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Fulminating Gold ( aurum fulminans ) is the first high explosive known, recorded in Western alchemy c. 1585. Sebald Schwaerzer is the first to isolate this compound and comment on its characteristics in his book  Chrysopoeia Schwaertzeriana . Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Fulminating gold is a yellow to orange non-crystalline mix of compounds, primarily gold, ammonia and chlorine. The gold reacts with the chlorine and dissolves (gold(III) chloride). Sensitive to light and shock, fulminating gold can't be defined by a chemical formula. Gold(III) chloride (AuCl3) is first made independently in1666 by alchemist Robert Boyle (author of The Skeptical Chymist 1661). He creates gold (III) chloride form gold and chlorine gas, involving the reaction of metallic gold and chlorine gas at 180 °C (365 °F). 2 Au + 3 Cl2 → Au2Cl6 This is still the most common method of preparing gold(III) chloride. Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic In the alchemical context, "fulminating" refers to its oldest meaning, "explosive." It's derived from Latin fulmen (lightning), from the verb fulgeo , meaning 'I shine.' Despite its name, the material does not contain fulminate ions. Upon combustion, it produces purple vapor. If exploding gold weren't enough, the purple vapor brings an arcane mystique to the process. Purple and gold are both colors of royalty, status and prosperity, and who doesn't want a little of that? But no one is even sure what to do with it all. Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Schwaerzer's process requires dissolving a sample of gold in aqua regia . Aqua regia, a mixture of nitric and hydrochloric acids, is strong enough to dissolve gold and platinum , which even the divine water, sulfuric acid , can't break down. One aim of alchemists, often overshadowed by lead-to-gold cliche , is creation of a universal solvent. When the gold is dissolved, Schwaerzer adds ammonium chloride or sal ammoniac  to the saturated solution. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Schwaerzer then precipitates the solution through lead spheres. When the precipitate forms he dries it over oil of tartar (cream of tartar, potassium bitartrate). Many alchemists of the 16th and 17th centuries are intrigued the novelty of an explosive gold compound, and this throws a wrench into the works of Renaissance gold fever. It seems some alchemists are less interested in making gold than making gold explode. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy What is Alum? Origins, Production & Use Smelting Metals: Metalwork & Alchemy The volatility of the compound causes serious injuries when glass or ceramic vessels explode. Many alchemists of the era are injured when it detonates. It's not until Johann Glauber (1604 - 1670) makes the scene that fulminating gold starts to have a use beyond risky entertainment. Glauber captures the purple fumes after detonation to plate objects in gold. Later on, it's applied in photography due to its light-sensitive nature. The unusual color of the smoke is caused by diverse gold nanoparticles. Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Aluminum(III) Oxide: Secrets of Precious Gemstones Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals By the late 18th century alchemical dressings are falling away and people who practice alchemy now practice chemistry. In Arabic the word كيمياء (kimya') means "chemistry" with al meaning "the". Thus there is no distinction between kimya' and al-kimya'. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Oil of Brick is known as Oil of Philosophers by alchemists and Oleum de Lateribus  (Oil on the Sides) by apothecaries. This medicinal and beauty oil is produced through distillation of a brick soaked in olive oil at high temperature. Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy The process begins with smashing a clay brick into smaller chunks. The manufactured bricks of the ancient world are typically clay mud, formed in molds. They may be air-dried for inner works and fired for outer layers. After the brick is pulverized the pieces are heated in live coals until red-hot. The maker then extinguishes them in earth half-soaked with olive oil. After being separated and once more roughly pounded, the brick absorbs the oil. Pistachio: Turpentine, Resin & Nuts Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Clay has been used to absorb oil in masks and facials, and oil of the hands is drawn in to enrich the clays of potters and sculptors. In the ancient world there are many kinds of clay, named after the places they're from, like Armenian bole, earth of Chios or Sinopean earth. Different colors and textures of clay have various properties, requiring a bit of geological knowledge from the alchemist, pharmacologist or physician. According to health experts, olive oil has the same benefits refined or unrefined so it's the maker's choice. Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay Castor Oil, Wigs & Death in Ancient Egypt Brick work is the same through millennia as workers fill molds with clay. In mythology clay has significant meaning. In many cultures such as Chinese and Egyptian, humans are created from clay. This material holds within it a certain life force or quintessence . Clays have medicinal qualities as they can be high in minerals. They get their colors from the inclusions of iron oxides , calcium and/or copper. Earth of Chios is white kaolinite . Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Kaolinite: White Pigment with Benefits Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Clay minerals primarily consist of silica, alumina, or magnesia, along with water. Iron can replace aluminum and magnesium to different extents, while notable amounts of potassium, sodium, and calcium are often found in these minerals. Illite, silicate or mica clays are considered effective for detoxifying and decongesting. These clays are also used to treat skin and remove impurities. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Egyptian Blue Lotus: Visionary Beauty Aluminum(III) Oxide: Secrets of Precious Gemstones They include: illite - most abundant, any of a group of mica-type clay minerals in marine shields and related sediment. In nature it occurs by alkaline weathering of potassium & aluminum-rich rocks such as feldspar and muscovite. Illite has a good reputation for treating skin ailments. glauconite - a green-colored mineral belonging to the mica group, it's formed by alteration of clay minerals in marine settings or by deposition from seawater. Occurring in shallow marine habitats, it's known for high potassium levels. It's crumbly, with poor resistance to weathering. muscovite - plentiful, found in granite, pegmatite, gneiss, schist. A metamorphic rock, it's formed by transformation minerals like topaz or feldspar. Composed of double silicate of aluminum and magnesium, it's used in traditional Chinese medicine to treat gastric disease. Alchemy: Ancient Mordant Recipes for Fabric & Stones Natural Colors: How to Extract Plant Pigments Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction The colors of clay come primarily from iron oxides and can vary from off-white to golden yellow to deep reddish brown. Common iron oxides are goethite , often responsible for yellow; hematite (red, red ocher) and magnetite. When the mixture has been thoroughly pounded it's placed in a retort and distilled in a reverberatory furnace to extract the oil through heat of fire. In ancient medicine, the oil of brick is used to treat conditions such as tumors, spleen issues, palsies and epilepsies. The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Lunar Caustic AgNO3: Lapis Infernalis  of Alchemy Indigo: Extract Dye from Indigofera Tinctoria Lapidaries also use Oil of Philosophers as a medium for emery, a grayish-black mixture of corundum and magnetite, abrasive in powdered form. Emery is favored by gem cutters and jewel makers for sawing or cutting stones and gems. The distillate or oil should be kept in a dark glass bottle for longer shelf life. It can be taken as required. For women especially, iron-rich clay extracts can feed the body's iron needs. How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Arcanum Joviale is an alchemy medicine made of metal salts, taken to induce sweating. While the term sudorific is introduced in 1626, the induction of sweat for medical or ritual purpose goes back to prehistory. Through the ages it's considered healthy to work up a sweat. Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Women Scientists of the Ancient World Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia In medieval alchemy, Arcanum joviale  is a medical remedy made by combining mercury and tin , which are then processed with spirit of niter. Arcanum means secret, while joviale refers to the god Jupiter (Jove) associated with planet Jupiter and metal tin. Spirit of niter is nitric acid (HNO3), the Queen of Acids and a component of the infamous aqua regia , or royal water. Nitric acid is first recorded in early medieval period. Spirit of niter is produced in alchemy by boiling sodium nitrate (saltpeter) with sulfuric acid . Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness This produces sodium bisulfate, an acid salt formed by neutralization of sulfuric acid, and vapors of HNO3, which are collected as nitric acid. It's removed from the arcanum joviale through distillation . Removing nitrates in medieval alchemy is typically done by distillation. Other methods used today, such as reverse osmosis and ion exchange, need machinery not known in ancient and medieval or Renaissance alchemy. 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Distillation is a the common method of water purification and significantly decreases nitrate levels in the distillate. In this process, water is boiled to create vapor. This is condensed in a collector flask, separating it from impurities. Niter concentration in original mixture increases. After removing the niter from the arcanum , the substance left behind is moistened with spirit of wine ( aqua vitae ). Aqua vitae is typically made by distilling wine. It's also called ardent spirits or spirits of wine, a name applied to repeatedly distilled brandy. Distillation in Alchemy: Ancient Process & Equipment Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment The moisture is allowed to evaporate. The moistening process is repeated multiple times until the strong taste disappears. The resulting product is used for similar purposes as antihecticum poterii (anti-hectic power), generally as a means to induce sweating. In ancient medicine, antihecticum poterii  is a chemical remedy prepared by first melting tin and chalybeated (iron-containing) regulus in a crucible, then adding potassium nitrate. Regulus is the metallic form of a substance, obtained by smelting or reduction. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy When reaction is complete, the product is washed with warm water to eliminate remaining potassium nitrate salt. This medicine is considered highly effective, known for its ability to penetrate even the smallest passages, including nervous cells. Arcanum joviale  and antihecticum poterii  are used to treat a variety of afflictions and symptoms including: heaviness of the head, dizziness vision problems related to apoplexies and epilepsies internal abdominal issues jaundice persistent chronic disorders (managing) Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Induced sweating may be perceived as flushing out of impurities. Analysis of sweat shows no toxins, thus sweating is not considered a detoxifying process, although it's still used by believers.   Sweat & Sweat Glands Sodium and chloride are the main electrolytes of sweat. The body has two types of sweat glands, eccrine and apocrine. Eccrine sweat glands occur over most of the body and open directly onto the skin's surface. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Agathodaemon: Fire, Silver & Alchemy Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Apocrine glands open into the hair follicle, leading to the surface of the skin. Apocrine glands develop in areas with many hair follicles, such as on the scalp, armpits and groin. The apocrine sweat gland secretes oily fluid of proteins and lipids. Before microbial activity this sweat is odorless. It appears on skin surface mixed with sebum, as sebaceous glands open into the same hair follicle. Sebum, a viscous substance made of various fat molecules, is meant to hydrate and protect skin. It can be a factor in greasy scalp or hair. Eccrine sweat glands produce continuously, while apocrine glands release fluid intermittently. Pistachio: Turpentine, Resin & Nuts Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Eccrine sweat is clear, odorless, and composed of 98–99% water. It also contains salt NaCl, fatty acids, lactic acid, citric acid, ascorbic acid, urea, and uric acid, many of which can be found in alchemical practices. Saunas or sweat baths are used as cleansing or purification therapy / rituals by ancient civilizations from Mayans to Romans. The sweating treatment is used to ease pain, reduce stress and improve cardiovascular health. Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore What is Alum? Origins, Production & Use Removing nitrates in medieval alchemy is typically done by distillation. Other methods used today, such as reverse osmosis and ion exchange, need machinery not known in ancient and medieval or Renaissance alchemy. Distillation is the common method of purification and significantly decreases nitrate levels in the distillate. In this process, water is boiled to create vapor. This is condensed in a collector flask. Niter concentration in original mixture increases and can be used in other processes. Corundum: Secrets of Valuable Gemstones Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Human sweat is made primarily of water. It also contains small amounts of minerals such as sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium; metabolites such as lactate, ammonia, uric acid and urea, and unmetabolized pharmaceutical drugs. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Aqua Vitae literally means Water of Life in Latin. It's also called Elixir Vitae or Elixir of Life. Alchemists from ancient Alexandria through medieval Islam, Europe, the Renaissance and early modern science seek the mystic potion of life everlasting. Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Aqua Vitae is both mystical, in that one turns off the cellphone and brings all focus to the creation; and based in the scientific knowledge of health compounds and effects of various ingredients. Creation of the Elixir is paramount in China from the final centuries BCE. In Europe, the search for the Aqua Vitae and its miraculous healing and life-giving takes the wisdom of the ancients and combines it with the evolution of the scientific disciplines. While alchemy is overburdened with clichés of gold-making, a potion of vitality is the goal of many. Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life 10 Alchemical Metals - Ancient Metals of Alchemy Paracelsus: Renegade Renaissance Physician The Ancient Alchemy of Aqua Vitae The terms “Aqua Vitae” (water of life) and “Elixir Vitae” (elixir of life) exemplify the pursuit for longevity and immortality in alchemy, mythology, and modern scholastic debate. The search for the Aqua Vitae or Elixir Vitae can be traced back to ancient civilizations. In Mesopotamia, the Epic of Gilgamesh illustrates the quest for eternal life. The Greeks and Egyptians also play with this idea, most famously in the mummification of Egyptian corpses, bringing its spiritual aspects to the fore. In ancient cultures magic is part of life. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy During the Middle Ages, alchemists, patrons and other philosophers are preoccupied with the idea of transmuting base metals into gold. In Avignon Pope Leo XXII indignantly issues a decree against the falsification of metals when France becomes a center for counterfeiters. In England laws are passed forbidding anyone to turn anything into gold, or make more gold, and forty years later are bypassed with issuance of special licenses to alchemists by Henry VI, who wants more gold. The acceptance of alchemy as a way to make gold grows. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Despite or even because of the anti-counterfeiting laws, the search for Aqua Vitae and Elixir Vitae intensifies. Experiments and potions are often developed in monasteries or convents. Patronage increases, a rich patron giving alchemists equipment, money and a safe workplace. Alchemical texts reveal numerous recipes purporting to produce the life-extending potion. One of the most famous alchemists, Paracelsus , believed that the elixir was a universal cure for ailments, derived from discovering the true properties of various natural substances. Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Alchemists endeavor to distill the essence of life itself into a tangible form. The quest for Aqua Vitae is a secretive and often lonely one. Eternal life, robust health, even raising people from the dead, as Greek Asclepius learns, is a dangerous pursuit. The Evolution of Aqua Vitae in Modern Science While the alchemical quest for immortality makes legends such as Xu Fu and Nicholas Flamel, literature like Wilde's Picture of Dorian Gray , and local myths like the fountain of youth at Castle Frankenstein , no real evidence of such a substance appears. Yet, fascination persists. Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Researchers explore the potential health benefits of Aqua Vitae, drawing on ancient wisdom and contemporary scientific methods. From herbal tinctures to supplements, the quest for longevity and vitality, and the willingness to spend money on it, continue to drive production. The Health Perspective Practitioners of lifestyle medicine advocate for holistic approaches that combine nutritional science, physical movement, and mental wellbeing. This can work to create a balanced life to prolong existence and improve its quality. Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants A rise of functional foods, such as turmeric , berries, and green tea, rich in antioxidants and anti-inflammatory properties indicates consumer awareness. Health benefits of natural foods and medicines continues to be explored. