV), calcium (10%) and vitamin K (9%). Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Linen, Hemp & Cotton - Fabrics of Ancient Egypt Castor Oil, Wigs & Death in Ancient Egypt Oil, veg, nuts, pasta, onion, broad beans, salt During the Bronze Age nutrition improves through the known lands as people experiment with food and agriculture. Trial and error with cultivation yields another of the best producing crops in Bronze Age Europe, the gold-of-pleasure plant. It's raised as a seed crop for oil. Improvements happen over time. Broad beans have a short growing season, aiding speed in development of cultivation. The flowers are favorites of pollinators like butterflies and bees. Broad beans are usually eaten while they're still young and tender. Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Herbology & Lore: Stinging Nettle The Mystic Victorian - Fortune Telling Legumes, tubers, bulb veggies and more at the market Harvesting can start by the middle of spring for plants sprouted early in hothouse or otherwise conducive conditions. The plants are usually sown from the beans in early spring and harvested mid to late summer. The immature pods are also cooked and eaten as legumes. Young leaves of the plant are consumed raw or cooked. Broad beans are prepared by shelling, or removing them from pods. They're soaked, steamed or parboiled to remove the coating. They may be eaten fried and salted. Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Peptides: Science of Human Health Left to mature completely they're known as horse beans. Harvested in late autumn they're eaten similar to the other pulses or dried legumes. Together with cereals, fava beans supply the body's daily requirements of amino acids. The terms horse bean and field bean also refer to cultivars with small, harder seeds more like the wild species, used for animal feed. However the stronger flavor is preferred in some human food recipes, such as falafel . German House Spirits: Beer Donkey (Bieresel) Short Chain Fatty Acids: Form & Function Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Falafel can be made with chick peas or broad beans, with the same recipes used for thousands of years Falafel are deep-fried balls or patties in traditional Middle Eastern cuisine. They're made from chickpeas, fava beans or both. Recipes include a range of herbs, spices and foods including onion, parsley, coriander, garlic purée, cumin, black pepper, flour and vegetable oil. Broad beans are hardy plants. They tolerate harsh and cold climates, making them ideal as a north European crop . By 3000 BCE the bean is known in China. In the Bronze Age and earlier V. faba is cultivated in such lands as Egypt, Greece, Turkey, Iran, Europe and Asia. Chicken Soup: Chickens in German Folklore Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Bee's eye view of a broad bean flower (credit: Rasbak) Unlike most legumes, broad beans can grow in soils with high saline content , as well as in clay soils . This adaptability aids the success of the plant in the arid south and near East. Given a choice, broad beans prefer rich loamy earth. European Bronze Age agriculture is especially associated with development or use of new crops. Besides broad bean they include broomcorn millet ( Panicum miliaceum ), gold-of-pleasure ( Camelina sativa ) and einkorn wheat ( Triticum monococcum ). 10 Ancient Spices of Trade, Health & Beauty Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Vicia faba as part of a protein-rich main course The fava bean is most susceptible to disease and pests in humid environments. The parasitic plant Orobanche crenata  uses Vicia faba  as a host. Orobanche crenata  has no chlorophyll. It taps into nearby plants through the root system and drains them of nutrients. Fermented manure kills the seeds of the parasite, as does soil solarization, or increasing soil temperature. This can be done with humus or laying down plastic to heat up the earth beneath. Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Butter - Food of Peasants & Barbarians Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Homeostasis keeps bodies functioning well. It's the process whereby living organisms like humans control the internal environment to stay stable even when outside conditions are not. Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Homeostasis helps regulate fundamental functions like body temperature. It maintains normal temperature of 37°C (98.6°F). This process regulates pH levels, keeps fluids balanced and manages electrolyte concentrations. The term "homeostasis" is introduced by physiologist Walter Cannon in the early 20th century. Cannon suggests the body uses feedback mechanisms to adjust to both internal and external pressures. Proteins: Macronutrients of Nature & Health Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Homeostasis disruption cause ailments from low energy levels to organ failure. People deal with changes daily, such as temperature and humidity, diet variations and stress factors. Homeostasis helps humans adapt. For instance, during exercise, body temperature rises. The hypothalamus detects this change and triggers sweating to cool down. Without the body’s cooling system it would overheat and perish. Seven Probiotics: Human Digestive Health Peptides: Science of Human Health Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Functions of homeostasis include: Body Temperature: Maintains a constant core temperature for enzyme function and cell survival. Blood Glucose Levels: Keeping the sugar levels in blood within a narrow range provides a consistent energy source. Blood Pressure: Regulates blood pressure for adequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to tissues and organs. Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Periwinkle: Magic & Medicine of Europe Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy blood pressure rising pH Balance: Maintains proper acidity and alkalinity of body fluids. Water Balance: The amount of water in the body affects cell function and electrolyte balance. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide Levels: Ensures adequate oxygen supply and removal of carbon dioxide. Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Cellulose: Plant Fibers of Structure & Strength How Homeostasis Works Homeostasis relies on a network of feedback loops. The loops involve three main components: Receptor: A type of sensor, this component detects changes in the internal environment. Control Center: This component receives information from the receptor and determines the appropriate response. The brain is a significant control center. Effector: This component can be a muscle, gland or organ. It carries out the response to restore the internal environment to its optimal range. Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria Amygdalin: Bitter Almonds & the Cyanogenic Compound Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Two Types of Feedback Loops: Positive and Negative In this context positive and negative don't mean good and bad but refer to the type of function. The common type of feedback loop is a negative feedback loop. In this scenario, the response counteracts the initial change. For example, after a meal or snack, blood sugar levels rise. The pancreas releases insulin, facilitating glucose uptake by cells. This action reduces blood sugar back to a normal range, between 70 and 140 mg/dL. Carbohydrates: Sugars of Nature & Health Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Positive feedback loops are less common. They amplify the initial change. In childbirth for example, release of the hormone oxytocin causes uterine contractions. These stimulate release of more oxytocin, causing stronger contractions until birth. At this point oxytocin levels drop back down. Hormones & Nervous System Both hormones and the nervous system help maintaining homeostasis. The endocrine system releases hormones to respond to body changes, while the nervous system manages quick action. Fermentable & Non-Fermentable Sugars Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Killer Yeast: Assassins of the Microworld Hormones Homeostasis uses hormones like insulin and cortisol. When stressed, for example, the adrenal glands release cortisol. This manages metabolism, blood sugar levels, and immune responses to handle stress effectively. The Nervous System The nervous system, especially the autonomic nervous system, regulates involuntary functions like heart rate and digestion. It quickly adapts these in response to internal and external changes. Beer: Malting & Mashing in Grain Fermentation Kakia: Greek Goddess of Vice & Abominations Mugwort (Wormwood) Medicine & Herb Lore increased heartbeat ... GI tract microbiota can influence host immunity and preserve homeostasis by microbial interaction with the mucosal immune system. Thus it's important to keep these microbes happy and healthy. The Failure of Homeostasis When the body's ability for homeostasis is disrupted, health problems start to erupt. In hypertension, for instance, the body fails to regulate blood pressure effectively, causing a multitude of health problems. Hypothyroidism and diabetes also come from hormonal imbalances and the disruption of metabolic processes. Homeostasis is strongly influenced by other factors. Power of Pepsin: Potent Digestive Enzymes SCOBY & Mother of Vinegar: Cultured Cuisine 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life These include: Environmental Changes Extreme temperatures or high humidity can affect homeostasis. For example, when the temperature rises above 37.8°C (100°F), risk of heat exhaustion and heatstroke increase significantly. Lifestyle Factors Aspects of lifestyle such as nutrient or alcohol intake, erratic exercise or fasting can affect homeostasis. Sleep deprivation impairs hormonal balance, disrupts appetite regulation and creates a domino effect. Treponema pallidum : About the Syphilis Bacteria Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Create Artisan Apple Cider Vinegar Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Proteins are complex molecules integral to structure, function, tissue and organ regulation in all living organisms. Major proteins include enzymes, hormones, antibodies, structural and transport proteins. Proteins: Macronutrients of Nature & Health Peptides: Science of Human Health Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Proteins are made of long chains of amino acids . They work in biological processes such as growth, repair, and immunity. Proteins can be categorized into five major types. Enzymes Enzymes are catalysts, speeding up chemical reactions in the body. They lower the energy required for a reaction, enabling the body to complete the reaction. Their unique forms are structured to their functions. Enzymes are important for digestion, metabolism, DNA replication and energy production. The enzyme lactase reduces lactose, the sugar in milk, into simpler sugars glucose and galactose, easier for the body to absorb. Seven Probiotics: Human Digestive Health Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Amylase exists in saliva, made by the salivatory glands, and small intestine, made in the pancreas. Salivary amylase is optimized to digest starches. Amylase is also used by plants to convert starch to glucose, especially to invigorate seedling growth. Brewers use this process in malting to make sugar-rich substrates for yeast . Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Maltose: Sweet Delight of Brewing & Energy Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation amylase provides energy for sprouting seedlings The enzyme protease decomposes proteins into peptides and amino acids, easier to absorb in the intestine. Enzymes work in processes like cellular respiration, whereby glucose is converted to energy. They drive immune responses. In plants, enzymes transform sunlight to energy in photosynthesis . Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Amygdalin: Bitter Almonds & the Cyanogenic Compound Structures of Starch: Amylose & Amylopectin Hormones Hormones are chemical messengers, regulating various body functions, such as growth, development, and reproduction. Produced by endocrine glands, they are released into the bloodstream. From there they travel to specific cells or organs. For example, insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, regulates blood sugar levels in the body by facilitating the uptake of glucose by cells. Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria Ammonium (NH+4): Nitrogen Needs of Plants Feed the Yeast: Nutrients for Microbe Health The enzyme sucrase breaks down disaccharide sucrose to monosaccharides glucose and fructose The hormone adrenaline surges during stress. It prepares the body for the "fight or flight" response by elevating heart rates and redirecting blood to essential organs and muscles. This reaction is vital for survival in situations perceived as dangerous. It can incur problems in mental health conditions such as anxiety, misophonia or PTSD. Hormones operate through feedback systems to maintain homeostasis, an essential equilibrium for health. Disruptions in hormone balance can degrade physical and mental health at any time in life. Fermenting Green Beans: Salt, Brine & Bacteria Power of Pepsin: Potent Digestive Enzymes Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment Antibodies Also known as immunoglobulins, antibodies are produced by the immune system in response to intruders like bacteria, viruses, and toxins. They bind to substances to neutralize or destroy them, preventing harm to the body. Each antibody has a unique structure allowing it to bind specifically to an antigen. Binding forms an antigen-antibody complex, which neutralizes the pathogen's harmful effects. Fermentable & Non-Fermentable Sugars Amazing Yeast: Feeding, Breeding & Biofilms Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Antibodies also enable immune memory. After an infection, some B cells become memory cells, preserving information about specific pathogens. Vaccines use the natural power of antibodies. When vaccinated against illness like measles, the body remembers the virus. This prompts a quick antibody response on future exposure. Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Pan: Wild Rustic God of Music & Flocks Lactase: Nutrition & the Milk Sugar Enzyme Structural Proteins These provide structure and support to cells and tissues in the body. They include collagen, elastin, and keratin, which are found in various body tissues, such as skin, tendons, bones, and hair. Collagen is the most abundant protein in animals, including humans. It provides about 25% of total protein content and gives strength and flexibility to tissues. Structures of Starch: Amylose & Amylopectin Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Enzymes: Marvels of Nature & Human Health Elastin provides elasticity. This allows tissues to stretch and return to original shape. Keratin provides strength and protection to tissues such as the skin and hair, and guards against moisture loss. These proteins are standard ingredients in cosmetic treatments and beauty products. In nature keratin occurs in onions and sunflower seeds. Collagen is naturally found only in animal products containing connective tissue. Five Types of Resistant Starch: Fiber & Health Tannins: Complex Astringents of Nature Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home stretching A variety of both animal and plant based foods contain materials for collagen production in the bodies. Foods promoting elastin formation include greens, citrus fruits, fish, berries and nuts. In nature, fibroin contributes to the structural integrity of spider silk, known for its incredible tensile strength, stronger than steel. These proteins help create a robust structure vital for tissue function and durability. Lignans: Nature's Weapons of Defense Radioactive Gas: Radon (Rn) Noble & Deadly Prussic Acid: Secrets of Hydrogen Cyanide spider web with morning dew Transport Proteins Transport proteins facilitate movement of molecules, such as nutrients, gases and waste products, across cell membranes for exchange between cells. They include hemoglobin, which transports oxygen in the blood. Also in blood, albumin moves substances like fatty acids and hormones. Albumin helps maintain osmotic pressure and regulate blood volume, essential for fluid balance in the body. Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death H2O Hemoglobin dwells in red blood cells. This transport protein binds oxygen in the lungs and releases it to the body's tissues. Hemoglobin effectively transports 97% of oxygen in the blood. Transport proteins maintain molecular balance in the body and ensure proper organ function. They use different mechanisms for movement. Passive transport moves substances along a concentration gradient, while active transport requires energy to move substances against their gradient. Both are crucial for homeostasis and provide cells with necessary nutrients. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Peptides are natural compounds used supplementally in medicine, skincare and fitness. Vital components of biological systems, peptides function in physiological processes. They're promoted for therapeutic effects and are also plentiful in food. Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Carbohydrates: Sugars of Nature & Health Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients About Peptides Peptides are short chains of amino acids, which create proteins. Proteins can be made up of hundreds or thousands of amino acids. Peptides contain between two to fifty amino acids. Dipeptides are the simplest, consisting of just two amino acids, while longer chains are considered proteins. Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper The structure of a peptide is defined by the sequence of the amino acids, linked by peptide bonds. The bonds form through the process of dehydration synthesis. Peptides function as hormones, neurotransmitters and signaling molecules, communicating information between cells. They help regulate metabolism, immune responses and feelings of happiness. Starch: Power of Plants & Human Energy Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Types of Peptides Peptides are categorized based on their sizes and functions: Oligopeptides: These are peptides comprised of 2 to 20 amino acids. Examples include the hormone oxytocin, known for its role in social bonding and reproduction. Oxytocin, also called the "love hormone," is released during hugging, intimacy and orgasm. Polypeptides: These are longer chains of amino acids, containing 21 to around 50 amino acids. An example is the hormone insulin, important in regulating blood glucose levels. Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Structures of Starch: Amylose & Amylopectin Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Neuropeptides: These peptides are involved in signaling within the nervous system. For instance, endorphins are neuropeptides offering pain relief and mood elevation. They're produced in heroin and other opiate use. Peptide Hormones: These are essential for hormone signaling in the body. Glucagon, the main catabolic hormone, is known to raise blood sugar levels, especially during times of limited food. Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs): These peptides are crucial for the immune response, helping to protect organisms from infections. Examples include defensins, produced by the immune system against bacteria and fungi. AMPs appear in beings from plants to humans. Amygdalin: Bitter Almonds & the Cyanogenic Compound Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Signal Peptides:  These guide proteins to their functional locations within cells, essential for proper cellular operations. Collagen peptides : Collagen makes up about 75% of skin and is needed to maintaining its structure. Collagen peptides are a trend in the modern cosmetics industry, with purveyors claiming they improve skin elasticity, hydration and decrease visible signs of aging. Vasopressin: Another peptide hormone, vasopressin, regulates water retention in the kidneys and helps control blood pressure. It's necessary to prevent dehydration and maintain osmotic balance. Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry Radioactive Gas: Radon (Rn) Noble & Deadly Glutathione: This is a tripeptide made of three amino acids (glutamine, cysteine, and glycine) and has antioxidant properties. It also prevents cell damage by free radicals and heavy metals. In fitness , some peptides are popular among bodybuilders and athletes for enhancing performance. Growth hormone-releasing peptides (GHRPs) are especially lucrative. These synthetic peptides prompt the pituitary gland to produce more human growth hormone (HGH). It's considered to improve muscle growth and fat loss. Cornstarch: Cuisine, Beauty, Cleaning Uses Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Facts About Peptides Amino Acid Building Blocks:  Peptides are made from 20 different amino acids, allowing for countless combinations to create unique peptides, proteins, and enzymes. This versatility helps peptides suit different bodily functions. Nature’s Medicines:  Some peptides occur naturally and have healing properties. For example, peptides in venom from cone snails inspire development of strong pain-relief medications like ziconotide, which has more potent pain blockers than morphine. Short Lifespan:  Peptides generally break down faster than proteins, meaning they act quickly in the body but may require more frequent dosing. Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) Art, Food & Medicine Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe type of cone snail ( Conus textile ), lovely but lethal A couple of warnings come with peptides. The introduction of synthetic peptides can provoke unwanted immune responses, such as allergic reactions or autoimmune problems. Gastrointestinal Disturbances: while peptides are often promoted for digestive health, improper dosage can cause nausea, diarrhea and abdominal pain. Relapse in alcohol and drug seeking behaviors is noted more often in recovering addicts taking certain peptide supplements. 10 Ancient Spices of Trade, Health & Beauty Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Natural sources of peptides can provide healthy controlled nourishment. These include: Meat - beef, chicken, pork contain bioactive peptides (BPs) Fish and shellfish - antioxidant, antimicrobial, regulate blood pressure Legumes - beans, lentils, soybeans etc; resistant starch or fiber Tofu - provides protein & B vitamins Oats - stimulate immune system activity, regulate blood sugar Flaxseed - 40% protein and BPs Tomatoes - peptides have AMPs (antimicrobial properties) and directly target pathogenic cell walls Hemp seeds Wheat Eggs - egg proteins are an excellent source of bioactive peptides. Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Fermentable & Non-Fermentable Sugars Tofu, eggs, legumes, tomatoes can all elevate bioactive peptide levels in the body Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Carbohydrates are essential macromolecules important to human health and the natural environment. They range from simple monosaccharides to complex polysaccharides , providing energy and structure to life forms. Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Carbohydrates are integral to life. They influence health and take part in countless biological processes. Occurring as single, simple sugars to complex, branching chains, each has a reason for being. All carbohydrates are composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. They are generally classified based on the number of sugar molecules or saccharides they have. Milk & Dairy: Ancient Lactose Gene Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Fermentable & Non-Fermentable Sugars building blocks Monosaccharides: Simple Sugars Formation Monosaccharides are the simplest type of carbohydrate, or single unlinked sugar molecules. Examples include glucose (dextrose), fructose (fruit sugar), and galactose . These simple sugars form through photosynthesis in plants, whereby carbon dioxide and water combine with sunlight. Structure These are the basic building blocks, often existing as ring structures. Monosaccharides are a chain of carbon atoms with hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached. Glucose, a six-carbon molecule, forms a ring structure when mixed with water. How Lactic Acid Bacteria Make Yogurt How Yeast Transforms Sugars to Booze Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Functions in Humans Glucose is the primary source of energy for cells of humans and other organisms. Fructose is found in fruits and honey, metabolized differently than glucose. Galactose is a component of lactose, the sugar in milk. In humans, monosaccharides are an immediate energy source. Glucose, often called blood sugar, is quickly absorbed into the bloodstream. A single gram of glucose provides about four calories of energy. This rapid absorption fuels metabolic activities. Monosaccharides are important to cellular signaling and formation of nucleic acids, which carry genetic information. Starch: Power of Plants & Human Energy Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Importance to Nature & Environment Glucose is produced by plants through photosynthesis, making it the primary energy source for nearly all life on Earth. It's the fuel for plant growth and reproduction. In nature, these sugars form the foundation of more complex carbohydrates and are vital for energy transfer in ecological systems. They support soil fertility, enabling plant growth to sustain entire ecosystems. Monosaccharides may be simple sugars but often exist in different isomeric forms such as alpha-glucose and beta-glucose. These influence their properties and the structures they can create. Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Women Scientists of the Ancient World Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Disaccharides - Double Sugars Formation Disaccharides are made when two monosaccharides join together with a glycosidic bond. They release a water molecule in a process of dehydration synthesis. Common examples include sucrose or table sugar, made of glucose + fructose. Lactose or milk sugar is created from glucose + galactose. Maltose or malt sugar is a double glucose. It forms during starch digestion or enzymatic reactions. Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Structure Disaccharides consist of two bonded monosaccharide units linked by an oxygen atom. The arrangement of these units defines the disaccharide's properties. Functions in Humans Sucrose is a readily available energy source. Lactose provides energy for infants, digested by the enzyme lactase. Maltose is a quick fix for fatigue but can cause blood sugar spikes. It's an essential sugar in beer brewing. In humans, disaccharides provide energy source but must be reduced to monosaccharides during digestion. One tablespoon of sucrose has about 48 energy calories when hydrolyzed to glucose and fructose in the intestine. Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria Ammonium (NH+4): Nitrogen Needs of Plants Botulism: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention Importance to Nature & Environment In nature, disaccharides provide energy to various organisms. Sucrose is the main transport form of carbohydrates in plants, delivering energy-rich compounds to growth areas where they're needed. Oligosaccharides: Short Chains Formation Oligosaccharides consist of 3 to 10 monosaccharide units linked together. They are found in many natural sources, such as legumes, onions, and garlic. These carbohydrates form during plant metabolism. Multiple monosaccharides combine to bring them into existence. Feed the Yeast: Nutrients for Microbe Health Five Types of Resistant Starch: Fiber & Health Lignans: Nature's Weapons of Defense Structure These are shorter chains than polysaccharides and function in cell recognition and signaling. The structures of oligosaccharides can vary greatly, forming branches and different configurations. Their specific arrangements influence their solubility and how easily they're digested. Functions in Humans Some oligosaccharides, like fructooligosaccharides (FOS), are prebiotics, promoting the growth of beneficial bacteria in the GI tract. They also help absorb minerals, and can enhance immune function. Beer: Malting & Mashing in Grain Fermentation Seven Trace Minerals: Nature's Little Helpers Magnesium (Mg): Ecology & Human Health yum yum yum Human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) are a diverse group of oligosaccharides found in breast milk, providing numerous benefits to infants, including immune system development. Importance to Nature & Environment They exist in plant cell walls, part of plant-microbe interactions. In ecology oligosaccharides contribute to nutrient cycles as energy sources for soil and aquatic microbial communities. This nutrient input is needed for ecosystem health. Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Cheese Making: Rennet & Natural Alternatives Polysaccharides: The Long Polymers Formation Polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates formed by the linking of hundreds or thousands monosaccharide units. Polysaccharides are large molecules. Examples include starch, cellulose, and glycogen. These carbohydrates form through enzymatic linkage of simpler sugars during energy storage or structural formation. Tannins: Complex Astringents of Nature Lignin: Ecology, Wood & Natural Health B. Linens Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. Structure These can be linear or branched polymers such as: Starch: The primary energy storage molecule in plants, composed of amylose (linear) and amylopectin (branched) chains of glucose. Glycogen: The energy storage molecule in animals, a highly branched polymer of glucose. Cellulose: The primary structural component of plant cell walls, composed of long, linear chains of glucose. Chitin: A structural polysaccharide found in the exoskeletons of insects and crustaceans, composed of N-acetylglucosamine. Organic Polymers: Ecology & Natural Health Cellulose: Plant Fibers of Structure & Strength Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment Functions in Humans Starch is a major source of dietary energy. Glycogen is stored in the liver and muscles for quick energy release. Cellulose provides dietary fiber, promoting healthy digestion. In humans, polysaccharides give sustained energy release. In digestion, they break down to monosaccharides and are absorbed into the bloodstream. Gradual release helps maintain stable blood sugar levels. Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore Importance to Nature & Environment Polysaccharides are vital in nature. Cellulose is the most abundant organic molecule on Earth, providing structural support to plants and significant in the carbon cycle. Chitin functions in nutrient cycling in marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Starch releases energy to plant seeds and tubers. Cellulose supports plant structure, improves soil quality and moisture retention. Power of Pepsin: Potent Digestive Enzymes Enzymes: Marvels of Nature & Human Health Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg leaf structure Humans lack the enzyme cellulase, needed to break down cellulose. This is why people can't digest grass or wood, but forms of these are important dietary fiber. Termites have symbiotic microorganisms living in their digestive systems. The microbes produce cellulase, allowing the insects to digest wood. Breaking Down the Complexes: Hydrolysis To use the energy stored within disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides, bodies must reduce them to monosaccharides. This is accomplished through the process of hydrolysis. Saccharomyces cerevisiae : Queen of Yeasts Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction just add water Hydrolysis adds a water molecule to break the glycosidic bond between the sugar units. Enzymes, such as amylase for starch, sucrase for sucrose, and lactase for lactose catalyze these reactions. This process occurs mainly in the mouth and small intestine. During digestion, polysaccharides first hydrolyze into disaccharides and oligosaccharides. These smaller units subsequently break down into monosaccharides like glucose and enter the bloodstream. This is needed for balance of energy. It regulates blood sugar and supports physical and mental health. Microbes: Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, Fungi & Viruses Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Lectins & Phytates: Nature of Plants + Human Health Cell Recognition Glycoproteins and glycolipids are carbohydrates attached to proteins and lipids, respectively, on cell surfaces play crucial roles in cell communication, immune responses, and tissue development. Prebiotics Certain oligosaccharides and resistant starches are prebiotics, nourishing beneficial bacteria in the GI tract to improve digestive health. Good digestion is important to overall wellness of body and mind. Flavonoids: Sensory Compounds of Nature Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Wild Yeast: Microbes Acting Naturally Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Creating a Frau Holle festival altar is fun. Frau Holle is perhaps the most beloved of German deities, with a number of different aspects. She's a domestic goddess of spinning and weaving; a warrior and White Lady . Brunhilde: Tragic Germanic Warrior Queen Klagefrau: Wailing Woman of German Folklore Seven Trace Minerals: Nature's Little Helpers Candles, snow and the color white are associated with Frau Holle A nature goddess and protector of trees, she's also a Dark Grandmother, who receives spirits of deceased infants and sends them to light. They may become cherubic helpers in her manifestation as nature goddess. Holle values courtesy, simplicity, honesty and hard work. Fluffing her bedding, she makes it snow on Earth, especially in the Alps. In guise of a simple domestic goddess she shows herself to be a powerful weather deity able to create blizzards and ice storms as well. Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Pagan Christmas Yule Fests: Frau Holle The Many Faces of Frau Holle The Festival of Frau Holle begins December 25 and carries on for twelve days (den Zwölften), ending Jan 5-6, or Twelfth Night. In ancient Babylon this time is celebrated as the 12 Days of Zagmuk , a fertility festival. A patron of women, Frau Holle has many names including Holla, Holda, Hulda, Bercht, Perchta, Holundermutter and Old Mother Frost. She's from a pantheon even older than that of the Norse. Before the Vikings - Early Northern Cultures Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Der Türst: Dread Huntsman & the Wild Hunt Stunning northern lights Frau Holle in her warrior aspect is often equated with Roman Diana the Huntress. Both women are linked to dogs, especially hounds, suiting their natures as leaders of the Wild Hunt. Like virginal Diana, Holle is a completely independent woman. In her mythology she has no lover or consort, although she's associated with fertility. Bird Woman Elwetritsch: German Folklore Herbology & Lore: Rowan (Mountain Ash) German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root Frau Holle or Hulda rallies the dogs for the Wild Hunt (spoiler: no animals are harmed in the Hunt) Make a Frau Holle Altar An altar is a way to show respect to a deity such as Frau Holle and what she stands for, and to enhance the positive flow of energy for good luck. Find an east-facing place for a small table or stand made of wood. Include decor, as desired: candles or white lights apple, apple fragrance or apple wood cookies & baking - part of the harmony of home, to be shared, eaten and refreshed as needed tokens of elderberry whether plant parts, tea or elderberry theme art. snow ornaments, icicle and snowflake decorations elements of greenery - such as a plant, foliage, evergreen branches natural fiber yarn, linen home-made art or crafts clear, white, green or blue crystals polished silver wheel or wheel symbols warrior symbols (see below) Frau Holle - A German Fairy Tale Warrior Queen: Kriemhild of the Burgundians A Viking Christmas Yule "Holda, die gütige Beschüzerin" - Holda, the good protectress, Friedrich Wilhelm Heine 1882 Set up candles singly, paired or three as a trinity. Downward pointing triangle is a feminine symbol. White is a color of light, beginnings, divinity. Blue connects to water or ice, dreams and the subconscious. Silver relates to the feminine, moon, winter. Green is a color of the female warrior. Clear crystals help channel goddess energy. Frau Holle makes it snow throughout the land and especially in the Alps, so artwork of the white alpine flower Edelweiss is a pleasing gift in her honor. Yarn and natural fabric recognize her importance as a domestic goddess. Gingerbread Houses: German Folklore German Romanticism: Nature & Emotion Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg The Wheel is a strong symbol to use, as the spinning wheel going round, turn of seasons, cycles of life. To acknowledge the warrior aspect use symbols of shield, arrow or spear. Again the shield equates to a wheel or circle of life. Any talisman used to represent it holds its influence. Linden wood is favored for German shields in ancient times, and also blesses the home. Nature Spirits of German Mythology Witches' Night - Hexennacht German Traditions - the Linden Tree Wheel of Stars Ash and oak are the woods most often used to make spear shafts. Ash is also good for bows and arrows. Ash is more feminine than oak, but don't offend the Eschenfrau who lives in the ash. That's easier said than done. Dog figurines and symbols are pleasing to the goddess. Light candle(s) at nightfall to represent coming of the light repelling the darkness. This is also meant to repulse evil spirits who roam in the dark. Keep the altar clean through festive season, up to the night of Jan 5-6. Frau Holle is a tidy goddess. Attune to the flow of harmonious energy in the home, and let the coming of spring bring bright blessings to you. Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Germanic Mythology - Brook Horses Butzemann, Witches & Nyx - Scare 'em Good Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Photosynthesis supports life on Earth. In this process, plants turn sunlight into sugars for energy and provide much-needed oxygen to animals, fungi and microbes inhabiting nearly every niche on the planet. Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Fermentable & Non-Fermentable Sugars About Photosynthesis Photosynthesis happens in green plants, algae and some bacteria. The process converts solar light energy into chemical energy. Carbon dioxide and water, in the presence of light energy, yield glucose and oxygen. Without oxygen life ceases, except for a few anaerobic chemosynthetic microbes who start new cultures. Simple sugar glucose, a carbohydrate, is food for plants and ultimately many organisms including humans. It forms the base of food chains, delivering solar energy as glucose and polysaccharides like starch to herbivores, omnivores and carnivores. Glucose can form multiple compounds from maltose to cellulose . Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Starch-Loving Bacteria: Nature, Science, Nutrition Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place photosynthesis Chloroplasts Chloroplasts are the organelles where photosynthesis takes place in plant cells. They contain chlorophyll, the green pigment able to capture sunlight. Inside chloroplasts, at an even more microscopic level, thylakoids are arranged in stacks called grana, surrounded by fluid called stroma. Thylakoids are crucial for absorbing sunlight, while the stroma is vital for glucose synthesis. This diversity helps chloroplasts efficiently convert sunlight to chemical energy. Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice chloroplast The Two Main Stages of Photosynthesis Photosynthesis proceeds in two main stages: the light-dependent reactions and the light-independent reactions, often known as the Calvin Cycle. Light-Dependent Reactions These reactions occur in the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts. When chlorophyll captures sunlight, it excites electrons. This triggers a chain of reactions producing ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADPH (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate), both energy carriers. During this stage, water molecules are split, releasing oxygen as a byproduct. When exposed to bright sunlight, photosynthesizing plants can generate up to 18 ATP molecules per 6 carbon dioxide molecules processed. This energy fuels the next phase of photosynthesis. Galactose: Simple Sugar of Nature & Health Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health passing the baton The Calvin Cycle The Calvin Cycle occurs in the stroma, where ATP and NADPH from the light-dependent reactions convert carbon dioxide into glucose. This stage involves carbon fixation, reduction, and regeneration. Plants turn inorganic carbon in the atmosphere into organic carbohydrates during these phases. The Calvin Cycle doesn't need light directly; it's also known as light-independent reactions. It relies on energy created during the light-dependent reactions. Silent Destroyers: Microbes of Concrete Corrosion Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Heavy Metals Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium & Arsenic The Importance of Photosynthesis Oxygen Production: It generates the oxygen necessary for aerobic creatures and thereby contributes to 21% of Earth's atmosphere. Food Source: It's the base of the food chain system. Climate Regulation: Photosynthetic organisms absorb vast amounts of carbon dioxide. This is essential to survival on Earth, potential climate regulation and activities like breathing. Carbohydrates: Sugars of Nature & Health How Lactic Acid Bacteria Make Yogurt Pyrococcus furiosus : Extremophile of Vulcano Factors Affecting Photosynthesis Light Intensity: Increased light generally raises photosynthesis rate until it reaches a saturation point. Carbon Dioxide Concentration: Higher carbon dioxide levels can accelerate photosynthesis, as CO2 is a raw material. If more CO2 is present than the plants can handle, it remains in the environment. Temperature: Each plant has an optimal temperature range for photosynthesis. Wheat grows best at 21° - 24° C (70° - 75° F). Plants such as maize, sugar cane and sorghum show adaptation to higher temperatures. Water Availability: Water is a reactant in photosynthesis; droughts severely disrupt this process. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Life Forms on Earth Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Prokaryotes and eukaryotes are the two major types of cellular creatures on Earth. Prokaryotes are among the first life 3.4 billion years ago, while eukaryotes come into being c. 2 billion years ago. Here are the differences between them and the traits and talents they exhibit. Yeast & Mold: Ancient Fungi, Modern World Microbial Reproduction: Mitosis & Meiosis Wild Yeast: Microbes Acting Naturally Eye of an eukaryote peers into the microscope world Prokaryotes Definition and Characteristics Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms without a true nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles. Entire prokaryotes are generally smaller than cells of eukaryotes, ranging from 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers. Their genetic material, a single circular DNA molecule, floats freely in the cell's cytoplasm, in the nucleoid region. This simple structure enables them to reproduce rapidly and adapt quickly to changes in their environment. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Irrwurz or Mad Root: German Folklore Parts of a bacterium Major features of prokaryotes include: Cell Structure : Prokaryotic cells are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells, usually measuring between 0.1 to 5.0 micrometers in diameter. They have rigid cell walls for structural support in diverse environments. Reproduction : These organisms reproduce asexually through binary fission. In this process, a single cell divides into two identical daughter cells, allowing populations to grow quickly. For instance, under optimal conditions, E. coli  can divide every 20 minutes. Diversity : Prokaryotes are incredibly diverse, inhabiting various environments, including extreme conditions. They can survive in hot springs that exceed 100 degrees Celsius and deep-sea vents with crushing pressures. Types : Prokaryotes can be broadly classified into two main domains: Bacteria and Archaea. Killer Yeast: Assassins of the Microworld Microbes: Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, Fungi & Viruses Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Bacteroides thetaiotomicron bacteria live in the human GI tract Bacteria: This vast group includes well-known examples such as Escherichia coli (E. coli), a common gut bacterium, and Streptococcus pneumoniae, which can cause pneumonia. Interestingly, certain bacteria are essential for processes like nitrogen fixation in plants. Archaea: Often found as extremophiles, archaea include species like Thermoplasma (thermophiles) lovers of habitats like hot springs, and Halobacterium (halophiles) prospering in highly saline conditions. While they share some similarities with bacteria, they have distinct biochemistry and genetics. Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast & Mold Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses Extremophiles can be found in sulfur, salt or soda lakes like Lake Natron in Tanzania, above Eukaryotes: Complexity and Variety Definition and Characteristics Eukaryotes are organisms whose cells have a true nucleus enclosed by a nuclear membrane, along with various membrane-bound organelles such as mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum. This compartmentalization supports more complex cellular processes and functions. Eukaryotic cells can be unicellular, like yeast, or multicellular, like humans. In eukaryotes, DNA is stored in the nucleus. In prokaryotes, DNA is located in the cytoplasm. How Yeast Transforms Sugars to Booze Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria DNA strand replicated Cell Structure : Eukaryotic cells are generally larger than prokaryotic cells, with diameters ranging from 10 to 100 micrometers. The nucleus holds their genetic material organized into linear chromosomes. Eukaryotic cells also have membrane-bound organelles to facilitate specialized functions. Reproduction : Eukaryotes can reproduce both sexually and asexually. For example, the flowering plant Arabidopsis thaliana  can reproduce by self-pollination or cross-pollination. Complexity : Eukaryotic organisms can be unicellular such as yeast and other fungi, or multicellular like plants and animals. This complexity enables specialization of cells and tissues for certain functions, increasing the organism's adaptability and efficiency. Difference Between Gram-Negative & Gram-Positive Bacteria Invisible World: Prokaryotes & Animalcules Brownian Motion: Physics & Phenomena millipede Eukaryotes can be divided into several kingdoms: Protists This kingdom includes diverse organisms such as amoebas, paramecia, and algae. Amoeba proteus is known for its ability to change shape due to its flexible cell membrane. Testate amoeba build shells from silica and other organic materials. Fungi Fungi are vital decomposers in ecosystems and include organisms such as mushrooms and mold. The yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae plays a crucial role in baking and brewing. Fungal Biofilms: Ecology of Biofilm-Producing Molds & Yeasts Powder of Algaroth: Antimony Oxychloride Purgative Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Saccharomyces cerevisiae  highly magnified Plants Eukaryotic plants, like oak trees and sunflowers, have chloroplasts for photosynthesis, enabling them to produce their own food using sunlight. Animals Ranging from simple sponges to complex mammals, the animal kingdom showcases eukaryotic diversity. Humans, with complex systems and structures, are prime examples of multicellular eukaryotes. Stylonychia: Wonderful World of Ciliates Syrian Brown Bear - Bronze Age Wild Wild Boar (Sus scrofa) Nature & Lore Brown bear - a eukaryotic organism Facts About Eukaryotes & Prokaryotes Eukaryotes evolve from prokaryotic ancestors through a process of endosymbiosis, where one organism lives within another, leading to the development of organelles like mitochondria and plastids. Biodiversity : Prokaryotes are estimated to comprise over 90% of the Earth's biomass, underscoring their fundamental role in ecosystems. These tiny organisms are vital in nutrient cycling, breaking down organic materials. Role in Health : The human microbiome, largely composed of prokaryotes, is crucial for digestion, immune function, and overall health. Research indicates that a diverse microbiome can enhance immunity and reduce the risk of certain diseases. Endosymbiotic Theory : This theory proposes that eukaryotic organelles, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, originated from engulfed prokaryotic cells. This fascinating idea supports the evolutionary connection between these two cell types. Bioremediation : Some prokaryotes are employed in bioremediation efforts, using their metabolic processes to degrade pollutants. For instance, certain bacteria can break down oil spills, offering an effective approach to environmental cleanup. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes represent the two distinct branches of life. While prokaryotes embody simplicity and adaptability, eukaryotes exhibit complexity and specialization. Together, they form the web of life on Earth. Fänggen (Fangga): Man-Eaters of Tyrol Lake Van: Fate of a Primeval Salt Lake Great Cormorant: Wild Birds & Mythic Beasts Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top