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Bathing is an important part of ancient Roman culture. Structures such as the Baths of Diocletian or Thermae Diocletiani in Rome are a marvel of architecture. Baths are a place of cleansing, socializing and luxury. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Sylvia Rose Books Construction of the Thermae Diocletiani begins in AD 298 under the reign of Maximian, one of the co-emperors with Diocletian. The magnificence of the baths reflects the power and wealth of Roman rulers. Even after the voluntary abdication of Maximian and Diocletian, the construction of the baths continue under Constantius, the father of Constantine the Great. For centuries, the Thermae Diocletiani are a symbol of Roman engineering and architectural prowess. Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Poppaea Sabina: Child Bride to Roman Empress Sylvia Rose Books Italy initially uses simple baths without tubs, the lavatrinae . Increasing Hellenisation of Italy leads to the development of bathing rooms and public baths. Eventually, individual standing hot water tubs ae replaced by collective pools and the development of hypocaust heating. At first the baths are segregated into male and female, rich and poor areas. As time goes by the Baths became more generalized, with mixing of genders and classes. Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Messalina: Death & Desire in Ancient Rome Sylvia Rose Books Most baths are designed to contain certain rooms at various temperatures. Bathing for Romans is a purification event. In Imperial Rome people daily wash body parts such as arms and legs exposed to dirt. A full body cleansing is done every nine days and on feast days. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History This isn't a hard and fast rule. In cosmopolitan hubs such as Rome, baths can be enjoyed every day. Like bathers, baths come in different styles and sizes. Fees are usually within the budget of free Roman males. Cleopatra the Physician of Greece Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Sylvia Rose Books Small bathhouses, called balneum  (plural balnea ), might be privately owned, but open to the public for a fee. Larger baths or thermae  are state-owned and might cover several city blocks. The largest are the Baths of Diocletian, able to accommodate up to 3,000 bathers at a time. Various types of rooms evolve. These include the caldarium , tepidarium , laconicum  or sudatorium , and the frigidarium . Below is the schema of the Baths of Diocletian. Most baths are constructed in similar manner. Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Yliaster: Quest for the Magnum Opus Sylvia Rose Books 1. Caldarium This hot and steamy room is heated by a hypocaust, an underfloor heating system using tunnels of hot air created by a furnace tended by slaves. It's the hottest room in the sequence of bathing rooms; after the caldarium , bathers return through the tepidarium  to the frigidarium . In the caldarium is a bath ( alveus , piscina calida or solium ) of hot water sunk into the floor. This area also features a laconicum —a hot, dry area to induce sweating. Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Slavic River Spirits & Roman Gods Sylvia Rose Books Patrons use olive oil for cleansing the body. They massage the oils onto their skin and remove excess with a a strigil or scraper. Scraping may be done in the Caldarium or Tepidarium. 2. Tepidarium The tepidarium is the warm ( tepidus ) bathroom of the Roman baths heated by a hypocaust. The specialty of a tepidarium is the pleasant feeling of constant radiant heat, which directly affects the human body from the walls and floor. The tepidarium is the hub around which all the other halls are grouped. Here the bathers first assemble and pass through the various hot baths ( caldarium ) or taking the cold bath ( frigidarium ). Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Sylvia Rose Books The tepidarium is decorated with the richest marbles and mosaics; light through clerestory (high) windows on the sides, the front, and the rear. The tepidarium is the hall containing all the finest treasures of art. 3. Frigidarium A frigidarium , literally "cold room" is one of the three main bath chambers of a Roman bath or thermae . It typically has a swimming pool. The succession of bathing activities in the thermae isn't well known. It's thought the bather first goes through the apodyterium. There the patron can undress and store clothes. Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Sylvia Rose Books The person then enters the elaeothesium or unctuarium to be anointed with oil. A room or court for exercise is next. Then, the bather luxuriates in the hot room or calidarium . In the steam room ( sudatorium if moist or laconicum if dry) one scrapes off the dirty oil. Finally the bather goes to the frigidarium . There is a pool of cold water which might be cooled with snow or ice packed down from the frigid regions. The bather finishes by oiling up again. Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Bird Woman Elwetritsch: German Folklore Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Ice is imported from mountain glaciers, packed and stored in insulated cellars. Only the wealthy can afford personal ice. The practice of packing, transporting and storing ice continues up to the 19th century. 4. Natatio The natatio is a room with an enormous swimming pool. In ancient times an Olympic-sized pool shimmers in the streams of light from the windows. The functional natatio usually has a roof. Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus Werewolf & Werewolves of Germany Sylvia Rose Books 5. Palaestra The name palaestra derives from the verb palaiein , meaning “to wrestle.” Palaestrae have three basic functions. They are: training areas for combat sports such as wrestling and boxing, areas for cult or ritual activity meeting places for discussion, philosophical and otherwise 6. Main Entrance For going in and out. Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Yarrow (Achillea) Magic & Medicine Sylvia Rose Books 7. Exedra The exedra is a socializing area. Usually semicircular, it's a room, portico, or arcade with a bench or seats where people can sit and talk. These are also found in ancient Roman and Greek houses and gymnasia. Following the Roman examples, exedrae continue to appear prominently in architecture after the fall of Rome. In Byzantine and Romanesque architecture, this familiar feature develops into the apse. Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Four Humors & Medical Stagnation In Rome the baths operate for centuries. With the decline of the Roman Empire and the disruption caused Ostrogothics, the aqueducts supplying water to Rome are severed, leading to closure of the baths c. 537 AD. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Olympiodorus of Thebes (c. 380 - 425 AD) is a multifaceted figure. A Roman historian from Egypt, poet, philosopher, and diplomat, he takes several official journeys. For twenty years he's accompanied by a clever parrot. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books In one of his writings is mentions the parrot as psittacus , an African grey. These parrots are known for their imitation skills and playful nature. According to Olympiodorus there is no human skill the parrot cannot master. The monumental work of Olympiodorus, the History (407 - 425), encompasses twenty-two volumes in Greek. He dedicates this Magnum Opus to Emperor Theodosius II, reigning at Constantinople. Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Sylvia Rose Books Writing about the tumultuous events of the Western Roman Empire, Olympiodorus is one of the most important historians of the time. His vibrant social life involves many contemporary intellectuals, officials, courtiers and philosophers in Athens, Ravenna and Constantinople. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Around 400 AD he acquires his pet parrot, a faithful companion for the next twenty years. The parrot speaks Greek and can "dance, sing, call its owner's name, and do many other tricks." ( Matthews, John F. 1970). Alchemy & Seven Hermetic Principles Stymphalian Birds & Greek Heroics Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Sylvia Rose Books Olympiodorus and his parrot are known to embark on numerous state-sponsored journeys, usually to gather information or act as ambassador. His first recorded visit is as diplomat to the Huns in 412/3. Olympiodorus writes about "Donatus and the Huns, and the skillfulness of their kings in shooting with the bow. The author relates that he himself was sent on a mission to them and Donatus, and gives a tragic account of his wanderings and perils by the sea. How Donatus, being deceived by an oath, was unlawfully put to death. How Charaton, the first of the kings, being incensed by the murder, was appeased by presents from the emperor." Religious Persecutions of Diocletian Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Sylvia Rose Books Olympiodorus marries and adopts a son, thought to be an orphaned relative. With his family and parrot he moves to Constantinople and uses his Classical education and social nature to establish himself at the court of Theodosius II. As a committed but discrete pagan, Olympiodorus is able to navigate the complexities of a Christian court. His presence in such circles not only speaks to his adaptability but also to his intellectual acumen and charisma. A clever parrot is helpful too. Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Theriac: Miracle Snake Venom Potion Sylvia Rose Books Around 420 AD he takes a sea voyage in an official capacity. According to 9th century Photius of Constantinople: " While talking of a marvelous star (called Urania by the sailors), he was leaning heavily against the mast, which nearly gave way and precipitated him into the water ." In some accounts the star Urania falls upon the ship. Urania is the Greek muse of astrology and astronomy. Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Numerology: Number Meanings & Personality Sylvia Rose Books Olympiodorus visits Athens and describes student rituals in the city: "All newcomers (novices), young and old, were taken to the public baths. Those who were by age fit to wear the cloak were brought forward by the scholastics who escorted them; then, while some ran in front pushed them back, others, running behind, pushed them forward and resisted them, amid shouts of 'Stop, stop, he must not wash.' Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books Those who pushed back those who tried to hinder the progress of the novice were considered to be victorious in the contest. After a considerable time, and after a long disputation had taken place in accordance with custom, he who was being escorted was taken into a warm room and washed. Having dressed himself, he received permission to wear the cloak on his way from the bath, being accompanied by a numerous and distinguished throng." In 416, he explores the oases in the Egyptian desert. The primary reason for this visit might have been to gather intelligence on the Blemmyes of Nubia, a barbarian group residing to the south of the Great Oasis and the Thebaïd, known for their frequent raids. Around 420 a type of obituary appears in his writings. The parrot has died. Olympiodorus takes his last official journey in 424/25 AD. He departs world of the living shortly thereafter. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Olympiodorus the Younger, a prominent figure in late antiquity, is known as the last of the Neoplatonist pagans in Alexandria, Egypt. On the sunny Mediterranean, the city has a colorful history as a diverse center of knowledge. Then in 30 BCE, the Romans arrive. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy The Great Library of Alexandria Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books Olympiodorus (c. 500 to 565 AD) lives in a period marked by significant shifts in philosophical thought and cultural dynamics. After several centuries the allure of Alexandria has faded. It's been a slow slide. By 200 BCE, Alexandria is a city of vibrant academic thought and cosmopolitan philosophy. A meeting point of three continents, Alexandria is the world's largest city, an intersection of Eastern religions and Western philosophical beliefs. The Great Library of Alexandria Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Sylvia Rose Books From left to right, the Muses are: Polyhymnia (sacred hymns), Euterpe (lyric poetry), Thalia (comedy), Melpomene (tragedy), Erato (love poetry), Minerva (goddess of wisdom), Calliope (epic poetry), Terpsichore (dance and choral song), Urania (astronomy), and Clio (history). In 145 BCE the expulsion of intellectuals from Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy VIII Physcon marks the beginning of the end for Alexandria's Great Library . The library is among the main reasons of Alexandria's high scholastic reputation. Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History The Great Library of Alexandria Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books Then the Great Library, once an attraction for leading academics, declines in status and reputation. It's destroyed more than once, and the Romans are stingy about supporting re-builds and inventory. The coastal jewel of Egypt loses its shine. Olympiodorus holds the chair of philosophy in Alexandria. Manuscripts call him the philosopher of Alexandria . He sees himself as intellectual heir to Ammonius, his teacher. Olympiodorus calls Ammonius “the great philosopher”, in one case “our philosopher”. Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Pure Form, Archetypes & Alchemy Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sylvia Rose Books Neoplatonism With Hermeticism and Gnosticism gaining prominence, philosophers strive to incorporate both Hebrew and Christian thought into the spheres of intellectual evolution. Neoplatonism forms as a reaction to Christianity. A period of philosophy based on works of Plato, Neoplatonism begins with Plotinus (204-270 AD). It officially ends with closing of the Platonic Academy in Athens by Emperor Justinian in 529 AD. Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Spiritual Alchemy: Key Elements to Growth Archetypes: Psychology of the Shadow Sylvia Rose Books This brand of theology, often described as mystical, develops outside Academic Platonism. Officially or not, Olympiodorus is famous for continuing the teachings of Plato in Alexandria even after closure of the Platonic Academy in Athens. In Neoplatonism the pinnacle of existence is represented by the One or the Good, as the origin of all things. It emanates reason, the nous , which holds an endless reserve of ideas, a reflection of its own essence. Classic Elements & Concept of the One Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Sylvia Rose Books The world-soul, a replica of the nous , is enveloped within it, just as the nous resides within the One, and, by imbuing matter in itself nonexistent, constitutes bodies whose existence is contained in the world-soul. Nature therefore is a whole, endowed with life and soul. Soul, being chained to matter, longs to escape from the bondage of the body and return to its original source. In virtue and philosophical thought it has power to elevate itself above reason into ecstasy, where it can behold, or ascend to, the primary Being reason cannot know. Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Unus Mundus One World: Psychology Sylvia Rose Books According to the philosophy of Neoplatonism, unifying with the Good, or the One is the true function of human beings. Olympiodorus commits to preserving the teachings of Plato in the face of shifting cultural and religious tides. His legacy as the last Neoplatonist in Alexandria is the vibrant intellectual heritage of the ancient city and the enduring significance of philosophical inquiry. Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Sylvia Rose Books The Alchemy Mystery The discussion surrounding the commentary on Aristotle’s Meteorology , including the so-called “chemical treatise” as its fourth book, raises questions about the potential connection between the Neoplatonist Olympiodorus and an individual of the same name in alchemical traditions. Existing manuscripts of an alchemical work claiming to be a commentary on Zosimus’ Kat’ energeian ( On Activity ) attribute the authorship to “Olympiodorus, the Alexandrian philosopher”. Chun Yuyan & Death of Empress Xu Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Tria Prima: Birth & the Power of Three Sylvia Rose Books This alchemical works initially delves into an explanation of a passage by Zosimus of Panopolis, but then transition into a didactic letter addressed to an unnamed fellow alchemist (referred to as ‘friend of the Muses’ at one point). It provides guidance on how to unite fragmented pieces of gold, purify metals, underscores the importance of ‘divine water,’ (made of sulfur and quicklime), and more. The texts are now considered forgeries. Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Sylvia Rose Books Olympiodorus is a versatile man, a trait he needs in the tumult of the Alexandrian social, political and religious upheavals. Officially he teaches works relevant to the authoritative curriculum and makes no waves. When he dies, after 565, his students continue his work. Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In ancient Rome, the haruspex has a significant role in society as a trained specialist in the the practice of haruspicy. This form of divination involves examination of the entrails of sacrificed animals, especially livers of sheep and poultry. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds Casting the Bones - Astragalomancy Sylvia Rose Books Romans place great meaning in- divination practices including astrology, oracles, astragalomancy (casting dice or bones), ornithomancy (divination through movements and flight of birds), dreams, and haruspicy. A haruspex warns Caesar about the Ides of March, the day he's assassinated. In ancient Rome haruspices and other diviners are instrumental in the Great Persecution, claiming Christians at court cloud visions and interfere with the Gods receiving sacrificial offerings. Religious Persecutions of Diocletian Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Sylvia Rose Books The haruspex interprets omens and predicts the future based on the intricate patterns and markings found within the internal organs. Livers are preferred but heart or other organs may be used. The ancient practice of reading omens from the liver isn't exclusive to Rome. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History In ancient Babylonia it's known as hepatoscopy, and in Greek culture, it's referred to as hepatomancy. This demonstrates the widespread belief in the significance of animal entrails as a means of communicating with the divine and gaining insight into the future. 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun Medieval Alchemy: Jean de Roquetaillade Sylvia Rose Books The Roman tradition of haruspicy goes back to the Etruscans, an ancient civilization with a strong influence on Roman religious practices. The Etruscans considered haruspicy as one of the fundamental disciplines within their religious tradition. Great importance is placed on interpreting signs and symbols from the natural world. Despite the rise of Christianity and the decline of pagan beliefs during the Middle Ages, the practice of haruspicy persists through history. Ashvamedha - Sacred Horse Sacrifice Sacrifice of the Male: Temple at Uppsala Yliaster: Quest for the Magnum Opus Sylvia Rose Books The lituus is a curved wand used as a sacred tool in ancient Roman religion by augurs to designate a sacred area or templum in the sky. The flight of birds through the templum signifies approval or disapproval from the gods for an endeavor. The lituus was also used as a symbol of authority for the augurs, to distinguish them as a religious group. As augury comes to mean any divination, the liuus gains a broader symbolism. Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Apis - Sacred Fertility Bull of Egypt Later Christian apostates and pagans continue to seek guidance through ancient divination methods. The enduring legacy of haruspicy exemplifies the human fascination with the supernatural, and the desire to uncover hidden wisdom. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Following the Peace of Nisibis, Emperor Diocletian and Galeriu s Maximianus r eturn to the bustling city of Antioch, today's southern Turkey on the Mediterranean. Around the year 299 the haruspices find no sign of the future in the entrails of sacrificed sheep. They're concerned. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Sylvia Rose Books Haruspices interpret patterns and signs in the entrails of sacrificed animals, in the practice of haruspicy. In Antioch and Rome they hold great power as mystics. Divination like haruspicy, astragalomancy (casting bones or dice), astrology and oracular prophecies are widespread. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History When the haruspices are unable to provide a clear reading for the future, the accuse the Christians present at court. This accusation set off a chain of events with far-reaching consequences for the Christian community and the empire as a whole. Babylonian Astrology: Destiny in the Stars Astrology & Astronomy Ancient Origins Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Sylvia Rose Books Reacting to the haruspices' inability to interpret the signs, the dual Emperors decree a series of measures to purify the court and military. Everyone in the court is ordered to offer a purification sacrifice. The military command is instructed to conduct the sacrifices. While Diocletian, known for his adherence to Roman traditions, may see religious cleansing as a necessary step, historical accounts by figures such as Eusebius, Lactantius and Constantine have a different story. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Sylvia Rose Books They argue it's Galerius, Caesar under Diocletian, who leads the persecution of Christians during this period. Galerius, fervent and politically motivated, sees opportunity in the crackdown on Christians and is willing to depart from the government's stance of inaction. From 299 to 302, Antioch is Emperor Diocletian's primary residence, signifying the authority of the Roman Empire in the region. Meanwhile, Galerius assumes control over the strategic Middle and Lower Danube territories, solidifying the empire's presence in key frontier areas. Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Sylvia Rose Books Tensions with the Manicheans reveal a darker side of Diocletian's rule. He executes key followers of Mani and destroys their scriptures. He issues the decree from Alexandria on 31 March 302 with resolve to suppress the Manichean movement. Reasons for Diocletian's animosity towards the Manicheans include their perceived foreign origins, moral implications on Roman society, and their challenge to established religious practices. These create growing ideological clashes and rising conflicts. Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Sylvia Rose Books When Diocletian returns to Antioch in the fall of 302 he takes up the persecution of Christians with added vigor. The brutal act of cutting out the tongue of the deacon Romanus of Caesarea for defiance and disruption of official sacrifices is but one example of Roman measures. Romanus's subsequent imprisonment and execution on 17 November 303 exemplifies the consequences faced by those who dare challenge the imperial decree. As winter descends, Diocletian journeys to Nicomedia with Galerius. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Fortune Telling - The Mystic Victorian Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Debates between the two rulers continue. Diocletian's suggestion to exclude Christians from positions of power and influence as a means of pacifying the traditional gods clashed with Galerius's more radical stance advocating for total eradication of the Christian community. They seek guidance from the oracle of Apollo at Didyma. The oracle's cryptic message about the presence of the impious obstructing Apollo's counsel is interpretated by the court to mean the Christians in the empire. Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth Sun Goddesses of World Mythology Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds Diocletian agrees to initiate a widespread persecution of Christians. This part of Roman history is characterized by systematic oppression and violence against Christian adherents. On 23 February 303, Diocletian issues a decree leading to the demolition of a newly built church in Nicomedia. This action is accompanied by a directive to burn the scriptures found within the church and seize its valuable possessions for the imperial treasury. Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sylvia Rose Books Next day, Diocletian escalates his anti-Christian campaign by issuing the infamous "Edict against the Christians." The decree calls for destruction of Christian scriptures and places of worship across the Roman Empire, and forbids Christian gatherings for worship. A fire breaks out in the Imperial palace after the issuance of the edict. Galerius convinces Diocletian the Christians are to blame, and that they scheme with palace eunuchs. As investigations fail to identify culprits, Christians and eunuchs alike are brutally executed. Tooth Worms of Ancient Mesopotamia Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Sylvia Rose Books Persecution of Christians continue unabated. Diocletian orders all members of the court to bow down to the Roman gods. Those who refuse are tortured and killed. The first to face punishment is Peter, butler of Diocletian, known as Cubicularius ("valet, chamberlain"). He is hanged and has his flesh ripped from his bones. When Dorotheus, an imperial chamberlain, and Gorgonius, a military officer, objected to this treatment they're also . Meanwhile, Peter is either boiled, burned alive, or "roasted on a gridiron." Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Sylvia Rose Books According to other sources his torments include being raised and scourged, having salt and vinegar poured into his wounds, and being slowly boiled alive over an open flame. These are typical tortures to which entire Christian families can be subjected. By the 4th century the Romans also have their most terrible implement yet, the bronze brazen bull, with its creator also becoming its first victim. This hideous death is inflicted on early Christians and other enemies of the state. Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books The victim(s) would be placed inside the bull's stomach through a trapdoor and then roasted alive by the heat from the fire built beneath it. A system of funnels and tubes makes the tortured screams sound like roaring of an angry bull. The ruthless executions persist for months, culminating in the beheading of six individuals, including the bishop Anthimus, by at least 24 April 303. The situation escalates further when, just sixteen days later, another fire erupts in Nicomedia. Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Bernard Trevisan: Legends of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books This incident prompts Galerius to make a hasty departure for Rome, citing safety concerns in the troubled city. Diocletian, the orchestrator of the anti-Christian campaign, soon follows suit, leaving a trail of destruction and suffering in his wake. Despite further persecutory edicts, which lead to the arrest of Christian clergy and widespread acts of sacrifice, most Christians avoid punishment. Pagans show little sympathy towards the persecution. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Sylvia Rose Books The sufferings of martyrs only strengthens the determination of fellow Christians. Constantius and Maximian choose not to enforce the later edicts, leaving the Christians in the West unscathed. Galerius revokes the anti-Christian edict in 311 AD, admitting the persecution hasn't succeeded in bringing Christians back to traditional religion. It gains the temporary apostasy of some Christians and the surrendering of scriptures during the persecution. Alum: Tanning, Dye & Beauty Salts Gnosticism: Five Essential Gnostic Principles Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Within twenty-five years of the persecution's onset, the Christian emperor Constantine reigns over the empire alone. He overturns the effects of the edicts and restores all confiscated property to Christians. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Diocletianic or Great Persecution, a significant event in the history of the Roman Empire, marks a period of intense hostility toward Christians in the early 4th century. It's a concerted effort by the Roman Emperors to suppress the growing influence of Christianity in the Empire. READ: Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Religious Persecutions of Diocletian Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The series of edicts issued during this time not only strip Christians of their legal rights but also demand their compliance with traditional pagan religious practices. The impact of the persecution varies across different regions of the Roman Empire. While areas like Gaul and Britain experience relatively milder forms of persecution, the Eastern provinces bears the brunt of the hostility, facing severe measures aimed at eradicating Christian presence. The persecution was particularly harsh on the clergy. Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Sylvia Rose Books Members of the Christian clergy are specifically targeted by the edicts mandating sacrifices to the Roman gods. Despite the intensity of the persecution, it's not a sustained campaign, and the four different Emperors contribute to its eventual decline. Christians in the Roman Empire have long been subject to sporadic discrimination, as are other religious groups at one time or another. During the reigns of Emperors Decius and Valerian in the 250s, a bad situation gets worse. Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Sylvia Rose Books The temporary suspension of these laws under Emperor Gallienus in 260 gives a brief respite, but the situation once more takes a turn with the ascension of Diocletian to the throne in 284. Diocletian doesn't immediately change the empire's stance towards Christianity. Christian communities experience a significant boom in growth due to the peace brought by Gallienus. This growth was particularly notable in the Eastern regions of the empire. The Christian population goes from 1.1 million in 250 AD to 6 million by 300 AD. Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Gnosticism: Five Essential Gnostic Principles Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books This is a a substantial increase, making up approximately 10% of the Empire's total population. The expansion of Christianity is not limited to urban centers but also extends into rural areas. Large, prominent churches emerge in major Roman cities. Churches like one in Nicomedia, on a hill overlooking the imperial palace, become iconic symbols of the faith's increasing presence and influence. Diocletian later orders it razed and its treasures confiscated by the Empire. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Magic Metals, Gold, Smiths & Alchemists Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Sylvia Rose Books The rise of the churches signifies the growing prosperity and social status of Christianity in the Empire. In regions where Christianity is predominant, such as North Africa and Egypt, the traditional belief in pagan deities is already on the decline. Over the course of fifteen years, Diocletian takes various measures against Christians, such as expelling them from the army. He targets Manicheans with torture and execution and surrounds himself with outspoken critics of Christianity. Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Vermilion - Scarlet Pigment of Death Sylvia Rose Books His governance style, driven by a desire to restore Roman greatness, leads to the most widespread persecution of Christians yet. In the winter of 302 Galerius, a close ally of Diocletian, urges the emperor to launch a general persecution of Christians. Diocletian, initially hesitant, seeks guidance from the oracle at Didyma. The oracle's response is interpreted as endorsing Galerius's position, ultimately causing the declaration of a general persecution on February 23, 303. Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books During this time all citizens including Christians, are forced to worship Roman gods or face severe consequences of imprisonment, torture and execution. While the decrees issued during this period don't target Christianity alone they have an impact on the Christian community. Besides the Emperors, pagan priests of Rome are keen to suppress any threat to traditional religion. They complain their ceremonies are hindered by the Christians, whose presence clouds the sight of oracles and stall the gods' recognition of sacrifices. Sylvia Rose Books The Christia n Arnobius, writing during Diocletian's reign, attributes financial concerns to provisioners of pagan services: The augurs, the dream interpreters, the soothsayers, the prophets, and the priestlings, ever vain...fearing that their own arts be brought to naught, and that they may extort but scanty contributions from the devotees, now few and infrequent, cry aloud, 'The gods are neglected, and in the temples there is now a very thin attendance. Former ceremonies are exposed to derision, and the time-honored rites of institutions once sacred have sunk before the superstitions of new religions. Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Casting the Bones - Astragalomancy Destiny & Death: Fate in the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books During the persecutions thousands of Christians are arrested, tortured and slain. Methods of killing Christians include damnatio ad bestias, or condemnation (death) by beasts damnatio in crucem or crucifixion vivi crematio or burning alive capitis amputation or beheading furcam damnatio or hanging being boiled alive thrown off a cliff onto spikes rolled down a hill in a barrel into which nails or spikes are hammered being flayed alive death by brazen bull, a hollow bronze bull wherein victims are thrown, then a fire is lit beneath, slowly roasting the people alive. Horns, funnels and tubes turn the horrific screams of the dying into the bellowing of a bull. Pagan Solstice Fests: Mithras & the Sun Medieval Alchemy: Jean de Roquetaillade Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Sylvia Rose Books Eusebius (c. 265 - 339 AD) records in his De Martyribus Palestinae that Urbanus, governor of Palenstine, has martyrs burned, drowned, thrown to beasts, and some youths forced into gladiatorial combat, along with other forms of torture and imprisonment. There are various methods used to execute individuals condemned to face wild beasts in the arena. Some are given wooden or broken swords to fend off attacking animals who are previously whipped into a frenzy. Guelphs & Ghibellines: Blood of the Renaissance Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Sylvia Rose Books Others are bound to posts and coated with blood or draped in animal hides to attract the beasts. Another technique involved placing criminals on top of an animal enclosure and then opening a trapdoor, causing them to fall inside. Galerius' Edict of Serdica o r Edict of Toleration by Galerius i n 311 bring a shift in imperial policy towards Christians. The Edict acknowledges Christianity as a religio licita , a religion officially recognized and accepted by the Roman Empire. Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Yliaster: Quest for the Magnum Opus This is the initial decree making Christianity legal. The Edict of Milan in 313, issued by Constantine, is widely regarded as the definitive end of the persecution. This edict grants Christians freedom of religion as well as tolerance within the Roman Empire. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Great Library of Alexandria on the balmy shores of the Mediterranean and the Nile delta is a center of intellectual activity by c. 3rd century BCE. The Library is just one part of a larger institution called the Mouseion, dedicated to the Muses, the nine goddesses of the arts. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The ancient world complex seeks to promote contemporary research, scholarship and pursuit of knowledge in various branches. The Ptolemaic kings spare no expense in acquiring texts, leading to a rapid accumulation of papyrus scrolls within the Library's walls. The exact number of scrolls housed in the Library remains a mystery, with estimates ranging widely from 40,000 to 400,000 at its peak. Its vast collection covers a diverse range of subjects, making it an active circle of enlightenment in the ancient world. Papyrus (C. papyrus): Sacred Reeds of Aaru Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Sylvia Rose Books The Library of Alexandria is not the first of its kind. A long tradition of libraries existed in both Greece and in ancient Near East. The earliest written materials come from the ancient Sumerian city-state of Uruk in around 3400 BCE, when writing begins to develop. Scholarly curation of literary texts begins c. 2500 BCE. The later kingdoms and empires of the ancient Near East have long traditions of book collecting. The ancient Hittites and Assyrians keep massive archives containing records in many different languages. Copper - Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Solnitsata - Neolithic Salt Trade Town Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Sylvia Rose Books Vibrant with history and culture, Alexandria rises to prominence as the epicenter of knowledge and learning during ancient times. International schools arise. Prominent Greek physicians including Hippocrates study at the Temple of Imhotep. The Library of Alexandria attracts some of the most brilliant minds of the third and second centuries BCE. The scholars are visionaries who push the boundaries of human understanding and reshape the course of history. Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Iah: Cryptic Ancient Moon God Egypt Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Sylvia Rose Books Their contributions span a number of disciplines, from philosophy and mathematics to astronomy and medicine. Through their relentless pursuit of knowledge, these luminaries lay the foundation for future generations to build upon. Within the walls of the Great Library, debates flourished, ideas clashed, and innovations blossomed. It was a sanctuary where intellectual curiosity thrived and where the pursuit of truth was revered above all else. Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Yahweh: Warrior Origins, Name & Lore Women Scientists of the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books Under the rule of Ptolemy III Euergetes, a secondary library is founded in the Serapeum, a temple dedicated to the Greco-Egyptian deity Serapis. Serapis is worshipped by Imperial decree. The venerable snake god Agathodaemon is the divine protector of the city. Over time, the Library's influence waned. The decline commence with the expulsion of intellectuals from Alexandria in 145 BC during the reign of Ptolemy VIII Physcon. This event led to Aristarchus of Samothrace, the chief librarian, stepping down and relocating to Cyprus. Agathodaemon: Snake God Alexandria Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books Other scholars, such as Dionysius Thrax and Apollodorus of Athens, seek refuge in different cities where they continued their academic pursuits. Although Julius Caesar inadvertently set fire to the Library during his civil conflict in 48 BC, the extent of the damage remains unclear. It appears the Library either survives or is reconstructed shortly after. Strabo, the geographer, reports visiting the Mouseion c. 20 BCE, and the work of Didymus Chalcenterus during this period suggests that he has access to the Library's resources. Alchemy & New Thought in Ancient Alexandria Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books The daughter library within the Serapeum may have survived beyond the destruction of the main Library. The Serapeum itself is ransacked and demolished in 391 AD following a decree issued by bishop Theophilus of Alexandria. At that time, the Serapeum was not known to house any books. It primarily serves as a meeting place for Neoplatonist philosophers influenced by the teachings of Iamblichus, an Arabian Neoplatonist ( c.  245 – 325). Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Sylvia Rose Books Little is known about the Library during the Roman Principate (27 BCE - 284 AD). Emperor Claudius (r. 41-54 AD) is recorded to have built an addition to the Library. After Alexandria comes under Roman rule, the city's status and, consequently that of its famous Library, gradually diminishes. While the Mouseion still exists, membership is granted not on scholarly achievement, but on basis of distinction in government, the military, or even in athletics. Members of the Mouseion are no longer required to teach, conduct research, or even live in Alexandria. Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Alchemy Colors: Color Phase Therapy Sylvia Rose Books The reputation of Alexandrian scholarship declines as those of other libraries across the Mediterranean improve, lowering the Library's status. By the second century AD, the Roman Empire is less dependent on grain from Alexandria, and the city's prominence sinks further. Eventually, the word "Alexandrian" becomes synonymous with editing texts, correction of errors, and writing of commentaries from those of earlier scholars. In 297 AD, Alexandria supports a usurper, and Diocletian, the Roman Emperor lays siege to the city. Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Owl - Death, Memory, Mystic Wisdom Sylvia Rose Books When he eventually regains control he removes the right of Alexandria to mint its own coinage. Despite his reputation for book burnings in later Christian persecutions , Diocletian shows little interest in the Library. Later rumors of alchemy book burnings are not supported. Reports come from later Arab conflicts of library destruction at their hands. There wouldn't be much left to destroy. However, the Islamic scholars are intrigued by the ideas of the Alexandrians, and through their conquest of Egypt, the tradition continues. Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Spiritual Alchemy: Touching the Divine Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alchemy rises from inquiring minds . Golden Ages of alchemy appear in Greco-Roman Alexandria , medieval Islam and the Renaissance . Based on metallurgy and ancient medicine, alchemy takes hold in many diverse cultures such as China and India . Egyptian Alchemy - Power of Eternity Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Sylvia Rose Books   One of the first examples of a known alchemical process is the intentional fermentation of honey to create honey mead c. 8000 BCE. Processes of heating, baking, roasting, grinding or distilling a substance are among the practical alchemical applications used in daily life. Alchemy relates to the perceived transmutation of matter including coloring of metals. Herbal alchemy ( spagyria ) is also introduced by Paracelsus. Spiritual alchemy ( Colors of Alchemy ) pertains to inner growth. First step is putrefaction or breaking down the old to create the new. Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Collective Unconscious: Seeking the One Colors of Alchemy: White Albedo Purification Sylvia Rose Books   The pursuit of alchemy develops concurrently in various civilizations. The first Golden Age in the West happens in Alexandria of Greco-Roman Egypt. Based on ancient Greek elemental philosophy, alchemy prospers as a practice and mystery. The earlier Greek philosophies explore laws of nature and the natural elements Earth, Air, Fire and Water. The idea of Four Elements as a group comes from Empedocles (492 - 432 BCE), who later jumps into a volcano. Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books   Before the proliferation of alchemy in Islam, Western alchemists work with the Greek model of the natural elements. After the Muslim conquest of Greco-Roman Egypt, alchemists of the Islamic world explore the philosophy of the substance of metals. Mercury and sulfur are named by Islamic alchemist Jābir ibn Ḥayyān as the elements creating all metals deep in the earth. Abu Bakr al-Rāzī later follows Jābir's mercury-sulfur theory, but adds salt. These compose the tria prima of later radical Renaissance physician Paracelsus. Spiritual Magic - Numbers Three & Nine Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Sylvia Rose Books The word alchemy may come from the Arabian "al-kimia," referring to the preparation of a mythical Stone or Elixir by the Egyptians. The practice of ' chemeia ' is documented as the Greek word for metal-pouring, or creating metal alloys. Zosimos of Panopolis, a c. 300 Greco-Egyptian alchemist and Gnostic mystic, bases his work on that of predecessors including Mary the Jewess or Maria Prophetissa working c. 1st century AD. In the 3rd-4th century, Cleopatra the Alchemist also works in Alexandria. Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria What is the Philosopher's Stone? Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books   She's credited with the invention of the Alembic, an alchemical tool for distillation, two vessels connected by a tube. Mary and Cleopatra are both highly respected by their peers and considered two of the four female alchemists capable of finding the Philosopher's Stone Throughout the ancient Western world the fundamental aims of alchemy are to find a panacea, potion or elixir, called in some places the Philosopher's Stone, which could Turn base metals into gold ( chrysopoeia ) or silver ( argyropoeia ) Find a panacea to cure all disease and ailments Create an Elixir of Immortality, Elixir of Life or Eternal Youth Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Electrum: Metal of Money & Myth Sylvia Rose Books   First mention of the Philosopher's Stone comes from Zosimos in his Cheirokmeta  of 300 AD. Zosimos provides the earliest history writings, records and documentations about alchemy and alchemists, and a number of treatises on the subject. Base and noble metals aren't defined until c. 1300 - 1400 AD in the Middle Ages. Noble metals are those most resistant in raw form to oxygen corrosion, such as silver or gold. Base metals such as copper or lead are often used as bases for silver or gold plating. Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Quest for Immortality - Qin Shi Huang Reishi or Lingzhi - Mushroom Magic Sylvia Rose Books The power sought in the description of base and noble metals is undeniably transformative or transmutative. For wealthy individuals in positions of authority, including Emperors, kings, and lords, the pursuit of the Elixir of Life is a paramount objective. READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series Alchemy's roots in China trace back to 4th century BCE. It's certainly in use by the time of Qin Shi Huang, China's first Emperor (c. 259 - 210 BCE) who employs court alchemist Xu Fu . In 175 BCE, a Chinese edict threatens death for alchemists who produce fake gold. Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Sylvia Rose Books   For many years the element mercury is believed to have life-giving properties, and Elixirs of Life promptly send people to their deaths. Death by the Elixir of Life is common enough in China to gain the name Chinese alchemical elixir poisoning . As late as the 17th century mercury is consumed for the purpose of life everlasting. Today it's still used in traditional medicine with understanding of its toxic effects. Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Mad Honey - What's the Buzz? Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Sylvia Rose Books   Back in the West, early preparations hope to identify the prima materia  or First Matter, the substance from which all other materials are made. Mercury is one suggestion. The concept of creating precious metals from base spreads through the alchemic world after c. 100 AD. Alexandria is the largest city in the world until 270 AD, when it's supplanted by Rome. As a glassmaking center it caters to alchemy and medicine. The Library of Alexandria attracts scholars and philosophers, but the Romans aren't interested. The reputation of the city slides. Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books After Islamic conquest of Greco-Roman Egypt (642 AD), alchemy of Alexandria progresses to the Eastern Caliphate. Three major medieval caliphates rule: Rashidun Caliphate (632-661), the Umayyad Caliphate (661-750), and the Abbasid Caliphate (750-1517). The sulfur-mercury concept is further developed by Jabir ibn Hayyan . He explains metals in the earth are created by vapors condensing in varying mercury-sulfur proportions. Under this theory metal transmutation involves finding the correct ratio. Abu Bakr al-Razi later adds salt. Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Sylvia Rose Books   Written c. 900 AD, the Turba Philosophorum, also Assembly of the Philosophers , is one of the oldest European alchemy texts. Translated from the Arabic it portrays the efforts of Islamic alchemists to incorporate Greek thought into the Eastern corpus. In the work, nine Greek philosophers participate in a discussion. The statements of the philosophers are recognizable offshoots of Greek philosophy. They discuss matter, how it acts, and relate this to the finite and infinite cosmology, Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Sylvia Rose Books   In 1317 AD, Pope  John XXII makes falsification of metals illegal in all Christian countries, which are most of Europe and colonies. The papal seat is in Avignon, France at the time, a region notorious for counterfeiting. Much of alchemy is built on the falsification of metals. Pope John's decree begins: "Alchemies are here prohibited and those who practice them or procure their being done are punished. They must forfeit to the public treasury for the benefit of the poor as much genuine gold and silver as they have manufactured of the false or adulterate metal. If they have not sufficient means for this, the penalty may be changed to another at the discretion of the judge, and they shall be considered criminals. If they are clerics, they shall be deprived of any benefices that they hold and be declared incapable of holding others. Poor themselves, the alchemists promise riches which are not forthcoming ... " Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Sylvia Rose Books Here the term "alchemies" is equated with falsification of precious metals. One such method practiced for centuries is using a core of lead (preferable due to its weight) and molding gold around it. Gold has a much higher melting point than lead. When it's put to a heat test, the tester cannot see the melted lead within, and believes the metal to be pure. Lead's association with gold is largely due to this practice Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Sylvia Rose Books In 1404, King Henry IV of England passes a law forbidding the making or multiplication of gold, or the Act Against Multipliers. It decrees: "that none from henceforth should use to multiply gold or silver, or use the craft of multiplication; and if any the same do, they incur the pain of felony" The Act forbids anyone from making or multiplying gold. Multiplication of gold and silver is usually done with asem , copper , tin or lead . About forty years later, in need of funding for wars, King Henry VI gets around the law by issuing special licenses to alchemists. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Sylvia Rose Books   During the Renaissance  period, spanning from 1350 to 1750 AD, the practice of alchemy experiences a remarkable flourishing into another Golden Age. Aided by the printing press, this era sees diverse individuals, such as Isaac Newton, delving into mysteries of alchemy. Despite a wide range of practitioners, the secrets of alchemy are closely guarded by initiates, shrouding the practice in an air of mystery and exclusivity. Within the alchemical community, treachery and intrigue are ever poised to strike. Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Colors of Alchemy: Rubedo Magnum Opus Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Sylvia Rose Books   Practitioners seek to uncover the closely held practices of their peers and unravel the enigmatic mysteries of nature. The pursuit of creating the legendary Elixir of Life, a mythical substance of immortality, fuels competition. Alchemists vie to be first to find the elusive elixir. This intense atmosphere of competition and secrecy inspires a relentless quest for knowledge and discovery. Alchemists devote their lives to unraveling the mysteries of the universe, harnessing the power of transformation and gaining esoteric knowledge. Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Aesculapian Snakes: Nature & Lore Sylvia Rose Books   Advances in sciences and philosophy  change the world view. New discoveries, lands and technologies interweave with ancient elemental magic. Swiss physician and alchemist Paracelsus develops his interpretation of 'Gnomic elements' or gnomes , in the 16th century. Based on the work of previous Greek and Islamic alchemists, Paracelsus (1493 -1541 AD) introduces the tria prima  or three primes of alchemy: Sulfur - fluid connecting the high and the low. Sulfur represents the expansive force, evaporation and dissolution. Mercury  - the omnipresent spirit of life. Mercury transcends liquid and solid states and is thought to transcend life and death or heaven and earth. Salt -  Base matter. Salt represent the contractive force, condensation, and crystallization. Classic Elements & Concept of the One Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Mercury (Quicksilver): Miracle Metal of Madness Sylvia Rose Books   Paracelsus is among the most famous of the Renaissance alchemists. A physician, he proclaims: “... Many have said of Alchemy, that it is for the making of gold and silver. For me such is not the aim, but to consider only what virtue and power may lie in medicines.” -  Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim (Paracelsus) 1493-1541 AD After the death of Paracelsus in 1541 AD, his massive collection of works is adopted by individuals and groups of diverse cultures and classes. These include the Rosicrucian sociological movement of the 17th century. Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Robert Fludd & Renaissance Medicine Sylvia Rose Books   Although Paracelsus is a prolific writer, a large body of his works remain untranslated for various reasons. Many are published post-mortem. Those translated are open to interpretation from perspectives of both translator and consumer. "Beware of reading health books. You may die of a misprint." Mark Twain (1835 - 1910) Alchemist Dippel (1673 - 1734) , dwelling at Frankenstein's castle , tries to trade an animal oil he calls the Elixir of Life for ownership of the castle. His offer is declined. Dippel's Bone Oil or Animal Oil is later used to repel insects and as a weapon in chemical warfare. Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Sylvia Rose Books Scientific minds come together as Renaissance thinking spreads. While political enemies are burned as witches, alchemists chew strange herbs and ponder the logistics of eternal life, but are themselves targets of accusation. They walk a fine line between contemporary science and folk superstition. Even Dippel, who gains many followers in his time, is accused of working foul magic on human corpses dug from graveyards. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Germanic Mythology - Brook Horses Happy Friday! Tidbits & Trivia Sylvia Rose Books He may be suspected of experiments in soul transference in the quest for immortality, a common drawing room academic topic. He does dissect animals for Dippel's Animal Oil. Putrefaction and decomposition are vital to practical alchemy, but they smell like death. READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries In 1706, Dippel and fellow alchemist Diesbach attempt to create bright red and accidently make Prussian Blue , a cyanide compound and popular artists' pigment. After the 17th century, alchemy evolves further into chemistry. Winter Tales - 4 Novellas Prussian Blue - Delight of Artists & Poisoners Scribes & Writing: Ancient Beginnings Sylvia Rose Books By the 18th century alchemists lose patrons and credibility. Still some seek the mystic Philosopher's Stone. James Price (1752–1783), English chemist and alchemist, asserts he can turn mercury into silver or gold. Price is told to perform the conversion in front of credible witnesses. Instead he drinks cyanide and dies. Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Shamhat: Sacred Prostitute & the Wild Man Ereshkigal Goddess of Underworld & Night In 1919, psychologist Carl Jung forms his theory of the c ollective unconscious based on alchemical thought. He compares the dual nature of alchemy, comprising both the chemical process and a mystic component, to the transcendent nature of the psyche . Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Pseudo-Democritus numbers among the Alexandrian alchemists and writers, with works appearing in the early centuries AD. Originally attributed to ancient Greek philosopher Democritus , the works are now considered written by Bolus (Bolos) of Mendes . READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Calcination Process: Alchemy at High Heat Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books Bolus of Mendes is active in the 3rd century BCE. Mendes, Egypt, already has the reputation for worshipping a goat god, later equated with Baphomet . Mendes does have a sacred ram in antiquity, who is honored and treated much like the fertility bull Apis . Pseudo-Democritus is a staggered collection of writings. Apart from literary insights of Bolos of Mendes, the texts includes work thought to originate in the 1st century AD. Ram God of Egypt Ba-neb-djedet Apis - Sacred Fertility Bull of Egypt Ba Bird & Sacred Ram - Ancient Egypt Sylvia Rose Books While other writers allude to them and even claim ownership, the works of pseudo-Democritus are responsible for popularizing the alchemical aphorism: Nature delights in nature, nature conquers nature, nature masters nature ... often attributed to Persian alchemist(s) Ostanes, also an alias for several writers. Agathodaemon: Fire, Silver & Alchemy Galena: Silver Lead Ore of Metallurgy Cupellation: Alchemy Process of Metals Sylvia Rose Books The phrase refers to the fundamental principles governing the combination of elements or natures. It appears in the original alchemical works attributed to Democritus, known as the Four Books , now lost. They exist in commentaries and references. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Several epitomized extracts of them survive in two works, Natural and Secret Questions and On the Making of Silver ; as well as in a collection of lists of alchemical substances, Catalogues . The original books address a wide range of topics. Spiritual Alchemy: Cupellation Process Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books One explains how to give base metals a yellow tinge (gold), one on how to give base metals a white tinge (silver). Coloring metals is among the earliest arts of alchemy, not considered as counterfeiting in the West until c. 5th century AD. In China, the making of fake gold is punishable by death as early as144 BCE. Alchemists explain the making of real gold is preceded by the making of fake gold, but the law remains. English King Henry IV outlaws the making or multiplication of real gold in 1404 AD. Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sylvia Rose Books Another of the Four Books is on coloring stones to create precious stones. Another covers dyeing fabrics purple, using cheaper substitutes for the costly Tyrian purple of the Phoenicians. These topics are also covered in the 4rd century AD Stockholm papyrus and c. 250 AD Leyden papyrus. In 1885 French chemist Pierre Marcellin Berthelot, refers to the Leyden papyrus in his account of the origins of Greco-Egyptian alchemy. Papyrus (C. papyrus): Sacred Reeds of Aaru Complexes: Psychology of the Psyche Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Sylvia Rose Books The Leyden papyrus contains various explanations including: Purification and Hardening of Lead: Melt it, spread on the surface lamellose alum and copperas reduced to a fine powder and mixed, and it will be hardened. Purification of Tin: Lead and white tin are also purified with pitch and bitumen. They are made pure by having alum, salt of Cappadocia, and stone of Magnesia thrown on their surfaces. Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Tin - Essential Metal of Antiquity Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Production of Asem: Ingredients tin, 12 drachmas mercury, 4 drachmas earth of Chios [type of clay], 2 drachmas To the melted tin, add the crushed earth, then the mercury, stir with an iron, and put (the product) in use. Note: while asem refers to a copper alloy or the metal electrum, this procedure would produce an imitation. Earth of Chios, Chian earth or Chia terra is a white clay earth famed as an astringent and cosmetic since antiquity, from the Isle of Chios, Greece. Mystique of Nous: Awareness & Perception Spiritual Alchemy: Cupellation Process Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Sylvia Rose Books Doubling of Asem (Electrum): "One takes: refined copper, 40 drachmas; asem, 8 drachmas; tin in buttons, 40 drachmas: one first melts the copper and after two heatings, the tin; then the asem. When all are softened, remelt several times and cool by means of the preceding composition. After having augmented the metal by these proceedings, clean it with talc. The tripling is affected by the same procedure, with weight being proportioned in conformity with what has been stated above." Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Sylvia Rose Books Asem is a general term for a metal mix and can also refer to electrum , a natural alloy of silver and gold, often with traces of copper. The first coins in the Western world are minted in 640 BCE using electrum. The Leyden papyrus mentions Pseudo-Democritus, Zosimos and others of the Alexandrian school. Names like Pseudo-Democritus, Pseudo- Olympiodorus and later, Pseudo-Geber , are common in the world of alchemy, where secrecy is paramount. Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Spiritual Alchemy: Fixatio (Fixation) Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Sylvia Rose Books Tumult occurs in 297 - 298 due to Alexandria's support of a pretender against Roman Emperor Diocletian. After a months-long siege, Diocletian subdues the city and takes away its right to mint its own coinage. The real Democritus' original writings have not been preserved and are known only through indirect sources. Aristotle, who considers him a significant competitor in the realm of natural philosophy, provides many references. Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Golden Ages of Alchemy: Renaissance Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole In ancient times, Democritus is dubbed the 'laughing philosopher' due to his focus on the importance of happiness. He also perceives the nature of the atom. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Hermeticism and alchemy fall in love in ancient Alexandria , Egypt. Their relationship begins almost 2000 years ago and still prevails today. From c. 200 AD, the Hermetic tradition draws adherents as a unique spiritual path. Alchemy is already a growing practice. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books While alchemical processes are known from the Stone Age, the practice of alchemy arises as a popular pursuit in Greco-Roman Alexandria from the first century AD. Three major aims of alchemy are: to find a panacea to heal all disease to discover or create an elixir of immortality or longevity to transmute base metals like lead into gold (chrysopoeia) or silver (argyropoeia) Rooted in teachings attributed to the legendary Hermes Trismegistus, Hermeticism blends elements of ancient Egyptian wisdom with Greek philosophical thought. Its unique perspective creates a fluid system based on infinite possibilities and divine synchronicity. Alchemy & New Thought in Ancient Alexandria Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Sylvia Rose Books The duality of alchemy appeals to the Hermetic mindset, as Hermeticism is founded on the principle. Much later, in the Middle Ages, Hermetic thought produces Rebis the divine hermaphrodite, conjunctio of male and female. Rebis is an allegory for the Magnum Opus . READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Hermeticism and alchemy practitioners in ancient Alexandria use spiritual practices and study ancient texts to deepen understanding of the cosmos and self. They know the power of symbols and elements for transformation and enlightenment. Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite What is the Philosopher's Stone? Alchemy Symbols in Psychology Sylvia Rose Books Alchemy and Hermeticism have deep origins in Greek thought. Both practices are based in awareness of nature and a quest for spiritual fulfillment and personal growth. Gold-making, based on contemporary knowledge, is theoretically possible. Hermes Trismegistus is a compound of Greek Hermes / Roman Mercury and ancient Egyptian god Thoth, a venerable multi-talented deity whose worship begins as a moon god in c. 6000 BCE. Thoth - Ibis Scribe Moon God of Egypt Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Alchemy Colors: Color Phase Therapy Sylvia Rose Books Thoth is god of the moon , wisdom, scribes, writing, architecture and magic. Mercury / Hermes is a bisexual god, again in line with the duality of Hermeticism and later, the unity of opposites in psychology. He's patron of travel, trade, wealth, sleep, thieves and more. From 30 BCE Greco-Egyptian Alexandria is in Roman hands, until the Islamic conquest 642 AD. In the early years Alexandria is a hub of intellect and philosophy, due to its vast library built in the 4th century BCE. By 4rd century AD, for multiple reasons, the library is in ruins. Psychology: Understanding Archetypes Spiritual Alchemy: the Tria Prima Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books By this time traditions have strengthened. Gnostic, Hermetic and Neoplatonic thought dominate the core of ideology. Christianity is young, beginning with the Apostle Paul preaching in Rome c. 47 AD. In ancient Alexandria and other parts of the Roman Empire, Christianity gains followers, leading to persecutions. During a tumultuous time Hermeticism and Gnosticism continue to attract new disciples. Spiritual Alchemy: Touching the Divine Gnosticism: Gnostic Ways of Thought Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Hermeticism resonates spiritually with those seeking awareness of the mysteries of existence. Its emphasis on personal transformation, enlightenment and pursuit of divine wisdom attracts followers from diverse backgrounds. Both Hermeticism and alchemy share a belief in hidden knowledge able to unlock secrets of the universe and elevate the practitioner to a higher state of consciousness. Within the vibrant cultural milieu of ancient Alexandria, these traditions attract scholars and mystics. Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Sylvia Rose Books Hermeticists seek to uncover hidden truths and the divine nature of humanity. They use a combination of mystic practices, philosophy and spiritual contemplation. The tradition embraces a holistic view of reality, and the presence of a universal cosmic intelligence. Hermeticism assert the existence of a single transcendent God who creates the universe. They hold an "All is One" philosophy, also found in the ouroboros, the snake or dragon with its tail in its mouth, an ancient symbol of alchemy. Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Magic of the Circle: Spirituality & Lore Sylvia Rose Books Hermeticism is optimistic about God, nous or "the One", and feel divinity is knowable. Many forms of Gnosticism believe "God" is unknowable and see the cosmos as the product of an evil creator, thus evil itself. Adherents of Hermeticism recognize diverse entities in the universe, drawing from different religious beliefs. Hermeticism's dual nature blends traditional beliefs, encouraging growth in evolving times while honoring ancient roots. Agathodaemon: Snake God Alexandria Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Sylvia Rose Books It emphasizes the significance of seeking wisdom and knowledge, as well as the fundamental interconnection of all aspects of existence. Hermeticism also highlights the transformative potential of language, symbols, and rituals in spiritual growth. Hermeticism is still practiced today by societies such as the Freemasons and Rosicrucians. In its core principles, each individual possesses a divine essence, which can lead to spiritual enlightenment and a deeper comprehension of the cosmos. Archetypes - Personality & the Persona Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Colors of Alchemy: White Albedo Purification Sylvia Rose Books The convergence of Hermeticism and alchemy in ancient Alexandria highlights a quest for knowledge, awareness, and transcendence of the material. These traditions inspire seekers of wisdom and truth, the eternal quest for spiritual evolution. Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Agathodaemon (Agathodiamon) is an alchemist of ancient Alexandria. A snake god protector of the sparkling port city bears the same name. A contemporary of Zosimos and Cleopatra the Alchemist , Agathodaemon works c. 300. He keeps careful records of his experiments. Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Sylvia Rose Books Alchemists have a fluid esoteric language, based on symbols and signs, obscure references and cryptic drawings. Due to the desire to preserve alchemical secrets, practitioners often write in code. The student must learn a complex and fluctuating language. Thus translation is tricky and various interpretations can arise. Overall some basic references shine through. The symbol for silver is almost always a crescent moon ☽ . It also symbolizes the White Queen of alchemy, and through her, mercury . Alchemy: Red King & White Queen Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness What is the Philosopher's Stone? Sylvia Rose Books Agathodaemon the alchemist takes his name from the ancient snake god. He lives and works in late Roman Egypt, according to alchemical texts from the 3rd century AD. He's recognized for detailed descriptions of elements and minerals, and his methods of creating silver. Silver Making (Argyropoeia) Silver-making, or argyropoeia, is a popular effort with alchemists, along with gold-making ( chrysopoeia ). Silver is uncommon in its raw state, often the byproduct of smelting lead, zinc, gold or copper. Extracted or treated with zinc, it may seem the base metal turns into silver. Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating Tail Complexes: Psychology of the Psyche Psychology: the Conscious Ego (Self) Sylvia Rose Books Silver is extracted by adding zinc to molten lead bullion. Zinc reacts quickly and completely with gold and silver, forming insoluble compounds. These float to the top of the bullion and are skimmed off. Zinc can also be used to give copper metal a silver color. Known by c. 2500 BCE, the cupellation process involves heating crushed ore on a porous bed of bone ash until it melts. Lead and other impurities are absorbed into the bone ash, and the molten silver is drawn off. Spiritual Alchemy: Fixatio (Fixation) Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Sylvia Rose Books Silver creation happens when copper metal is added to solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3). Copper replaces silver in the solution, forming blue copper nitrate (CuNO3) Solid silver crystals form on the surface of the copper. The reaction is quick; one can see the crystals grow. It's also possible to make copper look like pure silver by exposing the copper to a soluble mercury salt. The pure silver look lasts several weeks. Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence The Pauli Effect - Quarks or Quacks? Sylvia Rose Books Fiery Poison ( Igneum venenum ) One of the notable creations of Agathodaemon is a 'fiery poison.' This is identified by modern scholars as arsenic trioxide, a highly toxic substance. Agathodaemon explains the 'fiery poison' is produced by combining a specific mineral, like realgar or orpiment , with natron (naturally occurring sodium carbonate). The resulting product is then dissolved in water to form a clear solution. Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Natron - Ancient Embalming & Household Salts Wolfsbane ( Aconitum ) Ancient Poisons Sylvia Rose Books He describes how when he introduces a piece of copper to the solution, the copper turns a deep green color. Since orpiment and realgar are both arsenic ores, the green hue observed on the copper would indicate the formation of copper arsenite in the arsenic trioxide solution. He is mentioned many times by both Zosimus and Olympiodorus the alchemist. It is believed Agathodaemon wrote a Memorandum on the oracle of Orpheus . However, it's also possible this is a fictional person, who doesn't exist in reality. Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sylvia Rose Books The findings of Agathodaemon are foundational elements for future application of poison, particularly arsenic and similar substances. Poisons hit their stride with the Roman Empire, as an easy way to eliminate rivals or roadblocks. Historical documentation of his existence only emerges in later works. His legacy may be obscured by the decline of alchemy. Original writings are subject to loss or poor preservation. Much of Zosimos' work, for example, is discovered 1993 AD due to its translation to Arabic. Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Sylvia Rose Books Numerous fragments of alchemical and magical writings attributed to Agathodaimon the alchemist from Alexandria are preserved as quotations in later Arabic treatises. The snake god Agathodaemon is a deity of wisdom, fertility, medicine and protection. As multiple gods he's also a popular household entity. In ancient times, after a meal a few drops of wine are poured on the ground for him. Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Agathodaemon: Snake God Alexandria Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Sylvia Rose Books The wealth of knowledge accumulated by the Alexandrians eventually finds its way to the Arab world, where it plays a pivotal role in the progression of alchemical practices in Islamic countries. Muslim alchemists are fascinated by the Greek works and build upon them. The term "alchemy" has Arabic origins, highlighting Arab scholars' contributions to Western alchemical knowledge. This transfer of knowledge enriched the field and promoted diverse understanding through cross-cultural exchange. Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Wild Women and Winter Tales Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alexandria is on the Mediterranean coast at the Egyptian settlement Rhacotis, later the Egyptian quarter of the city. Due to its vast library c. 250 BCE and famous schools in such subjects as medicine, Alexandria grows quickly to prominence in Hellenic civilization. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Egyptian Alchemy - Power of Eternity Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Wolfsbane ( Aconitum ) Ancient Poisons Sylvia Rose Books Founded by Alexander the Great in c. 332 BCE to the west o the Nile river delta, Alexandria supplants Memphis as the capital of Egypt under the Ptolemaic pharaohs who follow Alexander. The Ptolemies invest in culture, art and science. A small Egyptian fishing village named Rhakotis (Egyptian: rꜥ-qdy.t , 'That which is built up') exists since the 13th century BCE in the vicinity and eventually becomes the Egyptian quarter of the city. Two towns arise on nearby islands in the 7th century BCE. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation The Great Library of Alexandria Is Cherry Laurel Poisonous? Sylvia Rose Books The city is renowned for the Lighthouse of Alexandria, one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. It's erected c. 305 BCE, right after Ptolemy I becomes Pharaoh. It's estimated to be 100 m (330 ft). For centuries it's one of the tallest man-made structures in the world. The lighthouse is severely damaged by three earthquakes between 956 and 1323 AD, and falls into ruin. It was the third-longest surviving ancient wonder, after the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus and Great Pyramid of Giza. The stones are used to build a citadel on the site. Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health What is the Philosopher's Stone? Sylvia Rose Books With all sea routes leading to cosmopolitan Alexandria, the Ptolemaic period (323 - 30 BCE) is one of fluctuating growth. The Pharaohs invest in the library, collecting and translating books and scrolls. A wide range of seekers enjoy the vigorous sea breeze and sunlit shores. During the 3rd century BCE, a renowned medical school is founded. The school excels in anatomy, thanks to permission of human dissections. While predominantly Greek, adhering to Hippocratic principles, the school incorporates ancient Egyptian medical traditions. Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Reishi or Lingzhi - Mushroom Magic Sylvia Rose Books In 145 BCE the expulsion of intellectuals from Alexandria during the reign of Ptolemy VIII Physcon marks the beginning of the end for Alexandria's famous library. Ptolemy VIII actively engages in Greek scholarship. He authors a study on Homer before and produces twenty-four books of Hypomnemata ('Notes'), a diverse compilation featuring accounts of historical and contemporary rulers, exotic wildlife and more. Archetypes: Psychology of the Shadow Classic Elements & Concept of the One Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Sylvia Rose Books Despite his scholarly pursuits, Ptolemy VIII's rule marked a serious decline in Alexandria's status as an intellectual hub. This isn't surprising due to the brutal massacres he incites upon seizing the city in 145 BC and again in 126 BC. Notable intellectuals, such as Aristarchus of Samothrace and Apollodorus of Athens, are among the casualties during the initial massacre. The remaining Alexandrian scholars are reportedly exiled, with many relocating to Athens or Rhodes. Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria Alchemy & New Thought in Ancient Alexandria Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Sylvia Rose Books Though Julius Caesar accidentally burns down a large part of the Library in 48 BCE, the beloved institution carries on. Marc Anthony later gives Queen Cleopatra a vast amount of scrolls to help replenish it. Estimates come in at 200,000 but the number is debated. After the Romans conquer Egypt c. 30 BCE, they let the library slide, cutting off funding. There is one instance of investment, when Emperor Claudius (r. 41 - 54 AD) adds an extension. He's poisoned by his wife Empress Agrippina  before he can give further support. Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Sylvia Rose Books Alexandria remains an intellectual and cultural nucleus of the ancient Mediterranean during much of the Hellenistic and late antiquity periods. It's the largest city in the ancient world between 200 BCE - 270 AD, later surpassed by Rome. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Philo of Alexandria reports that in 38 AD, conflicts break out between Jews and Greek residents of Alexandria when King Agrippa I visited the city. The main issue is the Herodian people's loyalty to Rome's emperor, leading to clashes and desecration of synagogues. Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books These incidents are known as the Alexandrian pogroms. Caligula's intervention and removal of the Roman governor, Flaccus, helps bring an end to the violence. In the first century AD, alchemy makes its earliest recorded appearance in Mary the Jewess (Maria Prophetissa). She's considered by later Zosimos of Panopolis to be the first true alchemist. Alexandria becomes known as a center of the innovative new art of alchemy. Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books In 115 AD, Alexandria faces significant destruction during the Kitos War, presenting Emperor Hadrian and his architect, Decriannus, a unique opportunity to rebuild. This phase helps restore the city's physical infrastructure as well as confidence. In 215 AD, Emperor Caracalla's visit to Alexandria takes dark turn due to satirical insults directed towards him by locals. In a drastic response, Caracalla ordered his troops to execute all young men capable of bearing arms. Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Sylvia Rose Books In 295 AD, Alexandria supports a pretender against Imperial Rome. When the usurper dies, the Emperor regains control after a months-long siege. Diocletian takes away Alexandria's right to mint its own coinage, imposes a census, then returns to persecuting Christians . Around 300 AD Zosimos of Panopolis appears on the scene. Writer, alchemist, teacher, Gnostic philosopher, Zosimos has his finger on the pulse of Alexandria. He praises Mary the Jewess and Alexandria the Alchemist, and advises against trusting Paphnutia the Virgin. Religious Persecutions of Diocletian Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Sylvia Rose Books Zosimos provides one of the first definitions of alchemy as the study of "the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying and disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies." Many types of thought converge on Alexandria. Hermeticism also begins here, based on the combination of the Egyptian god Thoth and Greek Hermes. The prophet Hermes Trismegistus writes several works based on his visions and experiences, including the Emerald Tablet. Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Khet, the Body: Death Rites of Ancient Egypt Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Sylvia Rose Books Zosimos goes on to list inventions by Mary and his alchemical contemporaries. He chronicles the infusion of wines and explains the Gnostic philosophy about fallen angels who give the secrets of metalworking to the human women they love, and thus did mortals learn metallurgy. Alchemy comes from metallurgy as a way to color metals, gemology as a way to color gems, and ancient medicine as a way to combine, experiment with and create effective medications. Its spiritual aspects attract seekers of all ages, genders and cultures. Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Sylvia Rose Books Tragic events continue to shape Alexandria's history, as on 21 July 365 AD, the city is struck with a devastating tsunami triggered by the 365 Crete earthquake. This natural disaster leaves a profound impact on Alexandria, causing widespread destruction and loss of life. The aftermath of this catastrophic event lingers for years. The anniversary of the tsunami is solemnly remembered as a "day of horror" in memory of the lives lost and the city's enduring resilience in the face of adversity. Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sylvia Rose Books In 415 AD the murder of Neoplatonist scholar Hypatia by a Christian mob sends waves of shock through the city. A confident, public figure, Hypatia is dragged from her carriage into a temple and flayed alive with pottery sherds. The Christians are Parabalani , groups created by the authorities to tend to the sick and dying during plagues. They don't have much choice. They are prisoners, vagrants and others low on the social ladder. They also become military bodyguards to the local Bishop. Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Agathodaemon: Snake God Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books It's thought Hypatia's death is politically motivated, as she has influence over a magistrate who opposes the Bishop. The incident shows the cracks in the lovely face of Alexandria. Olympiodorus (c. 500 to 565 AD) and Stephanus (c. 580 - 640 AD) are among the last intellectuals of the tarnished jewel that is Alexandria. Stephanus moves to Constantinople before the Islamic conquest of Egypt in the 7th century, bringing wisdom of an ancient age. Stephanus of Alexandria: the Last Intellectual Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Sylvia Rose Books Islamic Conquest Around 619, Alexandria is conquered by the Sassanid Persians. In 641-2, the Arabs, led by general 'Amr ibn al-'As, capture the city following a 14-month siege. Utba ibn Abi Sufyan, the first Arab governor of Egypt to visit Alexandria, builds a governor's palace there c. 664–665. When referring to Alexandria, Ibn Battuta mentions several Muslim saints who lived in the city. One notable saint is Imam Borhan Oddin El Aaraj, known for his reputed miracles. The Islamic conquest results in vast stores of knowledge infusing Muslim lands. Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Sylvia Rose Books Inspired by Egyptian and Greek thought, Islamic alchemists translate, record and build on the works of Alexandrians. A trove of texts by Zosimos is discovered 1995. The Muslims consider Mary a sage, calling her Daughter of Plato (also applied to white or purified sulfur). Agathodaemon The pagan patron of Alexandria is the wise snake god Agathodaemon or Agathos Daemon, meaning "wise spirit". The coiled snake is shown with a thyrsus and caduceus, symbolizing fertility and medicine respectively. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Žaltys: Sacred Snake & Serpent Queen Sylvia Rose Books Agathos Daemon is also a household god. It's common to place small statues or symbols of a deity in the home as a lucky spirits. A few drops of wine are poured out for Agathodaemon at the end of a meal. An Alexandrian mage c. 300 also calls himself Agathodaemon . Snakes are considered fortunate for fertility of land and animals, including people; able to cross boundaries of life and death, they represent hidden knowledge, medicine and health. In Greek myth, medicine god Asclepius gets his knowledge of reviving the dead from two snakes. Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Agathodaemon: Fire, Silver & Alchemy Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Alexandria maintains its esteemed status for nearly a thousand years, spanning the eras of Roman and Eastern Roman dominion. After the Muslim conquest a new capital is established at Fustat, later becoming part of Cairo. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top