Search Results

In the medieval world, urine is a surprisingly versatile body fluid with a wide range of applications beyond the obvious disposal function. While today pee is seen as waste, up to the 19th century it's valued for chemical properties and medical diagnosis. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Phosphorus, Uroscopy & Power of Pee Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Women Scientists of the Ancient World   Sylvia Rose Books A common use of medieval pee is in the textile industry, where it's applied to processes such as dyeing wool and tanning leather. The ammonia in urine is a mordant to help fix dyes to fabrics for vibrant colors. A collection barrel is offered for people to empty their chamber pots. In medieval medicine, attributes of urine include cleansing and antiseptic properties, making pee a common ingredient in poultices and ointments. Medieval physicians use urine as a diagnostic tool. Several factors help assess a patient's health. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Magic Metals, Gold, Smiths & Alchemists Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Sylvia Rose Books Above: Persian doctor Al-Razi , in "Recueil des traités de médecine" 1250-1260 by Gerardus Cremonensis. Al-Razi holds a matula , a specialized glass vessel for collecting and examination of the urine. Urine is a ubiquitous ingredient of alchemy, which is especially known for gold-making but also has deep connections to fabric, gem and metal dyes, and ancient medicine. Alchemists extract compounds of urine in experiments, boldly going where no one has gone before. Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Sylvia Rose Books Because of its golden color some alchemists or patrons associate urine with gold, and Urine is one of many code words for the prima materia or First Matter of alchemy. Urine the body fluid is readily available and best of all, cheap. Alchemists are notoriously low on funds. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Such is the case with Hennig Brand, the German alchemist who discovers phosphorus in 1669 by boiling and otherwise processing his urine. He spends his first wife's fortune on alchemy and puts a grievous dent in that of his second wife before his eureka moment. Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Sylvia Rose Books Many alchemists believe in urine's esoteric qualities, using distillation and other processes to extract its elements. They want to uncover the secrets of pee for medicinal or philosophical purposes, or the incorrigible curiosity factor inherent in all humans. Alchemy practitioners seek to release chemical or spiritual virtues of urine through a series of elaborate procedures. These can include aging the pee, fermentation, boiling, slow heating, cohobation (repeated distillation) and eclectic combinations with other substances. Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Feast of Fools - A Lora Ley Adventure Sylvia Rose Books For some, purity of body and spirit is significant, taking a holistic approach to achieving a state of balance and harmony. Practitioners often engage in rituals, exercises, and lifestyle choices to cleanse not only the physical body but also the mind and soul. Medieval doctors conduct physical examinations of patients, including analysis of urine. Uroscopy is pivotal to medical diagnostics. Color, sediment, smell, and taste of urine can reveal crucial information about the patient's health. Magic of the Circle: Spirituality & Lore Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Lammašaga: Sumerian Angel Goddess Sylvia Rose Books Medieval doctors are trained to observe up to 30 distinct features in urine to aid in diagnosis. Each characteristic is noted and analyzed to form a comprehensive picture of the patient's condition. Urine analysis also determines the course of treatment. The significance of uroscopy is such that in many regions, the urine flask or matula becomes synonymous with the profession of a doctor. It symbolizes the expertise of the practitioner in understanding details of bodily fluids and using that knowledge to heal illness. How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Pentagram: Drudenfuß, Five Point Star Sylvia Rose Books Around 1267 AD, medieval friar and alchemist Roger Bacon discovers gunpowder in the West after another friar shows him Chinese firecrackers. His mix is 29.5% sulfur, 29.5% charcoal, and 41% saltpeter. After some tweaks it's found the best ratio is 10:15:75. Due to its chemical composition urine has been used in making gunpowder.  In 1863, during the Civil War, Confederate chemist Jonathan Harrelson figures out how to create more potassium nitrate, or saltpeter, by extracting it from human urine. Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Sylvia Rose Books Fermented urine is also a popular fixer for blue woad dye . Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Belsnickel comes from the Rhineland-Palatinate region of Germany. Part of the spirit of the season, Belsnickel is male but often dresses as a woman, or wears an ugly mask with lolling tongue or stag antlers. He comes to reward the good and punish the naughty. READ:  Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction  - German Mythology Adventures Bird Woman Elwetritsch: German Folklore Gingerbread Houses: German Folklore German Traditions - the Linden Tree Sylvia Rose Books Good children get nuts, candy and fruit such as oranges . The bad get beaten with a switch, which is later downgraded to the threat of receiving a lump of coal. Belsnickel is unique among the Yule "companion" spirits. READ:  Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction  - German Mythology Adventures It's thought Belsnickel originates in the Middle Ages. His name comes from German pelz (fur) and Nickel, a mischievous mine spirit, who in the 17th century is the name origin of the metal nickel. Copper miners complain about the metal left by Nickel (Cupfernickel or copper nickel). Heimchen - House Crickets of Folklore Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Butzemann, Witches & Nyx - Scare 'em Good Sylvia Rose Books Belsnickel may be seen as a passing shadow, but up close he is ugly. His hair sticks out and his clothes are dirty and torn. He's wrapped in a motheaten fur and he looks like he just crawled out of the woods. READ:  Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction  - German Mythology Adventures His long tongue lolls from his mouth and he has a strange laugh, but his pockets are full of sweets and cakes. The tradition of Belsnickel travels west with the Pennsylvania Germans, to German-settled regions of Brazil and parts of Eastern Canada. Curse of the Evil Eye & Apotropaic Magic Wild Women and Winter Tales The Many Faces of Frau Holle Sylvia Rose Books In 1830 writer Jacob Brown describes Belsnickel. "He was known as Kriskinkle, Beltznickle and sometimes as the Christmas woman. Children then not only saw the mysterious person, but felt him or rather his stripes upon their backs with his switch. The annual visitor would make his appearance some hours after dark, thoroughly disguised, especially the face, which would sometimes be covered with a hideously ugly phiz - generally wore a female garb - hence the name Christmas woman - sometimes it would be a veritable woman but with masculine force and action. Brunhilde: Tragic Germanic Warrior Queen Baltic Ancient Mythology & Folklore Eye of Ra Egypt - Wrath of the Woman Sylvia Rose Books "He or she would be equipped with an ample sack about the shoulders filled with cakes, nuts, and fruits, and a long hazel switch which was supposed to have some kind of a charm in it as well as a sting. One hand would scatter the goodies upon the floor, and then the scramble would begin by the delighted children, and the other hand would ply the switch upon the backs of the excited youngsters - who would not show a wince, but had it been parental discipline there would have been screams to reach a long distance." Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun Christmas Oranges & Yule Fruits Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Sylvia Rose Books Belsnickel is also called Pelznichol , or Nicholas with the fur. His appearance varies widely by region. In one place he might wear a fur coat, in another vicinity bells around his neck or deer antlers on his head. Read: Cult of the Fire God  - Bronze Age Quest Adventure He might leave a hazel or birch rod in a child's shoe, meant to discipline the child. It's uncanny how Belsnickel always knows which children are good, and which are not; and how odd, Dad is always absent when Belsnickel comes by. Slavic River Spirits & Roman Gods Harvest Spirits: Katzenmann (Cat Man) Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Belsnickel is a creature of contradictions. He brings both reward and punishment. He's male but often dresses as a woman. He has ragged clothes but pockets or a bag full of sweet delights. He inspires fear, but also happiness. He's known as a "companion" of St Nicholas but often visits homes alone. Plight of the Lutzelfrau: German Myth German Myth & Folklore: Elves German Myth: Lindwyrm, Mare & Pig Demons Sylvia Rose Books It's a wild party on Belsnickel Night December 6, aka the Feast of St. Nicholas. People dress up as belligerent bellowing ghouls and run around town rattling chains and bells, shouting and drinking. READ:  Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction  - German Mythology Adventures January 5 - 6 is also Twelfth Night, the last day of the Feast of Frau Holle, and the end of twelve days of Zagmuk . A similar chaotic tradition to Belsnickel Night appears in the alpine towns to the south, with the Krampuslauf or Krampus Run. 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Velnias - Baltic Devil God of Death Jimson Weed, Witches & Zombies Sylvia Rose Books People dress as goat-horned Krampus and get rowdy. They drink Schnapps, yell, hit and frighten passersby in the streets. Towns have to tone it down as aggressive Krampuses and beleaguered townsfolk get into fist fights. In some parts it's still a seasonal tradition. Klagefrau: Wailing Woman of German Folklore Aufhöcker - Cursed Undead of German Myth Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine Back to Top

Alchemy has a lifelong relationship with the magic of metals and their multiple manifestations. Metal workers and later blacksmiths receive respect and even fear in many societies due to chthonic connections and powers of creation. This mystic past belongs to the alchemists. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Blacksmiths: Iron, Metal, Gods & Myth Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Metals & Smiths In some societies, smiths and metalworkers are blacklisted. Blacksmiths are scorned as low-caste in Hamitic and steppe cultures. Yet, they are ever more necessary for the demands of changing lifestyles. They know the names and sacred secrets of the metals. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Prior to mining, iron comes almost exclusively from meteorites. It's soft enough to be hammered into shape with stone tools. Before smelting, sulfide ores are roasted to obtain copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb). Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Smelting Metals: Metalwork & Alchemy Lapis Lazuli & Gold: Jungian Alchemy Symbolism Sylvia Rose Books Smelting ores signifies a pivotal moment in the history of mankind. Although production of copper and bronze is also important, the development of iron metallurgy rapidly transforms into an industrialized activity. Iron rises to prominence after development of furnaces and refinement of the technique for hardening metal at high temperatures. Before this iron is considered too soft for regular use. Advancements in metallurgy of terrestrial iron soon make it suitable for weapons and utensils. Iron Age - Metallurgy & Metal Magic How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Sylvia Rose Books By taking responsibility for altering the natural world or replacing processes of development and growth in nature. Humans control the passage of time. The craftsman learns to accelerate a process believed to take thousands of years underground. The process of growing, shaping and changing metals can now be more quickly achieved by using a furnace instead of the earth's depths to nurture the metal. This viewpoint endures among alchemists for thousands of years. Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books Two interconnected theories define the presence of metals within the earth. In medieval Islamic theory, promoted by Jabir ibn Hayyan , mercury and sulfur vapors phase through the earth. Where they mingle, they produce metal. The ratio of mercury and sulfur decrees the metal. Secondly, metals develop at a slow pace deep within their earthen womb. It's believed baser metals like lead and zinc, formed by the sulfur-mercury vapors, age deep in the earth to become copper, silver and gold. Unity of Opposites: Spiritual Alchemy Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Cupellation: Alchemy Process of Metals Sylvia Rose Books Blacksmiths appear as distinct tradespeople c. 1500 BCE. In early Greece, specific mythical groups such as the Telchines, Cabiri, Curetes, and Dactyls are formed. These covert guilds hold secredinitiation rites, commune with occult and engage in elemental metalworking. The early metallurgist would use a small portable furnace and increase temperature by blowing air into it from above, aided by a hollow tube. It's important to maintain constant heat. The oldest crucible smelting dates back to c. 5000 BCE in Anatolia and Iran. Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Calcination Process: Alchemy at High Heat Sylvia Rose Books Smelting involves application of heat and a chemical reducing agent to an ore to separate a desired base metal product. Known as extractive metallurgy, this process is used to extract metals like iron , copper , silver , tin , lead , and zinc. Metals are pivotal elements in alchemy . Belief in natural evolution and transformation of metals has ancient roots in China, as well as in Vietnamese Annam, India, and the Malay archipelago. For instance, people in Vietnamese Tonkin have a saying: "Black bronze is the mother of gold." Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Ishum: Night Watchman & Fire God Gibil - Fire God of Mesopotamia Sylvia Rose Books It's said gold is naturally produced from bronze, but only after the bronze has spent a lengthy period of time underground. Thus at one time bronze would be found in the same places gold is now discovered. Similar beliefs persist in Europe as late as the 18th century. Hindu Brahmanas also emphasize the idea "Gold is immortality." Across various cultures, the pursuit of the elixir capable of transforming metals into alchemical gold is seen as a quest for eternal life. Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Kur - Underworld of Mesopotamia Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Sylvia Rose Books The art of creating tools is considered superhuman, with roots in ancient mythologies of the Stone Age. Stone tools and hand axes were imbued with mystical powers, reminiscent of thunderbolts, which were then amplified in metal instruments. The hammer, succeeding the Stone Age ax, symbolizes the might of storm gods, who are often associated with smithing and fertility deities. In many mythologies, such as that of Greek Hephaestus , divine smiths forge the weapons of the gods. Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sweet Wormwood: Malaria Miracle Cure Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The smith is the architect and artisan of the gods. He has connections with music and song, just as in a number of societies the smiths and braziers are also musicians, poets, healers, and magicians. In the Canaanite legend, Koshar-wa-Hasis (meaning "adroit-and-clever") crafts two clubs for Baal to use in defeating Yamm, ruler of Chaos and the Sea. Similarly, in Egyptian lore, god of Creators and craftsmanship Ptah makes tools to help god Horus overcome Set (Seth). Ptah: God of Creators & Creation Egypt Kothar (Kothar-wa-Khasis) Artisan God Egyptian Alchemy - Power of Eternity Sylvia Rose Books In Egyptian astronomy the Big Dipper is Kepesh (Thigh), or the Iron of Set. This powerful element was part of Set himself but taken from him by Horus during their conflict over the throne of civilization. The Iron of Khepesh enables Set to slay Osiris, God of Fertility and Death. It's returned to Set when he proves himself civilized enough to live among the other gods. Set now uses Khepesh to defend Ra from the Chaos Serpent Apep , who also forms part of the Big Dipper. Taweret - Hippopotamus Goddess of Egypt Quest for Immortality - Qin Shi Huang Apep - Chaos Snake God of Egypt Sylvia Rose Books Likewise, in the Vedas, godly craftsman Tvaṣṭṛ creates weapons for Indra in conflict with Vṛtra. Hephaestus crafts the thunderbolt enabling Zeus to defeat Typhon, a monstrous serpent, one of the most vicious creatures in Greek mythology. Collaboration between the divine smith and the heavenly deities goes beyond forging weaponry for the ultimate battle. He also creates deific furniture, artistic works and marvelous architecture. The Way to Aaru - Egyptian Paradise Owl - Death, Memory, Mystic Wisdom Magic Metals, Gold, Smiths & Alchemists Sylvia Rose Books Among ancient Scandinavians, the Turco-Tatars and Mongols the smith is linked with horses, singers, and poets. Tzigane nomads are, even today, a combination of smith, tinker, musician, healer, and fortune-teller. On many levels of culture exists a connection between work of the smith, occult techniques such as healing, magic and shamanism, and arts such as dance, poetry and song. Ideas and beliefs have enriched the mythology of homo faber , "Man the Maker" of the Stone Age. Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Noisy Spirits of German Mythology Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In alchemy an essential piece of equipment is the hearth or forge. Smelting metal applies heat and a reducing agent to separate one or more metals from ores or impurities. Known as extractive metallurgy, this process releases metals like iron , copper , silver , tin , lead , and zinc. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Sylvia Rose Books While smelting can be melting, not all melting is smelting. Metals are pivotal elements in alchemy and heat is essential for many alchemical processes. The forge is a hearth used for heating metals. The smith needs to raise metal to a temperature for shaping. Copper and iron are two of the metals of antiquity . These are the metals found in raw form, easily accessible at ground level. They can be shaped with hand tools like stone hammers. Both copper and iron are also found in ores and smelted to release them from the ore. Blacksmiths: Iron, Metal, Gods & Myth Quest for Immortality - Qin Shi Huang Reishi or Lingzhi - Mushroom Magic Sylvia Rose Books Of these, copper is one of the major metals or alchemy, while iron is a major metal of building and mass production. Iron is said to protect against evil magic. Copper is used in alchemy recipes for creation of "gold" and "silver", as well as the all-important asem . READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Prior to mining, iron comes almost exclusively from meteorites. It's soft enough to be shaped with stone tools. In alchemy metals have a quintessence or life force. Metals like iron and lead in the ground are thought to be immature versions of precious metals like silver and gold. How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Cypriot Copper & Ancient Cyprus Sylvia Rose Books Copper can form in sulfur ores or oxide ores. Oxide ores produce a high-grade copper. Oxides can often be dissolved in weak acid, making copper recovery efficient. They include malachite Cu₂CO₃(OH)₂, azurite, chrysocolla and cuprite. Sulfides need a different process. Sulfide ores are roasted to release copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), or lead (Pb) in concentrate which needs more processing. Sulfide ores include chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), the most abundant copper source; and covellite (CuS). Iron ores include hematite (Fe2O3) and magnetite (Fe3O4). Hematite: Magnetic Iron Oxide Red Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore White Pigments of Ancient Artisans   Sylvia Rose Books Smelting of ores signifies a pivotal moment in the history of mankind. Although the production of copper and bronze was important, the development of iron metallurgy rapidly transforms into an industrialized procedure. In smelting, heat and a reducing agent break down ore. This releases elements such as as gases, slag or dross, while metal remains. The reducing agent is a carbon-based fossil fuel, historically charcoal. Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Alchemy: Ancient Purification of Tin Sylvia Rose Books Roasting converts the sulfides into oxides, such as the black powder copper II oxide, more easily reduced to the metal. Heating the ore in the presence of natural oxygen from the air causes the ore to oxidize and release sulfur as sulfur dioxide gas. Copper II oxide is created fby heating copper in air at around 300 – 800 °C ( 572 - 1472 °F) : 2 Cu + O 2 → 2 CuO. This can be done in an ordinary fire. Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Khet, the Body: Death Rites of Ancient Egypt Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Sylvia Rose Books Orange flames range from around 1100 °C to 1200 °C (2012 °F to 2192 °F) White flames are hotter, measuring 1300 °C to 1500 °C (2372 °F to 2732 °F). The brighter white, the higher the temperature. Blue flames, or flames with a blue base, are up to twice that hot, with temperature approximately 2500°C to 3000°C (4532 °F to 5432 °F) Violet flames burn hotter than 3000 °C (5432 °F) Sylvia Rose Books Thus roasting removes carbon or sulfur from carbonates and sulfides, allowing direct oxide reduction in an oxidizing environment. Oxidation happens when an element combines with oxygen (0) to give an oxide. For example, the oxide of hydrogen (H) is water (H20). Below, the copper II oxide is turning reddish as the narrow part of the pipette collects evaporated recondensed water. Ox Hide Ingots - Bronze Age Trade Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Sylvia Rose Books Iron rises to prominence only after development of furnaces and refinement of the technique for "hardening" metal at high temperatures. The advancements in metallurgy of terrestrial iron soon make it suitable for everyday use. Industrial-scale production of steel goes back to the Near East c.1800 BCE. Between 1200 and 1000 BCE iron is heavily mined in the mountains of Armenia and processed through smelting. Yumuktepe: Neolithic on the Med Lake Van: Fate of a Primeval Salt Lake Horses, Alps & Amazons: the Caucasus Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Elixir of Life has value beyond money. The concept first appears in Mesopotamia of the 2nd millennium BCE. Its discovery is one of the aims of alchemy. For centuries the Elixir of Life, Elixir of Immortality or Fountain of Youth has captivated hearts and minds. Jump to: Mesopotamia - Epic of Gilgamesh Xu Fu & the First Emperor of China India - Amrita, Elixir of Life Europe - the Philosopher's Stone Japan - Water of Life Practiced for centuries in the Far East and Arab lands, alchemy arrived in the West about 8 CE. Considered a progressive science, alchemy had three clear goals. They are chrysopoeia , turning base metals such as lead into gold to create a panacea for all disease to create or discover an Elixir of Life , ideally to render a person immortal See also: Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Mesopotamia - Epic of Gilgamesh The first mention of an Elixir of Life comes from the Epic Gilgamesh, 2000 BCE. Having lost his beloved companion Enkidu , Gilgamesh fears aging and death. He calls for Utnapishtim, the king of Shuruppak in southern Iraq. Utnapishtim is most famous for building a big ship to survive a massive flood. He would have lived around 2900 BC, corresponding to the flood deposit at Shuruppak. Gilgamesh is told to find a plant at the bottom of the sea. He finds the plant but wants to test it on an old man before he himself partakes. Before he can find a willing old man, the plant is eaten by a serpent. There's no word on the life span of the serpent. See also: Kamrushepa: Hittite Goddess of Magic Before the Viking Age - Gods of the Sámi Sun Goddesses of World Mythology Xu Fu & the First Emperor of China Fearing the advance of age, the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang, sends alchemist and explorer Xu Fu on a journey to get the Elixir of Life from the Immortals. They dwell on a sacred island in today's Yellow Sea. With a fleet of sixty barques containing soldiers, crewmen and three thousand youthful men and women, Xu Fu departs in 219 BCE. He sails for many years and returns without success. When the disappointed Emperor questions him, Xu Fu claims a giant sea creature guards the place and asks for archers to kill it. The Emperor provides them. See also: Wild Women and Winter Tales Pentagram: Drudenfuß, Five Point Star German Myth: Lindwyrm, Mare & Pig Demons Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Upon his second journey, in 210, Xu Fu fails to return. Later, Japanese writings describe a local god named Xu Fu, relating to medicine, farming and silk. He taught agriculture, healing and fabric techniques to the ancient Japanese. India - Amrita, Elixir of Life Hindu scriptures describe Amrita, the elixir of life . Amrita is equated to ambrosia , sharing etymological meaning and stemming from the same Proto-Indo-European root. In the ancient Puranas , after the defeat of the divine devas by the demonic asuras, the preserver deity Vishnu asks the devas to churn the ocean of milk, Kshirasāgara manthana , so they can retrieve Amrita to empower themselves. Amrita Manthana means 'churning for the Elixir'. See also: Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic House Spirits of Germanic Mythology Warrior Queen: Kriemhild of the Burgundians The liquid metal mercury first appears in the 4th - 3rd century BCE. In India, as in China, the primary interest was the medicinal aspect of alchemy. Turning base metals to gold was a nice bonus. The alchemy of medicine and immortality may have traveled to China from India, or vice versa. If one believes in reincarnation, an Elixir of Immortality isn't always important. Some elixirs are remedies for certain ailments or to help a person live a long life. Europe - the Philosopher's Stone Alchemy comes into Europe from Arabs via Spain in the 8th century, coinciding with the rise of the Vikings and Charlemagne's battles with the Saxons in northeast Germania. Based on metallurgy, the new science of alchemy catches on quickly. See also: Mercury (Quicksilver): Miracle Metal of Alchemy Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files In Europe, the Elixir of Life relates to the creation of the philosopher's stone, a mythic alchemic substance presumed capable of chrysopoeia , turning base metals into gold. In the alchemy of the Renaissance, Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus believes in the existence of alkahest, a fifth element whence the elements of earth, air, fire and water came. He first mentions alkahest as a substance to fortify the liver. Paracelsus's recipe for alkahest is caustic lime, alcohol, and carbonate of potash. While later alchemists dismiss the idea of alkahest, many back the concept of mercury as a primal element of the philosopher's stone. Japan - Water of Life Also in the 8th century CE, Japanese mythology tells of the moon good Tsukuyomi, who is said to possess Man'yōshū , the waters of rejuvenation. In a folk tale from the Ryukyu Islands, the moon god gives man the water of life ( Miyako: sïlimizï ), and serpents the water of death ( sïnimizï ). See also: Jimson Weed, Witches & Zombies Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Pagan Christmas Yule Fests: Frau Holle Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The person carrying the water buckets down to Earth gets tired and sits down for a while. A serpent bathes in the water of life, making it unusable. This why serpents rejuvenate themselves each year by shedding their skins, while men are doomed to die. In Buddhism, water symbolizes the eternal flow of being. In Taoist belief, Jurōjin (寿老人) is the God of Longevity and one of the Seven Gods of Fortune. See also: German Myth & Folklore: Elves German Nature Spirits: Evolution Winter Tales - 4 Novellas Back to Top

Guido Bonatti  (d. 1296 - 1300) is a renowned Italian mathematician, astronomer, and astrologer. Highly respected for his astrological skills he's an advisor to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor from 1220 - 1250. For many, astrology is a crucial skill in life. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Bonatti shares his vast knowledge and expertise in astrology. He not only shapes the astrological practices of his time but also leaves a lasting impact on future generations. Originally from Forlì, he works for governments of Florence, Siena, and Forlì, all of which are Ghibellines, opposing the Guelphs. During the 12th and 13th centuries, Guelphs and Ghibellines are the two parties dominating political activity across medieval Italy. Natural Magic of the Renaissance Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The power struggle between Papacy, supported by Guelphs, and Holy Roman Empire supported by Ghibellines, begins c. 1075 AD. It's a defining factor in the political environment of Europe for almost 500 years. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History In the writings of Dante, a Guelph, Bonatti is condemned to a special kind of hell for astrologers. During the Italian Wars of 1494 to 1559, political situations change radically. Divisions between Guelphs and Ghibellines lose relevance. Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books Bonatti's observations of celestial movements and their influence on human affairs gives him a reputation as visionary and master of his craft. Beyond predictions, Bonatti seeks to understand the connections between planetary positions and earthly events. His writings on astrology are highly respected by scholars and practitioners across Europe, and widely studied. One of Bonatti's most renowned works is the Liber Astronomiae or 'Book of Astronomy' c. 1277. Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Renaissance Astrology: Power of Stars & Planets Sylvia Rose Books It begins, "The soul which is in man is quite noble. It gives essence and protection to the body and its foods are very noble with respect to the foods of the body because the soul is very noble with respect to the body. She rejoices in intellectual gain, and that depends upon the knowledge of philosophy, and in that the soul rejoices and is delighted. That in which she rejoices is her food, because that there is a part of Truth and she loves Truth; nor is she able to apprehend it through any science so truly and so fully as through Astronomy. There is nothing except the First Philosophy in which the soul gains so much as in Astronomy and Astrology." The book is a fundamental astrology manual for the next two centuries. First to use midpoints in astrology, Bonatti employs this technique for precision of timing in military campaigns by Count Fredrico II da Montefeltro. Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Sylvia Rose Books Bonatti warns the Count he will repel the enemy but sustain an injury in the battle. The Count brings emergency medical equipment with him. The outcome of the battle is exactly as Bonatti describes, making the Count a fervent believer in astrology. In Liber Astronomiae , Bonatti continues: This Treatise is on the more powerful things which there are in a full consideration of astrology, which would seem to pertain to judgments: whence it is necessary that you turn your whole mind and your whole intention to it, in such a way that you do not become given over to other topics until you understand its purpose. Which if you were to do otherwise, you will have deceived yourself and wasted your effort and your time; and perhaps (even if unduly), you will reproach me, affirming I have said nothing. Myrrh - Mystique, Death & Divinity Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Tannenbaum - About the Yule Fir Tree Sylvia Rose Books Guido Bonatti becomes a member of the Franciscan order of monks later in life, despite his earlier coldness toward their practices. The Franciscan Order, in the 1924 inaugural issue of its annual publication, Franciscan Studies , documents Fra Guido Bonatti: The celebrated physicist, astronomer and astrologer, Guido Bonatti (d. 1296), a Friar Minor, drew scholars to his professional chair from all parts of Europe. He wrote Theoria Planetarum (printed at Venice, 1506) and Liber Astronomicus. Herbology & Lore: Poison Hemlock Ge Hong: Teachings Alchemy Medicine Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Sylvia Rose Books There are a number of reasons for becoming a friar. The obvious is religion. Also, in the medieval convents and monasteries, friars such Roger Bacon and Albertus Magnus conduct alchemical experiments and explore the concepts of astrology and mystic arts. The monastery or convent has the necessary equipment and often a well-kept library. If in a rustic setting, the night sky is bigger and brighter than in the cities. A practitioner is protected from persecution and can work in peace. Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Medieval Astrology of Islam Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Sylvia Rose Books The work must be done for betterment of humankind. Medicines and new experiments develop. Albertus Magnus, a German friar, discovers arsenic c. 1250 AD. The practice of esoteric arts in convents or monasteries continues for centuries.   During the Middle Ages and Renaissance, alchemy and astrology use a shared language to interpret the meanings and characteristics associated with celestial bodies. This framework offers a cosmic perspective to the understanding of earthly matters. Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Black Hellebore: Toxins, Health & Lore Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore Based on unconfirmed reports, Bonatti is killed by thieves on his way home from a research tour. He's attacked near Cesena south of Forli, and his body is abandoned on the road. He's in his eighties when he dies. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Convents play a crucial role as centers of research and innovation during the alchemical Renaissance in Naples. The religious institutions provide a unique environment where scholars, alchemists and philosophers gather to work and exchange knowledge. World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The Italian Renaissance begins c. 1350 AD. Italian convents inspire intellectual activity, attracting some of the brightest minds of the known world. Alchemists conduct experiments for creating elixirs of immortality for the betterment of humankind. The Protestant Reformation in Italy appears in earnest in the 1520s, earlier in some regions. The Reformation in Italy collapses at the beginning of the 1600s, its development compromised by the Roman Inquisition of 1542, and general public disdain. Leucosis, the Pallor: Spiritual Alchemy Rosicrucianism in the Renaissance World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books In general in Europe the Renaissance carries on through the Reformation and dwindles out in the 1700s. In Italy, the alchemical connection defines the activities of the holy orders. Convents develop arts such as brewing and wine-making, using alchemical processes. The practice of alchemy in convents or monasteries is nothing new. Since 500 AD many European houses of the holy brew their own beer and constantly experiment with new products including medicine. By the peak of Italian Renaissance they're well established. Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Unity of Opposites: Spiritual Alchemy Natural Magic of the Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books Brewing is an occupation of both nuns and monks. Part of their purpose is to provide food, drink and refuge for travelers. Convent and monastic breweries are independent and as time goes by many are known for the beer, liquor or wine they produce. They have the equipment needed by alchemists, and also sources of knowledge and information. In the middle ages, women join convents for various reasons. For poorer families or those with many daughters, the convent or cloister is a righteous alternative to marriage. Yliaster: Quest for the Magnum Opus Women Scientists of the Ancient World Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Sylvia Rose Books The dowry paid to the church is less than a wedding dowry. Also, for a woman the convent offers the best education due to the emphasis on reading holy scriptures. It's a chance to get away from the family, which exerts great control over unmarried women. Ostensibly they are under direction of the friars at the monastery/convent, one of their vows being obedience, but the amount of influence varies. The Capuchin Poor Clare nuns of Naples, est. 1548, do not mix with the monks. Psychology: Archetype of the Self Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Sylvia Rose Books A medieval convent operates as a farm, inn, hospital and school. Convents focus on works of charity. They feed the hungry, sew military uniforms, heal the sick and distribute medicines. They grow and prepare their own food using ingredients of nature and prosper through labor. For the powerful families of Italy, a nun in the family is one step closer to Heaven. Many convents are entirely self-sufficient, a group of women who in any other instance would be persecuted as unnatural. Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Archetypes - Personality & the Persona Spiritual Alchemy: Cupellation Process Sylvia Rose Books A woman can also make connections with powerful families through the sisters at the convent, and might be involved indirectly in politics. The independence of nuns becomes an issue for some rulers such as the Medici in Florence. The women even hurl ceramic tiles from the roofs at inspectors sent by such authorities. By the mid 16th century, patriarchs such as Duke Cosimo de' Medici I impose rank and take part in running the religious institutions. Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books Within the cloister the nuns are not all equal. Those from wealthy families have more privileges and lighter work load than those of less financially fortunate origin. Most share a dormitory for sleeping but some of the upper echelon have private cells. World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History The Pope bans falsification  of precious metals in 1317, partly due to an amazing surplus of counterfeit coins in France. Avignon is the contemporary center of the Papal residence. In 1404 Henry IV of England prohibits creation or multiplication of any precious metals. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Sylvia Rose Books His later successor Henry VI, in need of war funds, gets around this law by issuing special licenses to alchemists. Even if the gold-making doesn't work out, the sale of licenses adds more real gold to the royal war chest. The laws are repealed in1688. Before then, religious orders establish laboratories to conduct alchemical experiments. Alchemists, often friars, test various substances and procedures to uncover the hidden properties of matter. Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books Thus nuns and monks of Italian monasteries welcome alchemical experiments and also participate in the work. Convents are fertile grounds for research and offer protection from hostile attitudes toward alchemists. The concept of alchemy in houses of the holy involves the betterment of mankind through healing and education. By 1500 AD, Naples emerges as a stellar center of knowledge in Europe, attracting many scholars interested in alchemy. Calcination Process: Alchemy at High Heat Galena: Silver Lead Ore of Metallurgy Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books This controversial practice is seen differently by various people. Some consider it a valid scientific pursuit while others regard alchemy as a deceitful endeavor targeting the naive. It can be both. Debates arise in the scholarly community regarding legitimacy of alchemy. During the Renaissance, the concurrent Reformation and following Enlightenment, the average Italian noblewoman learns to read and write only as far as necessary to run a household. Many Italian women, such as Caterina Sforza , eclipse this restriction. Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Spiritual Alchemy: Touching the Divine Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books While the average woman has little formal education, higher learning for nuns is encouraged. They are expected to comprehend biblical teachings. Many nuns are well-educated, and it's another one of the reasons women enter the convent. Apart from philanthropic endeavors, religious orders in Naples pursue alchemy for many reasons, including the hope of chrysopoeia , transforming base metals to gold. Scholars from different backgrounds come together to share knowledge of ancient texts, traditions and skills. Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Egyptian Alchemy - Power of Eternity Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Sylvia Rose Books In their quest for knowledge and understanding, they integrate alchemical principles into the traditional Galenic approach to medicine. By merging the theories of Galen with new techniques emerging in chemical medicine, they strive for healing and transmutation. Galen (c. 200 AD) is a Greek physician who develops the theory of the Four Humors from works of earlier philosophers. The Four Humors theory dominates medicine for two thousand years, despite condemnation by Renaissance figures such as Paracelsus and Robert Fludd. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Robert Fludd & Renaissance Medicine Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Sylvia Rose Books Thus the convents supporting the medical science of the day operate in the darkness of medicinal stagnation. Alchemy, on the other hand, is considered a natural philosophy and brings a new approach to the mix. In 1609, Dominican friar Tommaso d'Eremita takes up residence at the Neapolitan convent of Santa Caterina a Formello in 1609. He establishes a laboratory and dedicates years to alchemical research aimed at creating a longevity elixir for the greater good. What is the Philosopher's Stone? Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Sylvia Rose Books His connections include polymath Giambattista Della Porta and apothecary Ferrante Imperato, primary figures in the intellectual circles of Naples. Authors of texts on alchemy, distillation, mineralogy and botany, they have much in common. Through a complex laboratory procedure aimed at purifying substances in order to extract their healing properties, d'Eremita sees alchemy as a tool to merge botanical knowledge with study of chemicals and minerals for medicines. Alchemy is gradually evolving into chemistry. Complexes: Psychology of the Psyche Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Spiritual Alchemy: Alchemical History ( See the drawings inside this amazing book here: Donato d'Eremita ) Sylvia Rose Books In Magia Naturalis , Della Porta clarifies a process of distilling the quintessence of substances, extracting the spiritual essence from the material. Through the use of chemical instruments, distillation transforms spirits, refines coarse particles, and condenses spirits to material forms. Della Porta works with extraction of latent strength from plants, minerals, stones, and jewels, a life force stored within them. Using chemical separation, Della Porta characterizes the quintessence as a purified spirit, devoid of the impurities found in material elements. Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Agathodaemon: Fire, Silver & Alchemy Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The distillation process forms the basis of Della Porta's method for creating the elixir of life, called "the Conservators of Bodies." The Alchemical Renaissance in Naples is a time of enthusiasm and exploration, as alchemists expand the limits of the achievable. Convents provide a secure, spiritual refuge to delve into alchemy studies without limitations imposed by external factors. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Galena: Silver Lead Ore of Metallurgy Overall the religious alchemists make significant contributions to the fields of chemistry, medicine, and metallurgy. Intersection of religion, alchemy, and scientific inquiry in Naples during the Middle Ages and Renaissance exemplifies diversity of intellectual pursuits. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Astrology prospers in the East after the 476 AD fall of the Roman Empire. Indian, Persian, and Islamic writers prolifically translate texts. Western astrology at this time pales in comparison, due to the absence of Greek scientific astronomy, and prevalence of Church censure. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Medieval Astrology of Islam Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books Translation of Arabic texts into Latin began arrives in Spain in the late 10th century. A monumental transmission of astrological knowledge flows from Arabia to Europe in the 12th century. Astrology: the study of the movements and relative positions of celestial bodies interpreted as having an influence on human affairs and the natural world. Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books Astronomy: the branch of science dealing with celestial objects, space, and the physical universe as a whole. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History By the 13th century in Europe, astrology is integrated into routine medical practices. Physicians blend medicine influences of Greek physiologist Galen (129–216 AD) with celestial studies. Galen promotes the Four Humors theory of Hippocrates. Leucosis, the Pallor: Spiritual Alchemy Xanthosis, the Yellowing: Spiritual Alchemy The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health Sylvia Rose Books By the late 1500s, medical practitioners across Europe are legally required to determine the Moon's position before performing complex medical procedures, such as surgery or bloodletting. Every physician has to have a thorough knowledge of astrology. Important astrology works from the 13th century include those of the British monk Johannes de Sacrobosco (c. 1195–1256) and the Italian Guido Bonatti from Forlì, Italy, the most celebrated astrologer of the 13th century. Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Sylvia Rose Books Bonatti is advisor to Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor, and serves communal governments of Florence, Siena and Forlì. His astrological manual, Liber Astronomiae (Book of Astronomy) c. 1277, is one of the most important Latin astrological publication of the 13th century. Dante Alighieri depicts Bonatti in his Divine Comedy (written 1308 - 1320) by placing him in the eighth Circle of Hell. It's a realm where those attempting to predict the future are doomed to have their heads turned backwards, symbolizing a focus on past rather than future. Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Complexes: Psychology of the Psyche Sylvia Rose Books In medieval Europe, a university education is categorized into seven fields, each associated with a certain celestial body, known as the seven liberal arts. Dante links arts to planets, with a hierarchy based on ascending order for arts and descending order of planetary speed: grammar is linked to the Moon dialectic* to Mercury rhetoric to Venus music to the Sun arithmetic to Mars geometry to Jupiter astrology/astronomy to the slowest planet, Saturn *In this context the term dialectic, or dialectical method, refers to conversation between individuals with opposing views on a topic, seeking truth through logical debate. Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance   Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books The first five are the only planets known until Copernicus identifies Earth as a planet too. Discovery of Uranus is in 1781. The five first planets, sun and moon prevail in Renaissance alchemy . In metallurgy each of the seven metals of antiquity corresponds to a celestial body. Seasons are also ascribed to the zodiac signs, based on the Aristotelian view of the four elements: Spring (wet becoming hot) – Air – Gemini, Libra, Aquarius Summer (hot becoming dry) – Fire – Aries, Leo, Sagittarius Autumn (dry becoming cold) – Earth – Taurus, Virgo, Capricorn Winter (cold becoming wet) – Water – Cancer, Scorpio, Pisces Colors of Alchemy: White Albedo Purification Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Medieval writers incorporate astrological symbolism into their literary works. For instance, Dante's Divine Comedy contains various references to planetary connections in the architecture of Hell, Purgatory, and Paradise. This is evident in the depiction of the seven layers of Purgatory's mountain purging the seven cardinal sins, which align with the classical planets in astrology. Geoffrey Chaucer, writer and astronomer, also explores similar astrological allegories and planetary themes in his writings. Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus Sweet Wormwood: Malaria Miracle Cure Sylvia Rose Books The Medieval Church's view of astrology is multifaceted. Astrology is accepted as a crucial element of medical and scientific exploration and a tool for understanding the divine order of the universe. This is however approached with caution by the Church. Astrology's predictions and interpretations can challenge established religious beliefs and authority. During the Renaissance the Church continues to support astrological studies, recognizing potential benefits. Sylvia Rose Books Astrology is used to predict natural phenomena, guide medical treatments, and even inform political decisions. At the same time, concern grows within the Church about potential dangers of astrology leading to heretical ideas or undermining religious teachings. Thus, the Church finds itself in a delicate balancing act during the Renaissance, oscillating between being a patron of astrological studies and a critic of their more esoteric or controversial aspects. Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Sylvia Rose Books The meanings of the known celestial bodies in relation to seven deadly sins traverse the spectrum. Sun - Pride/Humility. Moon - Lust/Loyalty. Mercury - Greed/Charity. Venus - Gluttony/Balance. Mars - Sloth/Effort. Jupiter - Envy/Gratitude. Saturn - Wrath/Patience. Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Ge Hong: Teachings Alchemy Medicine Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Sylvia Rose Books Chaucer frequently includes astrological passages, assuming a basic knowledge of astrology among his readers. He has a thorough knowledge of astrology and astronomy of his time, as demonstrated by his writing of a Treatise on the Astrolabe for his son. In the prologue of the Canterbury Tales, he marks the early spring season by referencing the Sun's position in Aries. He attributes "sturdy hardiness" to Mars through the Wife of Bath and associates Mercury with "clerks." Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books Richard Trewythian (b. 1393) is one of the earliest English astrologers to document his practice. His notebook reveals diverse clientele spanning various social backgrounds. Astrology in 15th-century England is not limited to educated, religious or political elite. In the Renaissance, court astrologers also use observations and findings from astronomy. Many figures who are now recognized for challenging traditional astrology, such as Tycho Brahe, Galileo Galilei, and Johannes Kepler, are themselves astrologers. Babylonian Astrology: Destiny in the Stars Zodiac & Rise of Horoscopic Astrology Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Sylvia Rose Books By the end of the Renaissance, belief in astrology wanes along with Aristotelian Physics. The heliocentric theory of Copernicus (1543) gains followers, even though Copernicus himself dares not release it until he's on his deathbed. Astrological references can also be found in the works of William Shakespeare and John Milton (Paradise Lost, 1667) during the early modern era. Shakespeare reportedly uses the court astrologer of Elizabeth I,  John Dee , as inspiration for Prospero in The Tempest (1611). John Dee - Talking to Angels Cosimo de' Medici & the Italian Renaissance Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books The Prague court of Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, swarms with alchemists, astrologers, artists and literati. Rudolf piles honors on favorites like Michael Maier and Edward Kelley , until he discovers the latter deceiving him and has him thrown in prison. While heliocentrism aligns with astrology, the astronomy of the 16th and 17th centuries causes a drastic shift in perspective. The world is no longer a cohesive interconnected entity, but an immense mechanism devoid of the traditional hierarchy between earth and heaven. Rudolf II: Alchemy, Occult & Erotica Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Sylvia Rose Books Few astronomers challenge these new ideas. Many are attached to the emotional comfort of a harmonious universe. By the 18th century, the intellectual support for astrology significantly dwindles. Historian of science Ann Geneva writes: "Astrology in seventeenth century England was not a science. It was not a Religion. It was not magic. Nor was it astronomy, mathematics, puritanism, neo Platism, psychology, meteorology, alchemy or witchcraft ... Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Ancient Astrology: New Perspectives Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine "... It used some of these as tools; it held tenets in common with others; and some people were adept at several of these skills. But in the final analysis it was only itself: a unique divinatory and prognostic art embodying centuries of accreted methodology and tradition. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Ge Hong (葛洪; Gě Hóng , 283 - 364 AD), or Zhichuan (稚川) is a Chinese linguist, philosopher, physician, alchemist and writer during the early centuries AD. A rebel and sometime recluse, he is the originator of first aid in traditional Chinese medicine. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Chinese Alchemy: Mind Body Spirit Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess Sweet Wormwood: Malaria Miracle Cure Sylvia Rose Books Ge Hong adopts the name Baopuzi, meaning to "embrace simplicity". This name reflects his philosophy of cherishing core virtues and resisting allure of materialistic desires. Embracing simplicity encapsulates an ascetic way of life of purity, authenticity, and inner contentment. Ge Hong values the essence of things over superficial appearances. This dedication to simplicity is a guiding principle. It shapes his worldview and influences his actions. As a philosopher he seeks wisdom through humility and sincerity. Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Chun Yuyan & Death of Empress Xu Magic of the Circle: Spirituality & Lore Sylvia Rose Books Ge Hong's work covers various fields including Chinese alchemy, medicine, and religious studies. His philosophy involves a unique blend of Confucianism and Taoism, challenging the established norms. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Confucianism promotes principles from the Five Classics, to be followed to maintain harmony of family and of society. In Taoism, beings should live in balance with the Tao, or the universe. Taoists believe in spiritual immortality. The spirit of the body joins the universe after death. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Sylvia Rose Books Unlike contemporaries who revere ancient texts, Ge Hong emphasizes the importance of embracing new ideas and pushing the boundaries of knowledge through innovation and experimentation. His contributions to medicine and alchemy are remarkable. As a scientist he seeks tangible results and practical applications. Ge Hong's approach revolutionizes the way these disciplines are viewed and practiced, paving the way for future advancements in Chinese medicine and alchemical practices. Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy The Great Library of Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books In the practice of medicine, Ge Hong reads a large number of medical books in his analysis and research. He summarizes treatment experience and collects knowledge from folk treatments, a practice much later echoed in the Renaissance healing arts of Paracelsus . In his book Emergency Formulae at an Elbow's Length  (肘后备急方), he suggests treating rabies patients by applying the brain matter of rabid dogs to the bite wound. He recommends extractions of the plant Artemisia annua , or sweet wormwood, to treat malaria.  Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Sylvia Rose Books Ge Hong is esteemed for his knowledge of chemistry. He documents the redox reaction of mercury, and also discovers chalcanthite (copper sulfate pentahydrate) can be transformed to a golden bronze-like alloy through a redox reaction involving copper sulfate and iron. He gives several treatments to bring an emergency patient out of a coma including blowing air into the ear, nose insufflating therapy, acupuncture and moxibustion or burning a product applied to the skin. Many techniques of modern medicine come from his ideas. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Sylvia Rose Books Tu Youyou, a Chinese malariologist and pharmaceutical chemist, draws inspiration from the use of A. annua to treat malaria. Her experiments lead to discovery of artemisinin extracted from Artemisia , for which she receives part of the 2015 Nobel Prize in Medicine. In Xiaolingfeng Temple (小灵峰寺) a statue of Ge Hong is enshrined. In c. AD 327, Hong works here to distill elixirs. During his seclusion in the nearby Lingfeng peaks (Yandang Mountains), a plague breaks out, and he comes down from the mountains to help the people. Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health Sylvia Rose Books Ge Hong believes immortality can be achieved through diligent effort and study, regardless of wealth or status. He emphasizes individual determination, not divine intervention, as crucial for attaining eternal life. Ge's Inner Chapters are written for educated individuals willing to strive for immortality, highlighting its importance. He views physical immortality as feasible due to the metaphysical oneness, xuan , which sustains all things. Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Numinous: Beholding the Divine Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Maintaining this internal oneness is the key to immortality, as attachment to external desires leads to its loss. Ge emphasizes those who grasp xuan become divine, while those who forget it are empty vessels. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Islamic alchemy gives a glimpse of a world where science and mysticism intertwine and the pursuit of knowledge transcends boundaries. In the Islamic Golden Age the alchemical quest for transformation mirrors the spiritual journey towards enlightenment. READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Tria Prima (Three Primes): Meanings Classic Elements & Concept of the One Sylvia Rose Books Following the decline of the Western Roman Empire and the Islamic conquest of Roman Egypt, the epicenter of alchemical advancements moves from Alexandria and Greece to the vibrant Caliphate and the hum of Islamic civilization. READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series In the 7th-8th centuries, a significant intellectual exchange takes place where works of Plato and Aristotle are carefully translated into Syriac. This plays crucial role in bridging the gap between ancient Greek philosophy traditions and emerging Muslim intellectual environment. Tria Prima of Paracelsus: Three Primes Collective Unconscious: Seeking the One Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Sylvia Rose Books Influence of the Greeks & Alexandria The last Alexandrian academic is Stephanus, who departs this world a year before the Islamic conquest of Greco-Roman Egypt in 641 AD. Apart from alchemical writings he's credited with a poem, De Chrysopoeia , the subject of which is making gold. The translation of Plato and Aristotle's works into Syriac not only facilitate access to these important texts but also fosters a rich intellectual dialogue between different cultural and philosophical traditions. Amentet Goddess of Death Egypt Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books During the prior Golden Age of Alexandria the Greeks see no need to differentiate alchemy from other natural sciences. It's also seamlessly intertwined with Islamic philosophical and religious convictions. Aristotle's profound influence including definition of the natural elements continues to leave an indelible mark on the evolution of chemistry. Islamic scholars treasure and enrich the wisdom of the Alexandrians and Byzantine alchemists, bringing to it unique insights. Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Colors of Alchemy: White Albedo Purification Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books By infusing ideas of ancient Greeks into the Muslim intellectual milieu, scholars broaden the horizons of alchemy and chemistry. Assimilation of Greek philosophical concepts lays groundwork for the development of innovative philosophical perspectives. Alchemy in the medieval Islamic world covers traditional alchemy and the nascent stages of practical chemistry. This era marks a shift in how nature is studied and perceived. Muslim scholars delve into medicine, spirituality, and the elusive quest of chrysopoeia . Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Sylvia Rose Books Several operations, including calcination, solution, filtration, crystallization, sublimation and distillation, first appear among the pre-Islamic Alexandrian alchemists. Zosimos of Panopolis  provides most knowledge of that productive and vigorous time. READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Islamic alchemy is known for meticulous documentation, surpassing that of the West. A wealth of knowledge is largely preserved in Arabic translations, revealing the practices and insights of alchemists seeking not only clinical facts but spiritual transcendence as well. Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Spa Life & Murder in 1890s Germany Colors of Alchemy: Citrinitas Solar Yellow Sylvia Rose Books Jābir ibn Ḥayyān (d. c. 806 - 816 AD) and Abū Bakr al-Rāzī (c. 865 - 925 AD) are prominent figures in the history of Islamic alchemy. Both significantly influence the world-wide development of chemistry. Jābir analyzes each Greek element in terms of Aristotle's four basic qualities of hotness , coldness , dryness , and moistness . For example, fire is a substance with hot and dry characteristics, as indicated in the elementary table. Golden Ages of Alchemy: Renaissance Colors of Alchemy: Rubedo Magnum Opus Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Sylvia Rose Books Also known as father of chemistry, Jābir promotes the concept of each metal having two interior and two exterior qualities. For instance, lead exhibits external coldness and dryness, while internally it's hot and moist; gold is externally hot and moist but internally cold and dry. He asserts metals are created in the Earth through the fusion of sulfur (providing hot and dry qualities) with mercury (providing cold and moist qualities). These substances, mercury and sulfur , are not to be seen as ordinary elements but as ideal, theoretical entities. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Sylvia Rose Books The formation of a specific metal is determined by the purity of mercury and sulfur and the ratio at which they combine. Later alchemist al-Rāzī builds upon Jābir's mercury-sulfur theory by introducing a third component, salt. Therefore, Jābir postulates that altering the qualities of one metal can lead to the creation of a different metal. This concept gives rise to the quest for the Philosopher's Stone in Western alchemy. In the later tria prima  of Paracelsus , salt is the body. What is the Philosopher's Stone? Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Folk Magic: Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) Sylvia Rose Books Jābir intricately develops a system of numerology. In his model the root letters of a substance's Arabic name, through various transformations, correspond to the physical properties of the element. Jābir ibn Ḥayyān is the presumed author of an enormous number and variety of works in Arabic often called the Jabirian corpus. Jabir's works contain the oldest known systematic classification of chemical substances. Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For Cyrene: Huntress Queen of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books He is credited with pioneering the earliest documented procedures for extracting an inorganic compound from organic sources. Ammonium chloride for example can be removed from organic sources such as plants, blood, and hair through chemical processes. Several Arabic Jabirian texts are subsequently translated into Latin under the name Geber . During the 13th century in Europe, an unidentified author known as pseudo-Geber authors alchemical and metallurgical texts using this pseudonym. Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Sylvia Rose Books Abū Bakr ibn Zakariyā’ al-Rāzī writes several works on alchemy, including the Sirr al-asrār (Latin: Secretum secretorum; English: Secret of Secrets .) Al-Rāzī continues the classification work of Jābir ibn Ḥayyān. Meticulous in his documentation, he defines the Earthly Substances: The Spirits: mercury, sulfur, arsenic sulphate, ammonia The Bodies: gold, silver, copper, iron, lead, tin The Stones: iron pyrites, iron oxide, arsenic oxide, zinc oxide, turquoise, malachite, lead sulphate, glass and gypsum The Vitriols: black, alum, green, red, yellow, white Borax The Salts also listing Vegetable Substances Animal Substances (hair, bone, blood etc) He mentions chemical processes of distillation, calcination, solution, evaporation, crystallization, sublimation, filtration, amalgamation, and ceration (a process for making solids pasty or fusible). Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Tin - Essential Metal of Antiquity Sacred Scarab: Lucky Bug of Ancient Egypt Sylvia Rose Books Al-Rāzī, in his Secretum secretorum , lists the equipment required for these processes: Tools for melting substances ( li-tadhwīb ): Including hearth ( kūr ), bellows ( minfākh or ziqq ), crucible ( bawtaqa ), the būt bar būt (in Arabic, from Persian) or botus barbatus (in Latin), ladle ( mighrafa or milʿaqa ), tongs ( māsik or kalbatān ), scissors ( miqṭaʿ ), hammer ( mukassir ), file ( mibrad ). Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Iah: Cryptic Ancient Moon God Egypt Horse in Dreams - Meaning of Horses Sylvia Rose Books Tools for preparation of drugs ( li-tadbīr al-ʿaqāqīr ) Including cucurbit and still with evacuation tube ( qarʿ or anbīq dhū khatm ), receiving matras ( qābila ), blind still (without evacuation tube) ( al-anbīq al-aʿmā ), aludel ( al-uthāl ), goblets ( qadaḥ ), flasks ( qārūra , plural quwārīr ), rosewater flasks ( mā’ wardiyya ), cauldron ( marjal or tanjīr ), earthenware pots varnished on the inside with their lids ( qudūr and makabbāt ), water bath or sand bath ( qidr ), oven ( al-tannūr in Arabic, athanor in Latin), small cylindirical oven for heating aludel ( mustawqid ), funnels, sieves, filters, more. Herbs & Natural Remedies - Ancient Egypt Reishi or Lingzhi - Mushroom Magic 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Sylvia Rose Books As the European Renaissance emerges , the dominance of the Islamic Age diminishes and shifts from the East to the West. The Golden Age of Islamic Alchemy is a prolific time of records, translation, interpretation and evolution of a steady stream of ideas. Lotan - Chaos Sea Dragon of Ugarit Owl - Death, Messages, Mystic Wisdom Ereshkigal & the Mesopotamian Underworld READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Artemisia annua or sweet wormwood appears in traditional Chinese medicine texts of Ge Hong ( 283 - 364 AD) as an early remedy to treat malaria, a disease reaping many casualties. Study of ancient texts by modern scientists bring this remarkable plant into the light. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Ge Hong: Teachings Alchemy Medicine Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Artemisia annua belongs to the populous plant family of Asteraceae and is an annual short-day plant. Native to Asia, sweet wormwood is naturalized in the West. Its stem is brownish or violet brown. The plant grows wild from 30 to 100 cm (11.8 - 39.3 in) tall. In cultivation, sweet wormwood plants can reach a height of 200 cm (78.7 in). The leaves of A. annua have a length of 3 - 5 cm (1.2 - 1.9 in) and are divided by deep cuts into two or three small leaflets. The intensive aromatic scent of the leaves is characteristic of Artemisia . Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Cosimo de' Medici & the Italian Renaissance Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books The harvest of Artemisia annua is best done when the plant is budding. This is when the concentration of artemisinin, the active medicinal compound, is at its peak. The entire plant is carefully harvested and cut into branches, which are then subjected to the drying process. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History It's recommended to dry sweet wormwood branches in the sun or in an oven, making sure that the temperature doesn't exceed 40 °C (104 °F), or the artemisinin weakens breaks down. Once the branches are dried, the next step involves separating the leaves from the stem. Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books This is typically done by shaking or beating the branches, ensuring that only the leaves are collected for further processing. The sweet wormwood leaves are then packed into fabric bags, ready to be transported for additional processing. Temperature control during transportation and storage is important. Again, the temperature cannot exceed 40 °C or the plant goes into heat combustion. Artemisinin is a volatile compound and can evaporate if exposed to high heat, ruining product quality and efficacy. Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Numinous: Beholding the Divine Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus Sylvia Rose Books The leaves should not be crushed before long-term storage (one year). The optimum storage conditions are either 20 °C (68 °F) with 85% relative humidity (RH) or 30 °C (86 °F) with 30 - 40% RH. The understanding of Artemisia annua as an anti-malarial plant comes from ancient folk medicine collected by Ge Hong ( 283 - 364 AD). During the Roman Empire and Italian Renaissance countless people suffer from or die of malaria. Gnosticism: Five Essential Gnostic Principles Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Sylvia Rose Books Natural health comes to the rescue late, with the introduction by Jesuit missionaries of cinchona tree bark. The bark contains quinine. Treatment of malaria with quinine marks the first known use of a chemical compound to treat an infectious disease. Malaria is caused by Plasmodium parasites such as Plasmodium falciparum. Infecting certain mosquitoes, it's transmitted to humans, or from humans, when the mosquito feeds on blood. Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Sylvia Rose Books In 1972, the active ingredient responsible for this antimalarial effect, artemisinin (formerly known as arteannuin), is isolated and its chemical structure described. Artemisinin can be extracted using a low-boiling-point solvent like diethylether. Artemisinin is found predominantly in the glandular trichomes of the leaves, stems, and inflorescences of the plant, (bud and flowers). Higher concentrations are observed in the upper portions of the plant during new growth stages. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Herbs & Natural Remedies - Ancient Egypt The Way to Aaru - Egyptian Paradise Sylvia Rose Books The groundbreaking isolation of artemisinin from the herb marked a significant milestone in the field of medicine. This achievement was a result of the diligent efforts of researchers involved in a military project known as Project 523. This project explored the study of traditional medicine pharmacopoeias. Notably, lead researcher Tu Youyou plays a pivotal role in this discovery. Spagyria - Botanical Science of Alchemy Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Garnets - Gemstones of Blood and Life Artemisia annua is known to contain a diverse array of phytochemicals. These include polyphenols such as coumarins, flavones, flavonols, and phenolic acids, which possess unknown biological properties and warrant further investigation. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The malaria parasite P. falciparum has existed for up to100,000 years. Its numbers rise c. 8000 BCE with the Neolithic Revolution. Establishment of human settlements provides the parasite with more opportunities to grow and survive. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Cosimo de' Medici & the Italian Renaissance Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Chimpanzees still harbor close relatives to the human malaria parasites, suggesting a long history of interaction between primates and P. falciparum . Evidence indicates P. falciparum malaria might have originated in gorillas. Historical records shed light on the impact of malaria throughout human history. The distinct periodic fevers associated with malaria are well-documented, with Hippocrates (456 - 375 BCE) categorizing them as tertian, quartan, subtertian, and quotidian fevers. Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Sylvia Rose Books These classifications provide early insights into the different manifestations of the disease. Roman scholar Columella (4 - 70 AD) makes connections between malaria and insects inhabiting swamps. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Hippocrates classifications: Tetrian: a form of malaria  causing a fever that recurs  every second day. Quartan: a mild form of malaria causing a fever that recurs every third day. Subtetran: a form of malaria from repeated infection by P. falciparum, with continuous fever. Quatidian: a form of malaria occurring daily. Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Women Scientists of the Ancient World Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books Signs and symptoms of malaria include: Fever Chills General feeling of discomfort Headache Nausea and vomiting Diarrhea Abdominal pain Muscle or joint pain Fatigue Rapid breathing Rapid heart rate Cough Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Sylvia Rose Books Patients with malaria may undergo malaria cycles and "attacks." Typically, an attack begins with shivering and chills, proceeds to a high fever, and culminates in sweating and a return to a normal temperature. Usually, signs and symptoms of malaria start appearing a few weeks after getting bitten by a mosquito carrying the infection. Nevertheless, certain strains of malaria parasites have the ability to remain inactive in the body for as long as a year. Rabbit Fever Plague & Warfare: Hittites Disease Demons & Doctors: Ancient Mesopotamia Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Sylvia Rose Books The prevalence of malaria in ancient Rome has significant consequences, with the disease named as one of the factors contributing to the decline of the Roman Empire. Called the "Roman fever," malaria is a serious threat to the population. Ancient Rome identifies high-risk areas for malaria, having favorable conditions for propagation of mosquito and virus. They include Southern Italy, Sardinia, the Pontine Marshes, coastal Etruria, and Rome along the Tiber River. Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Sylvia Rose Books T hese regions have a higher incidence of malaria due to various habitat-promoting factors. These include stagnant water, irrigated gardens, swampy terrains, agricultural run-off, and drainage issues from road construction. Environmental conditions create ideal breeding grounds for mosquitoes, leading to widespread malaria transmission and public health crises in ancient Rome. Malaria is not mentioned in the medical records of the Mayans or Aztecs. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Magic Numbers: Numerology Origins Golden Ages of Alchemy: Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books Nonetheless, antibodies against malaria are found in some South American mummies, suggesting malaria strains in the Americas may have originated before Columbus. European settlers and the West Africans they enslave introduce malaria in the 16th century. Malaria is a prevalent health issue during the Renaissance period in Italy. Known as “Febbre terzana” (tertian fever), the disease is characterized by patterns of fever recurring at intervals of 2-3 days. The cyclic nature of the illness can cause lengthy suffering and debilitation. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Is Cherry Laurel Poisonous? Sylvia Rose Books Malaria plays no favorites. Young, old, male female, rich poor, all are subject to the onslaught of the disease. Lack of medical knowledge prevents effective treatment, leaving many to endure symptoms without relief. During the final decade of his rule, Duke Cosimo de' Medici I (1519 - 1574) is struck into shock and grief by the loss of his wife and two of his sons to malaria. Despite his wealth, tremendous influence and accomplishments, he can do nothing but watch his family die. Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Lapis Lazuli & Gold: Jungian Alchemy Symbolism Alchemy & New Thought in Ancient Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books Probably already suffering from tuberculosis, Giovanni dies in Livorno at age 19 in 1562. Cosimo's wife Eleanor of Toledo, a keen businesswoman and financier, and younger son Garzia, aged 16, succumb to the same illness a few days later. Cosimo falls into deep depression. He relinquishes direct control of the Florentine state to surviving son Francesco I, and withdraws into seclusion at his estate on the outskirts of Florence. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books I n Peru, the Jesuits discover the anti-malarial properties of the 'quina-quina' bark. They're credited with bringing cinchona bark into medical practice in Europe c. 1630 - 40 AD. By 1681, it had gained widespread recognition as a treatment for malaria. The name comes from a Countess of Chinchon, wife of a viceroy of Peru is said to be cured of a fever in 1638 by use of the bark. It's known for its medicinal value due to effects of quinine and other alkaloids. A member of family Rubiaceae, the tree grows only in South America. Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Humbaba: Giant Mountain Forest Man Tooth Worms of Ancient Mesopotamia Sylvia Rose Books These were the only effective treatments against malaria during the height of European colonialism, which made them of great economic and political importance. Trees in the genus are also known as fever trees because of their antimalarial properties. Although quinine is traditionally used globally for treating malaria, it's also taken to relieve nighttime muscle cramps. Extracted from bark of the Cinchona tree, it's found in antimalarial drugs and in beverages like tonic water and bitter lemon. Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Shamhat: Sacred Prostitute & the Wild Man Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Sylvia Rose Books The field of malaria research sees a pivotal moment in 1880, thanks to contributions of Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran. He observes the parasites within the red blood cells of infected individuals. Form this arises the hypothesis of these single-celled organisms (protists) as the root cause of malaria. His identification of a protist as disease-causing agent is a monumental achievement. He receives the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1907. Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Sylvia Rose Books Quinine is the main treatment for malaria until the 1920s, when other medications emerge. Chloroquine becomes the primary treatment for both uncomplicated and severe malaria in the 1940s, but resistance to the treatment evolves. For 2,000 years, the medicinal properties of Artemisia annua , also known as qinghao or sweet wormwood, are used in traditional Chinese medicine. In 1596, Li Shizhen recommends a tea of for treating malaria symptoms in his " Compendium of Materia Medica ". Rudolf II: Alchemy, Occult & Erotica Mahaleb Cherry: Spice, Nature & Myth Rhododendron & the Toxic Ambrosia Artemisinins are discovered and extracted from the plant Artemisia annua by Chinese scientist Tu Youyou and her colleagues in the 1970s. They're now the recommended treatment for P. falciparum malaria. In severe cases they're given with other antimalarials. Tu Youyou says her work is influenced by traditional Chinese herbal medicine, "The Handbook of Prescriptions for Emergency Treatments" c. 340 by Ge Hong. In 2015 Tu Youyou wins a Nobel Prize in Medicine. Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess Opium Poppy (Papaver somnifum) Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top