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Electrum is a natural alloy of silver and gold . In the ancient world, electrum is a metal of superior value due to its hardness and malleability or ease of working. It's used to make the first coins. Enkomi: Bronze Age Trade of Cyprus Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Electrum (AuAg) is an alloy of elemental gold and silver with at least 20% silver. Most gold specimens also have some silver mixed in and the two occur together in nature. Silver is rare in raw form and more often a byproduct of smelting gold or other metals. Alchemical symbol for electrum - sun (gold), with cone representing rays; crescent moon (silver) With metallic luster, high specific gravity (heavy for its size) and no cleavage, electrum forms naturally as an alloy of gold and silver, with traces of metals such as copper or nickel. Depending on silver / gold ratio, color varies from pale to bright golden. See also: Arcadia - Greek Lands of Ancient Gods Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Because trace copper oxidizes on exposure to air to a greenish tone, the metal is known as green gold. Nickel also oxidizes to green (nickel oxide). Higher silver amounts create white gold. Silver oxidizes over a longer time when exposed to natural air-borne sulfur. Color steps of silver oxidation include yellow, red-brown, blue and finally black. While silver is the most common component of white gold, the metal is also made with palladium, nickel and platinum or blends thereof. Tin - Essential Metal of Antiquity Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Neolithic Nubia & Early Egyptians Sylvia Rose Books   By the third millennium BCE electrum is known in the Old Kingdom of Egypt. It's among the imports listed in the expedition sent by Pharaoh Sahure of the Fifth Dynasty along with myrrh , a valuable resin, and malachite, a green copper-based stone. In Egypt electrum is often used as an exterior coating to the caps of ancient Egyptian structures such as pyramids and obelisks. Coming across the desert a Bronze Age traveler is struck with awe at the great pyramids, bright white in the sunlight, with dazzling crowns. Ka - Life Essence in Ancient Egypt Land of Punt: Pre-Bronze Age Kingdom of Riches Myrrh - Mystique, Death & Divinity Sylvia Rose Books   Electrum is also used for ancient drinking vessels. A source of electrum in antiquity is Lydia, a region founded c. 8-700 BCE, growing to encompass much of today's Turkey. Lydia first appears in the region of the Lukka Lands, Anatolia at the east Mediterranean. Lydia comes to power in part because of the valuable resources found in the Pactolus river. The Pactolus, originally named Chrysorrhoas, is a tributary of the ancient Hermus River, now called the Gediz Nehriin. From there it flows into the Aegean Sea. Lukka: Bronze Age Warrior Sea People Ancient Greece: Mycenaean Invasion Minoans of Crete: Ancient Greek Culture According to the myth, Chrysorrhoas is a son of Apollo who flings himself into the river, perhaps in pursuit of a water nymph. Chrysorrhoas means "streaming with gold". Later it's called Pactolus, after the son of Leucothea, a sea goddess who harbors Dionysus when Hera seeks to kill him. During a festival of Aphrodite, Pactolus gets so drunk he doesn't recognize his own sister, Demodice, and ravishes her. Stymphalian Birds & Greek Heroics Bosporus: Black Sea Nature & Greek Myth Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Sylvia Rose Books   Realizing his fatal error, Pactolus is stricken with grief and throws himself into the river; thus the name of the river changes from Chrysorrhoas to Pactolus. In Greek mythology, King Midas rids himself of the cursed golden touch by bathing in the Pactolus river. The historian Herodotus in the 5th century BCE claims the the gold in the river sediments carried by the river is the source of the wealth of Croesus, son of King Alyattes (635 - 585 BCE). Slavic River Spirits & Roman Gods Erinyes - Vengeful Women of Ancient Greece Garnets - Gemstones of Blood and Life Sylvia Rose Books   Under Alyattes the civilization prospers. The first coins in the world are struck, made of electrum. His son Croesus, king of Lydia, makes the first coins of gold. He rules until his defeat by Persian Cyrus the Great in 547 BCE. The original Hebrew word for electrum, as used in Ezekiel, is chashmal , meaning 'gleam of amber'. The Septuagint or Greek Old Testament translates chashmal into Greek as 'elektron', Urnfield Bronze & Iron Age Burials Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Wild Women and Winter Tales Sylvia Rose Books   In Sophocles' 5th century BCE play Philoctetes, about the Greek hero, the chorus recognizes Gaia as ruler of the "golden stream Pactolus." Gaia herself first appears in myth c. 700 BCE. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Electrum is most famous as the material of the first known metal coins, minted in Lydia under King Alyattes. Prior to the evolution of money the first currencies are silver, produced to specific sizes and weights. Merchants carry their own measuring equipment. The Way to Aaru - Egyptian Paradise Nature Spirits of German Mythology Christmas Oranges & Yule Fruits Sylvia Rose Books   Ancient Egyptians invent the first commercial scale c. 3100 BCE. At the time, Egypt uses a pre-coin monetary system for trade. They assign values to different types of metals, including gold, silver and copper. READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Silver is a preferred metal of commerce for tradespeople. Copper is also highly valued due to its importance in creating bronze and is often exchanged as ingots. Copper ox-hide ingots are popular items of trade. Ox Hide Ingots - Bronze Age Trade Rhododendron & the Toxic Ambrosia Humbaba: Giant Mountain Forest Man Sylvia Rose Books   Gold is currency by 3rd millennium BCE Egypt, when Egyptians discover Nubia has quite a lot of it. Nubia means "gold" (Egyptian: nbw ). Egypt also mines the Eastern Desert, sometimes called the Arabian Desert. READ:  Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction  - German Mythology Adventures Early Egyptian money is pure gold of standard weight and value. Smaller quantities or deben are shaped as gold rings. The unit of currency measurement, the shat, equates to 7.5 g (c. 0.25 oz) of gold. 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Bronze Age Europe - the Amber Roads Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Sylvia Rose Books   The name electrum is Latinized from the Greek word ḗlektron. It's mentioned in the Odyssey (c. 750 - 650 BCE) as a metallic substance of gold alloyed with silver. The same word is also used for the resinous gemstone amber. Read: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Amber is known to produce static electricity when rubbed, attracting straw and light objects such as feathers, lint or hair. This ability leads to the modern term 'electricity'. Due to its quantity of silver, electrum is an excellent energy conductor. Oder River: Nature & Early People Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay Sylvia Rose Books   Today, electrum has applications in medical science and technology. It's used in nanotechnology, or manipulation of atoms and molecules. Ancient bimetallic alloys such as electrum have different physical and chemical properties than their individual elements. Mad Honey - What's the Buzz? Hematite: Magnetic Iron Oxide Red Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Back to Top

Zosimos of Panopolis or Zosimus Alchemista (Zosimus the Alchemist) is a Greek alchemist and Gnostic mystic. Born near today's Akhmim in Upper Egypt he's active c. 300 AD. Much information from the early Golden Age of alchemy comes from Zosimos. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult By c. 800 BCE , alchemy concepts are already in use among ancient Greeks. Zosimos stands out as the earliest writer on the subject of alchemy, naming his works Cheirokmeta , meaning "things made by hand" in Greek. A prolific writer, Zosimos meticulously documents alchemists like Mary the Jewess , naming her as the first genuine alchemist. He details alchemical techniques such as moxibustion, essential equipment like the alembic, as well as philosophical approaches. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Women Scientists of the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books Fragments of the Cheirokmeta survive in original Greek as well as in translations to Arabic or Syriac. Zosimos of Panopolis is among forty authors included in a compendium of writings on alchemy, dating to Constantinople in the 7th or 8th century AD. READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure Stephen of Alexandria (c. 580 – c. 640) is another. Stephen is considered the last of the Alexandrian academics before the Islamic conquest of Egypt (639 and 642 AD). Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea Zosimos writes about the Alexandrian school . At some point he lives in or visits Alexandria, an alchemical hub during his time. He's generally supportive of women alchemists but speaks against those he considers fraudulent such as Paphnutia the Virgin . READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure In one of the first descriptions of the practice of alchemy, Zosimos calls it the study of "the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying and disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies." Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess The Stone (of the philosophers) is mentioned by Zosimos based a c. 5th century Greek reference by Democritus . The Stone is a basis for realization of goals such as transmutation or healing. Democritus calls it the stone "lauded by the philosophers" among other things. According to Zosimos' descriptions of tinctures and potions, the use of cannabis infused wines, beers or hallucinogens is common for spiritual, medical or recreational purposes. Fermentation is a method in alchemy to separate, mix, or change the nature of the material. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia He says, “…wines can be made in a multitude of ways, [as shown] through many accounts that authors have left to us, and nature, and art such things, that is, grown wines from the vineyard and medicinal, or by adding various spices like palm, cannabis seed etc …” “Certainly brewers of Egyptian beer [‘zythi’], which is more powerful [then our beers] are not lacking in the false and wicked arts, and might be better used for intoxication. This [concoction]includes: borage, cannabis seeds and leaves, helenium, ivy leaves, strychnine, and darnel.” Black Hellebore: Toxins, Health & Lore Prussian Blue - Delight of Artists & Poisoners Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Borage is thought to treat adrenal fatigue . Cannabis is often employed for recreational and medicinal reasons. Helenium, also called sneezeweed, was used to make snuff. Ivy and strychnine have toxic properties. Darnel is a known psychoactive at the time. Zosimos writes from the perspective of Hermetic and Gnostic spiritualities. Gnosticism incorporates Hebrew and Christian ascetic thought. According to Zosimos, fallen angels teach arts of nature to women they marry. This fits the theological interpretations of science. Lucifer, Venus & Anti-Gods of Mythology Baal Cycle - Myths of Ba'al Hadad Myrrh - Mystique, Death & Divinity Sylvia Rose Books The idea is documented in the Book of Enoch and later in the Gnostic Apocryphon of John . In a text fragment, Zosimos writes: " ... The ancient and divine writings say that the angels became enamored of women; and, descending, taught them all the works of nature. From them, therefore, is the first tradition, chema , concerning these arts; for they called this book chema and hence the science of chemistry takes its name." Metallurgy is a forerunner of alchemy, and alchemy evolves into chemistry and modern medicine. The method of metal transmutation is considered to continuously mirror an internal process of purification and redemption. Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Cypriot Copper & Ancient Cyprus Enkomi: Bronze Age Trade of Cyprus Sylvia Rose Books Based on the works of the legendary Hermes Trismegistus , Hermeticism involves Greco-Egyptian beliefs dating as far back as c. 1200 BCE. Hermeticism attunes to the concept of primeval, divine wisdom known only by the most ancient of sages. In his work Concerning the true Book of Sophe, the Egyptian, and of the Divine Master of the Hebrews and the Sabaoth Powers , Zosimos writes: There are two sciences and two wisdoms, that of the Egyptians and that of the Hebrews, which latter is confirmed by divine justice. The science and wisdom of the most excellent dominate the one and the other. Both originate in olden times. Amentet Goddess of Death Egypt Khonsu - Moon God of Ancient Egypt Eye of Ra Egypt - Wrath of the Woman Sylvia Rose Books Their origin is without a king , autonomous and immaterial; it is not concerned with material and corruptible bodies, it operates, without submitting to strange influences, supported by prayer and divine grace. The symbol of chemistry is drawn from the creation by its adepts, who cleanse and save the divine soul bound in the elements, and who free the divine spirit from its mixture with the flesh. The Way to Aaru - Egyptian Paradise Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Book of the Heavenly Cow - Myths of Egypt Sylvia Rose Books As the sun is, so to speak, a flower of the fire and (simultaneously) the heavenly sun, the right eye of the world, so copper when it blooms - that is when it takes the color of gold, through purification - becomes a terrestrial sun, which is king of the earth, as the sun is king of heaven Zosimos considers the alchemical vessel as a baptismal font, with tincturing vapors of mercury and sulfur compared to purifying waters of baptism, which perfects and redeems the Gnostic initiate. Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Folk Magic: Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) Rhododendron & the Toxic Ambrosia Sylvia Rose Books Zosimos uses the Hermetic image of the krater or mixing bowl, symbolizing the divine mind through which the initiate undergoes a transformative "baptism" and purification. The initiate takes a visionary journey, rising through celestial spheres into transcendent realms. Similar ideas of a spiritual baptism in the "waters" of the transcendent pleroma are characteristic of the Sethian Gnostic texts unearthed at Nag Hammadi. This image of the alchemical vessel as baptismal font is central to Zosimos' work, Visions . Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay Figs - Food of the Ancient World   Sylvia Rose Books His Book of Pictures draws inspiration from Ancient Egyptian philosophy. The iconography reflects connections to pharaonic symbolism. The book explores intricate dynamics between man and woman, as well as psychological aspects of male and female energies. It serves as a cultural conduit linking pharaonic ideologies with European medieval alchemy, another strong period for the alchemical arts. Aesculapian Snakes: Nature & Lore Mad Honey - What's the Buzz? Hematite: Magnetic Iron Oxide Red Sylvia Rose Books Zosimos is also drawn to the Arabian alchemical methods. He believes the Arabic tradition to be extremely rich and promising, and speaks of the difficulty in fully understanding the materials until translated versions are available. Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Cleopatra the Physician of Greece Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Back to Top

Platinum (Pt) is one of the most treasured metals in the world. Known for its durability, rarity and luster, platinum is a symbol of luxury and exclusivity. It isn't always that way. To medieval Spanish Conquistadors it a junk metal rendering gold impure. Corundum: Secrets of Valuable Gemstones Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? It occurs in some nickel and copper ores along with occasional native deposits, mostly in South Africa, where it's discovered in 1906. Now 80% of the world's platinum supply comes from South Africa. In science platinum is considered the purest metal. Today platinum is known for: Rarity : Platinum is rarer than gold. For every 10 to 20 tons of gold mined, only one ton of platinum is extracted. Perceived Financial Value : Due to its rarity and desirable properties, the price of platinum fluctuates, but it is often more expensive than gold and silver. Gleaming Color & Resistance to Corrosion : The pure form of platinum has a natural silver-white color that does not tarnish or fade, unlike some other precious metals. Resistance to Acids : Like gold, platinum can't be dissolved in most acids including sulfuric acid or nitric acid. It will dissolve in aqua regia , a mix of nitric and hydrochloric acid. Cultural Significance : Once platinum gains financial value it's used in various cultures as a symbol of wealth and status. It's a common metal for royal crowns and ceremonial artifacts. 10 Alchemical Metals - Ancient Metals of Alchemy What is Alum? Origins, Production & Use Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Origins of Platinum Platinum's name derives from the Spanish term "platino," meaning "little silver," indicating the metal's shine and resemblance to silver. Early Incas of South America use platinum, finding it with gold especially in placer deposits. Platinum also alloys happily with gold. By c 1200 BCE Egyptians use platinum in gold alloys, though it's not clear whether they know it's an alloy. In ancient times there are "types" of silver and gold, some with more desirable properties than others. For example quicksilver is thought by many to be a type of silver . Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History By 700 BCE the Egyptians are actively working with platinum. Traces of smelting are found. A sarcophagus at Thebes bears platinum in some of the hieroglyphs. The Renaissance alchemy symbol of platinum is a crescent moon (silver) connected to a circle with dot (sun, gold). In early alchemy Maria the Jewess attributes genders and anthropomorphic characteristics to various metals based on their behaviors. Like crystals metals are seen as living elements by the alchemists of Alexandria . They aren't yet perceived as inorganic chunks of matter. In antiquity and medieval Europe, silver and gold alloys are known in such natural formations as electrum, the material of the first coins c. 7th century BCE. Despite its presence in the Old World, platinum's true identity is unknown. White Herb of Maria: Ancient Alchemy Secrets Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine European invaders of the New World dismiss it as an inferior form of silver. Little do they know the quantities of gold they ship home are abundantly alloyed with platinum. When they find out, they're enraged and order the useless metal thrown into the sea. While to the Conquistadors these natives are intellectually inferior, the people have the last laugh. They know well the difference between gold and platinum, having used the silvery metal for centuries to make ornaments. Seven Metals of Antiquity - Metallurgy Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health History of Platinum Indigenous people in South America, particularly the pre-Columbian civilizations of the Andean region, use platinum in ceremonial objects as early as the 7th century. Platinum is not considered a precious metal until the 18th century. In 1735 Swedish chemist Henrik Persson is first to describe platinum. Spanish scientist Antonio de Ulloa and his colleague, Jorge Juan y Santacilia, identify platinum as a distinct element in 1748. Eirenaeus Philalethes: Alchemy & Death in Renaissance London Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh In 1751 French scientist Charles Wood also discovers it as a distinct metal. Wood produces small quantities by smelting ores containing platinum, and reveals its silvery-white sheen. The true acknowledgement of platinum as a noble (non-corrosive) metal occurs in 1803. British chemist William Hyde Wollaston isolates platinum by refining it through a series of processes. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy He's credited with a significant advancement in the use of platinum for jewelry and scientific instruments, marking the metal’s integration into mainstream use. The platinum industry booms in the 19th century. Placer deposits, containing native platinum and platinum alloys, are concentrated in sand and gravel beds. These beds form as old rock erodes from its origin and breaks into smaller pieces that are carried by water into streams and rivers. 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Antimony (Kohl) Ancient Metal of Beauty & Trade Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Russia is the primary location for most of the world's placer platinum. In the 19th century, significant mining takes place in the Ural Mountains targeting alluvial deposits. These deposits are depleted ore and today contribute less than one percent to Russia's platinum production. Platinum is mined as an ore, or obtained as a by-product when ores of other metals, such as copper and nickel, are refined. With clever marketing, one person's waste product is another's wedding ring. There's much to be said for slag. Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Lunar Caustic AgNO3: Lapis Infernalis  of Alchemy Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy To extract mineral-rich materials underground, miners pack explosives into holes drilled in the rock. This blasts the rock into smaller pieces when are taken for processing. Properties of Platinum Density : Platinum is one of the densest metals, with a density nearly 2.5 times that of gold. This gives platinum jewelry a substantial feel and weight that many find appealing. Corrosion Resistance : Platinum is highly resistant to oxidation and corrosion, even at high temperatures. This makes it ideal for both industrial applications and fine jewelry, as it retains its beauty over time. Malleability and Ductility : Platinum is exceptionally malleable and ductile, allowing it to be shaped and stretched into thin wires without breaking. This property makes it valuable in various industries, including electronics and dentistry. Catalytic Properties : Platinum is a highly effective catalyst, which means it can accelerate chemical reactions without being consumed in the process. This is particularly useful in catalytic converters in vehicles, where it helps convert harmful emissions into less harmful substances. Hypoallergenic : Unlike some other metals, platinum is hypoallergenic. This makes it an alternate choice for jewelry, especially for people with sensitive skin, though it's a lot more expensive than nickel, the metal causing epidermal reaction. Platinum's resistance to corrosion and high melting point have made it a common element in various industrial processes, including catalytic converters and fuel cells. Platinum melts at 1,768 °C (3,214 °F), higher than most metals . Smelting Metals: Metalwork & Alchemy Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Chun Yuyan & Death of Empress Xu Atomic Brilliance Platinum's atomic number of 78 places it among the heavy elements on the periodic table, endowing it with unique properties. Its atomic structure confers durability and stability, allowing platinum to withstand extreme temperatures and harsh chemical environments. Alloys and Applications Platinum is often alloyed with other metals to enhance its properties. One of the most renowned platinum alloys is with iridium, creating a synergy that reinforces durability and hardness, ideal for applications requiring strength and resilience. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Ancient Astrology: New Perspectives Beyond its allure in the world of fashion and luxury, once-worthless platinum plays a pivotal role in various scientific and industrial fields: Catalysts : Platinum is a catalyst in many chemical processes, including the production of nitric acid and various hydrogenation reactions in organic chemistry. Electronics : Due to its excellent conductivity and resistance to corrosion, platinum is used in the manufacturing of electrical contacts and connectors. Medical Equipment : Platinum is biocompatible, making it suitable for use in medical devices, such as pacemakers and other implants. Laboratory Equipment : The metal is often used to make laboratory equipment because of its ability to withstand high temperatures and reactive chemicals. Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Khet, the Body: Death Rites of Ancient Egypt Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients In the mid-19th century, platinum becomes a noble metal on the new periodic table. In the later 19th century, metal and jewelry merchants begin selling platinum as a precious metal. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Waters of Alchemy are ravenous acids, miraculous solvents and corrosive fluids vital to alchemical process. Not for children . Creation and use of these waters are dangerous. In science and mysticism alchemy uses various liquids to catalyze processes of transformation. Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta 10 Alchemical Metals - Ancient Metals of Alchemy Seven Metals of Antiquity - Metallurgy Five essential alchemical waters are Aqua divina - divine water, oil of vitriol, sulfuric acid Aqua fortis - strong water - nitric acid Aqua ragia - flowing water - spirit of turpentine Aqua regia - royal water (aqua fortis + hydrochloric acid) the Green Lyon of alchemy Aqua tofani - arsenic trioxide In recorded practice alchemy is over 2000 years old. It's older if one includes the mummification and preservation methods of ancient Egypt or the use of fermentation in the nature-inspired making of honey mead c. 7000 BCE in China. Khet, the Body: Death Rites of Ancient Egypt Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Clichés of the philosopher's stone , transmutation of base metals into gold , and quest for the Elixir of Life emerge as time goes on. The " lapis philosphorum " is first mentioned in the 14th century. A substance simply called "stone" appears in early alchemy and Greek philosophy. Platitudes are often propagated by practitioners of alchemy themselves. From the teachings of Mary the Jewess (c. 100 AD), considered the first true alchemist, to the Jungian philosophies of the 20th century, alchemy creates a language of mystic symbols and metaphors. Finding the Philosophers' Egg Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria 1. Aqua Divina (Divine Water, Oil of Vitriol) - Sulfuric Acid (H2SO4) Sulfuric acid or sulphuric acid, known in antiquity as oil of vitriol, is a mineral acid composed of the elements sulfur, oxygen, and hydrogen. A colorless, odorless, viscous liquid miscible with water, pure sulfuric acid isn't found in nature due to a strong attraction to water vapor. Sulfuric acid bonds well with water (H20). With a sharp pungent smell, this colorless to slightly yellow viscous liquid is soluble in water at all concentrations. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Paracelsus: Renegade Renaissance Physician The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment This hygroscopic nature lets it easily absorb water vapor from air. Sulfuric acid is a component of acid rain. It's highly corrosive towards other materials, from rocks to metals. As an oxidant it has powerful dehydrating properties. Skin contact causes painful burns. 2. Aqua Fortis (Spirit of Niter) – Nitric Acid (HN03) Aqua fortis means "strong water". Known as Queen of Acids due to its powerful corrosive properties, it's historically used in refining metals and extracting precious substances. Alchemists value aqua fortis for its ability to dissolve metals, giving it transformative qualities. Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy It's important to the breakdown and recombination of materials, a type of purification. Like its mate aqua divina , nitric acid is highly corrosive and can cause severe burns. The dual nature of acidic or corrosive waters exemplifies its capacities of destruction and creation. Nitric acid is used today in the production of fertilizers, explosives and various industrial chemicals. In 1863, during the Civil War, Confederate chemist Jonathan Harrelson solves a gunpowder shortage with potassium nitrate (KNO3) made of nitric acid extracted from urine . Urine in Medieval Alchemy & Medicine Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Women Scientists of the Ancient World   3. Aqua Ragia (C10H16) Spirit of Turpentine Distilled turpentine oil is a flavoring component in foods and beverages. It's employed in production of soap and cosmetics, as well as a paint solvent. Additionally, it is included in perfumes, foods, and cleaning products for its aromatic properties. Derived from gum turpentine or oleoresin, aqua ragia is a potential universal solvent sought by alchemists. Aqua ragia symbolizes the power to dissolve boundaries and facilitate the union of seemingly disparate elements, or the unity of opposites . Bitumen - Tarry Trade in Perfect Pitch Tannenbaum - About the Yule Fir Tree Pistachio: Turpentine, Resin & Nuts In alchemy it's used as a solvent and a crucial component in the preparation of various elixirs and tinctures. Often associated with turpentine oil derived from pine resin, aqua ragia intrigues alchemists with its volatile nature and transformative potential. 4. Aqua Regia (HNO₃+3 HCl) Aqua Fortis + Spirit of Salt - Royal Water Aqua regia, also known as royal water, is a potent blend of aqua fortis (nitric acid) and hydrochloric acid (commonly called "spirit of salt"). Typically, the concentrated nitric acid is mixed with three times the volume of hydrochloric acid. Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Mad Honey - What's the Buzz? Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore Alchemists name this mixture "royal water" due to its capacity to dissolve gold and other acid-resistant noble metals such as platinum and palladium. It appears as a red or yellow liquid. The unique ability to dissolve noble metals imitates nature in its capacity for both destruction and creation. Historically, aqua regia is used in refinement of precious metals and creation of solutions for complex chemical processes. Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals 5. Aqua Tofani – Arsenic Trioxide (As2O3) Deadly Dew Aqua tofani or arsenic trioxide is recognized for toxic traits. Despite and because of its dangerous reputation, aqua tofani is another favorite water of alchemists. Again, this lethal elixir epitomizes the dual essence of existence eventually attained in the Renaissance Rebis . Arsenic trioxide, a colorless or transparent, odorless, tasteless and nonflammable solid is a toxic and commonly found arsenic compound. The solubility of arsenic salts in water differs based on the specific salt. Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Ingested or inhaled, arsenic trioxide is quickly absorbed, while absorption through the skin is slower. Despite well known toxicity, arsenic trioxide is used in traditional Chinese medicine, where it's called pi-shuang (砒霜). In homeopathy, it's arsenicum album or white arsenic. Arsenic oxide derivatives are once included in some patent medicines. Today, arsenic trioxide is used to treat specific cancers. However it's highly absorbable. Ingestion of just 0.1 grams is fatal. Chronic arsenic poisoning or arsenicosis happens when the metal builds up in the body. Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Asem is a stock metal mix in alchemy , usually prepared in quantity ahead of time and added to alchemical recipes as needed. Asem is often used in doubling or multiplying metals such as gold or silver . Recipes are from the Leyden Papyrus c. 300 AD. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Alchemy: Ancient Purification of Tin Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Sylvia Rose Books Drachmas and minas refer to weights and measures. Values can vary over time and geographic location. The Attic system below is most widely used. Approximately: One drachma = 0.15 oz or 4.3 g One mina = 100 drachma or 15.4 oz or 436.6 grams Alchemists of ancient Alexandria , working in late antiquity, would definitely use some of these processes. By the time the recipes are recorded in the Leyden / Stockholm Papyri c. 300 AD, many have been around a while, passed from practitioner to student. Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Sylvia Rose Books Mary the Jewess , called the first true alchemist, is working in Alexandria c. 100 AD. The Greco-Egyptian capital is in Roman hands since 30 BCE, and what a mess they make of it. Culture and education dry up due to Roman lack of interest and the Great Library  falls. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Still, from 200 BCE to 270 AD, Alexandria is the biggest city in the world, eclipsed by Rome only in the late 3rd century. It's the Golden Age of Alchemy. A major glassmaking center, Alexandria is a mélange of Christian, Hebrew, Gnostic, Hermetic and Neo-Platonist thought. The Great Library of Alexandria Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books Alchemists seek to color metals and make medications. Alchemy emerges from metallurgy, gemology and ancient medicine. Practitioners, often friars in medieval times, use alchemical processes to make healing elixirs and ointments. Several ingredients in these recipes come from the Black Sea region, which the Greeks have been busy colonizing for about a thousand years. Sinope is the first Greek colony on the Black Sea coast, founded in the 7th century BCE. Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Tin - Essential Metal of Antiquity Sylvia Rose Books Metal Melting Points Platinum: 1,768 °C (3,214 °F)   Nickel: 1, 453 °C (2647 °F) Copper : 1,075 °C (1983 °F) Gold: 1,064 °C (1947 °F) Silver: 961.8 °C (1763 °F) Zinc: 420°C (787°F) Lead : 327 °C (622 °F) Tin: 232 °C (450 °F) Mercury: -38.8 °C (-37.8 °F) the only metal which is liquid at room temperature Step 1: Purification of Tin that is put into the Alloy of Asem "Take tin purified of any other substance, melt it, let it cool; after having well mixed and covered it with oil, melt it again; then having crushed together some oil, some bitumen , and some salt , rub it on the metal and melt a third lime; after fusion, break apart the tin after having purified it by washing: for it will be like hard silver ... " Bitumen - Tarry Trade in Perfect Pitch Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Natron - Ancient Embalming & Household Salts Sylvia Rose Books "Then if you wish to employ it in the manufacture of silver objects, of such a kind that they cannot be found out and which have the hardness of silver, blend 4 parts of silver and 3 parts of tin and the product will become as a silver object." Tin, a soft metal with a low melting point, most famous for its role in creating the alloy bronze with copper (88% copper + 12% tin) and as a lightweight material for utensils. Purifying tin is a skill necessary for metallurgists and alchemists alike. Numerology: Number Meanings & Personality Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Sylvia Rose Books Step 2: Manufacture of Asem "Tin, 12 drachmas; mercury , 4 drachmas; earth of Chios, 2 drachmas. To the melted tin, add the crushed earth, then the mercury, stir with an iron, and put (the product) in use." Earth of Chios is a white clay mineral earth found on the Greek Isle of Chios in the North Aegean. It appears in many alchemical formulae and recipes, often in terms of silvering or whitening a metal. Once the first batch of asem is prepared to satisfaction, the doubling of asem can commence. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Sylvia Rose Books Step 3. Doubling of Asem "One takes: refined copper, 40 drachmas; asem, 8 drachmas; tin in buttons, 40 drachmas: one first melts the copper and after two heatings, the tin; then the asem. When all are softened, remelt several times and cool. "After having augmented the metal by these proceedings, clean it with talc. The tripling is affected by the same procedure, with weight being proportioned in conformity with what has been stated above (Step 2)." Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria Thoth - Ibis Scribe Moon God of Egypt Victorian Trends: Sailor Suits to Taxidermy Sylvia Rose Books Talc is a perfect addition to the basic stock of alchemical needs. Later alchemist Caterina Sforza in Italy experiments widely with talc in cosmetics, metals and medicines. The softest stone, 1 on the Mohs hardness scale, it's easily ground into talcum powder. Tin in buttons refers to a type of tin ingot of a certain weight. Early trade loves ingots, with pre-measured amounts dear to the hearts of alchemists and metal workers such as bronze makers and tinkers. Tin has a low melting point compared to other metals. Ox Hide Ingots - Bronze Age Trade Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Sylvia Rose Books Step 4: Inexhaustible Stock of Asem "It is prepared by the procedures described in the doubling of asem. If you wish to deduct 8 drachmas from the stock, separate them and remelt with 4 drachmas of this same asem; melt these three times and then repeat, then cool and place in reserve in the talc." Other Methods Method 1: Manufacture of Asem (one needs asem to make this) "Take soft tin in small pieces, purified four times; take 4 parts of it and 3 parts of pure white copper and 1 part of asem. Melt, and after the casting, clean several times and make with it whatever you wish to. It will be asem of the first quality, which will deceive even the artisans." Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Sylvia Rose Books White copper is cupronickel, a copper nickel alloy. Copper and nickel work well together. "Cupfernickel", copper nickel, or nickel is often is often cursed by miners because it corrupts copper, and copper can't be extracted from it. Nickel means mischievous or malevolent spirit. Method 2: Manufacture of Fusible Asem (easily melted or fused) "Copper of Cyprus 1 mina; tin in sticks, 1 mina; stone of Magnesia, 16 drachmas; mercury, 8 drachmas, stone of Paros, 20 drachmas. Having melted the copper, throw the tin on it, then the stone of Magnesia in powdered form, then the stone of Paros, and finally the mercury; stir with an iron rod and pour at the desired time." Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus Sylvia Rose Books Cyprus is well known as a copper mining and processing center, beginning in the Neolithic Age. Battles over copper ownership rage during the Bronze Age and later. Stone of Magnesia astonishes early Greeks with its powers of attraction. They call it magnes lithos (stone of Magnesia) whence originates the word magnet. The mineral referred to is the lodestone variety of magnetite, or iron oxide. Prussian Blue - Delight of Artists & Poisoners Jet Black - Ancient World Gemstones Butter - Food of Peasants & Barbarians Sylvia Rose Books Stone of Paros comes from the island of Paros, part of the Cyclades Island group. On ancient Paros a type of fine white marble is extensively quarried. This is believed to be the Stone of Paros. Marble is slightly harder than limestone and not as hard as granite, thus easily ground to granules or powder, especially by an apprentice. Today marble powder is added to concrete to harden it. Zodiac & Rise of Horoscopic Astrology Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Baba Yaga - Slavic Forest Witch Sylvia Rose Books Metal Fix: Treatment of Hard Asem "How it is expedient to proceed to change black and hard asem into white and soft (metal). Taking some leaves of the castor-oil plant, infuse them a day in water; then soak it in the water before melting and melt twice and sprinkle with aphronitron. And throw alum on the casting; put into use. It possesses quality for it is beautiful." Aphronitron is niter, a mineral form of potassium nitrate. In ancient writings the term may also be equated with natron , an Egyptian embalming essential. Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For Astrology & Astronomy Ancient Origins Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Sylvia Rose Books Whitening of Copper "For whitening copper, in order to mix it with with parts of asem, so that no one can recognize it. Taking some Cyprian copper, melt it, throwing on it 1 mina of decomposed sandarach, 2 drachmas of sandarach of the color of iron, and 5 drachmas of lamellose alum and melt (again). In the second melting, there is thrown on 4 drachmas, or less, of wax of Pontus: it is heated and then poured." Sandarach is a term for the pale gold resin of Tetraclinis articulata, an African tree. During late antiquity it's used as incense and is famous as a lustrous varnish. Sandarach "the color of iron" can refer to red arsenic or realgar. Wax of Pontus comes from the Pontus region on the south coast of the Black Sea . Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia The first Greek settlement on the Black Sea is Sinope in the 7th century BCE. Early adventurers bring back tales of Amazon warriors ; and Stymphalian birds appear on the Isle of Giresun as hero Jason sails to Colchis to steal the Golden Fleece. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Eirenaeus Philalethes is a pseudonym of London alchemist George Starkey (1628 - 1665). It turns out he needs one. Financially he fluctuates from owning a fortune to owing a fortune. He's imprisoned twice for debt, but until his tragic final days pursues "chymy" with passion. Secrets of Mystical Alchemy: Unlocking the Unknown Alchemical Scientists: Secret Science of Alchemy Natural Magic of the Renaissance The Mysterious Alchemist Eirenaeus Philalethes (meaning Peaceful Lover of Truth) is born George Starkey in Bermuda, and sent as a youth to Boston in colonial New England. His education encompasses a range of subjects including medicine, philosophy and chemistry. It's obvious his intellect is keen. Arising in intellectual environments, alchemy becomes an attraction when he travels to Europe and studies in Italy. The academic and alchemical environment awakens his senses to infinite possibilities. Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria The Alchemical Magnum Opus His chemical treatises are widely circulated in Western Europe and influence prominent scientists such as Robert Boyle and Isaac Newton . Seeking alchemical knowledge, Starkey moves to London in 1650 at age 22, accompanied by his wife of the same year, Susannah. His reputation precedes him and he's welcomed into esoteric and intellectual circles. It's here he begins writing under the pseudonym Eirenaeus Philalethes. Starkey, known for inventing healing drugs and philosophical mercuries aims to to safeguard his inventions and secrets. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult The pseudonym "Philalethes," not only has mystique, it provides anonymity while promoting his discoveries through a series of writings. The texts suggest hidden alchemical knowledge can be accessed through him, acting as a "friend" of Philalethes and custodian of his works. Philalethes'  reputation as an alchemist and maker of "chymic" furnaces grows within the scientific community. George establishes a network of colleagues from the social reformers, utopians and natural philosophers in the circle of education reformer Samuel Hartlib. Alchemy & Renaissance Glass: Antonio Neri Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment It's suggested Philalethes' motivation for secrecy stems from a desire to present himself as the ultimate authority on hidden knowledge, with his findings believed to be divine revelations. Such actions can enhance Starkey's reputation among influential figures in the Hartlib circle. At the heart of his work is the pursuit of the Magnum Opus, the Great Work of alchemy. Through his writings and experiments, he seeks to discover secrets of life. His treatises abound with cryptic symbols and allegorical language. Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Philalethes' writings reflect his synthesis of traditional alchemical practices with a burgeoning scientific worldview. One of his best known works is The Marrow of Alchemy,  in which he gives a comprehensive vision of alchemical transformation. He's a strong advocate for the Philosopher’s Stone , writing, " ... Lead is to be multiplied, not in lead, but only in gold; for only when it attains its maturity as gold can its seed become fruitful. It may be admitted that silver has its own seed, as there is a white (as well as a red) multiplicative Tincture. Still, the White Tincture is really contained in the Red; and the seed of silver is nothing but a modification of that of gold. "The whiteness of silver is the first degree of perfection, the yellowness of gold is the second, or highest degree. For the mother of our Stone (the silver of the Sages) is white, and imparts its whiteness to our gold, whence the offspring of these two parents first becomes white, like its mother, and then red with the royal blood of its father." ~ Eirenaeus Philalethes, Tres tractatus de metallorum transmutatione, Amsterdam 1668 What is the Philosopher's Stone? Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Robert Fludd & Renaissance Medicine He enjoys success in his medical practice. Patients include famous figures such as Robert Boyle. Despite his achievements, Philalethes abandons his patients in 1651 to further explore the mysteries of alchemy. The alchemy of Philalethes involves creating pharmaceuticals and attempting to transform metallic substances. For instance, his "sophic mercury" is a blend of antimony, silver and mercury . This, he claims, will dissolve gold into a compound. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy When heated, the compound will generate the legendary philosopher's stone. He's right, in that mercury dissolves gold. Starkey soon faces financial woes and is twice imprisoned for debt, first in late 1653 and again in mid-1654. He resumes his alchemy and medical pursuits upon his release in late 1654. He also authors and publishes several popular treatises. Starkey remains in England and continues his alchemical quest until his death in the Great Plague of London in 1665. Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Significant works are composed under pseudonyms before his imprisonment. One of the most popular is Introitus apertus ad occlusum regis palatium (An Open Entrance to the Closed Palace of the King), published posthumously in 1667. His wife Susannah's fate is unknown. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Galls and gall nuts are growths on plants, particularly oak trees, used for a number of purposes throughout history. They form due to insect infestation and egg-laying, and are used in ancient medicine, dyeing, nature magic, alchemy and art. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans What are Galls? Galls are abnormal outgrowths formed on plants in response to the injection of chemicals by certain insects like wasps, mites, or fungi. These growths, though seemingly harmful to the plant, have unique properties and applications. The plant reacts to the egg-laying process by producing a protective growth to envelop the developing larvae, forming a gall. Depending on insect and host plant, galls can vary in size, shape, and color, from small, round and green to large, woody and brownish. Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Hyssop (Hyssopus) - Plant of Mystic Lore Traditionally oak galls are used to forecast the upcoming year's weather. According to the belief, discovering a "worm" inside the gall on Michaelmas Day (Sept 29) indicates a favorable year ahead. Finding a spider inside means a poor year of scarcity and failed crops. Among the various types of galls, the most recognized are oak galls, which develop notably on oak trees ( Quercus ). Oak galls have a high concentration of tannins, compounds known for astringency and antimicrobial properties. Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Ancient Uses of Galls and Gall Nuts 1. Dye Production One of the most significant uses of galls in ancient and medieval times is their application in dye production. The high tannin content makes galls an excellent source of dark stains and dyes. It's also a good mordant for natural fibers like cotton and linen. People crush the galls, simmer them with water and use the extracted tannins to color textiles and leather. The mortar and pestle is c. 35,000 years old. Deep black dye derived from galls is prized from ancient to Victorian times, and among artisans today. Yarrow (Achillea) Magic & Medicine Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone 2. Ink Manufacture One of the most notable uses is in ink production. Iron gall ink, made using the gall nut mixed with iron salts, is a primary writing medium for ancient civilizations such as the Greeks and Romans. Iron gall ink is known for its rich, dark color and longevity. This ink's durability and darkness makes it ideal for writing important documents, religious texts and works of literature. The ancient Egyptians, in particular, used gall inks for hieroglyphics on papyrus or wall paintings. Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Secrets of Mystical Alchemy: Unlocking the Unknown Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients 3. Medicine Ancient healers know the medicinal properties of galls. Their astringent and antimicrobial qualities make them a common ingredient in traditional medicines. They're used to treat ailments ranging from wounds to indigestion. Ancient texts, such as those by Dioscorides, mention the use of galls in remedies for ulcers and other skin conditions. He recommends egg yolk fried in a pan with seeds of sumac or crushed oak galls to stop discharge of the bowels. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta 4. Pest Control and Agriculture In addition to their roles in dye and ink production, galls can be effective as insect repellent. Ancient farmers use galls to protect crops from certain pests and diseases. Their natural insecticidal properties made them valuable for those reliant on agriculture. 5. Ritualistic and Symbolic Uses Galls and gall nuts have symbolic significance in ancient rituals and customs. In some cultures, these formations were considered sacred and were used in religious ceremonies as offerings or talismans. Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Spiritual Alchemy: Process & Philosophy Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold The intricate patterns and shapes of galls becomes a focal point in artistic expressions and cultural practices such as divination. Galls can be seen as symbols of protection and strength due to their fortifying presence around the growing larvae. Legacy and Modern Applications Today, galls are still used in traditional crafts, herbal remedies, and production of natural dyes. The historical impact of galls on human civilization serves as a reminder of the enduring gifts of nature. Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Moonwort (Botrychium Lunaria): Folklore, Magic and Medicine Theriac: Miracle Snake Venom Potion Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Alexandrian alchemists, as philosophers of nature steeped in Greco-Egyptian thinking, define the properties of metals as living bodies. Substances change and flow, shrink and expand and take in nourishment. They grow and consume each other. Alchemical Scientists: Secret Science of Alchemy Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult The death of one metal is needed to create another. Once a metal departs from its recognized state of uniqueness unto itself it has died or ceased to exist as the metal it was. Then what has become of it? It cannot return to its present state but can be purified or combined with another. Greek philosophy purveys the four elements of Empedocles , promoted by Aristotle. Water, earth, air and fire compose all things. Matter can be broken down to its base components. Yet something is missing. Aristotle adds aether , but the philosophers are not satisfied. Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Classic Elements & Concept of the One The Greeks continue to puzzle out the things the world is made of, the prima materia or Prime Matter. Someone suggests quicksilver. What early philosophers mention in passing grows to a vital movement in later centuries, when their philosophies are reborn. When alchemy develops in Greco-Roman Egypt on the foundations of Greek philosophy, it brings along the concept of prima materia as a core tenet. It also carries the enigma of a mystic stone. A stone may or may not be a metal but it is with metals made. For instance, mercury (Hg) is a major component of cinnabar (HgS). When cinnabar is heated mercury appears like beads of sweat upon the rock. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death In c. 5th century BCE the strange stone is mentioned by Greek philosopher Democritus. Again he gives it life-like qualities, as in gathering: " ... The stone is not formed until it has gathered all the colors that exist in the universe, and until it has been colored with all the simple and complex colors." Alchemy Process of Congelation: Freezing, Crystallization Cupellation: Alchemy Process of Metals Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making The stone aids in its own creation but needs the wisdom or work of the alchemist to become complete, formed as the perfect being, essence, powder, plant, rock or vapor. Needless to say this stone evolves greatly as time goes by. The prima materia remains a central theme . In the 13th century Arnaldus de Villa Nova describes prima materia as if a living being: "That there abides in nature a certain pure matter, which, being discovered and brought by art to perfection, converts to itself proportionally all imperfect bodies that it touches." Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Alchemy in the European Renaissance Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Descriptions of the prima materia change through history and by the 16th century it's known by many names including the Angel of Violet Light, the Dragon, Mercury, and Dung. Although the prima materia is not the mystic stone, it is sometimes called the stone, to some confusion. While the Islamic alchemists reject the premise in c. 1025, the stone remains central to Western alchemical thought. Alchemists seek the purest of substances, the highest and most divine. This is gold, for gold doesn't rust or corrode. It doesn't change color when it gets old. Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Quicksilver, the caustic metal, consumes gold. It's called argenturn vivurn or “alive silver” until after the 4th century, when it becomes known as mercury. Alchemists of old see things in a very holistic way. Before the periodic table (1863), before the definition of base and noble metals (14th century), anthropomorphic qualities explain the behavior of metals, rocks and all components of creation. House of Wisdom: Medieval Scholarship in Baghdad Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History For instance in the 16th century, Swiss alchemist Paracelsus attributes gnomic qualities to the causes of rumbling and shaking of the earth. These industrious gnomes can now be found in gardens throughout the world. During medieval times metals are thought to form in the earth as base, and mature into precious metals. This seems to be confirmed by ore miners who find copper near silver and gold, as well as a mischievous German imp Nickel (little Nick), who corrupts the copper. Belsnickel - German Yule Ghoul Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Care and Feeding of Your German Kobold In the Hunchback of Notre Dame, Victor Hugo writes, " Lead  is the ancestor of all metals. For gold  is not a metal, gold is light. Lead requires only four periods of two hundred years each, to pass in succession from the state of lead, to the state of red arsenic, from red arsenic to tin, from tin to silver. Are not these facts?" Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Copper - Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Maria or Mary the Jewess of c. 100 AD attributes genders to the metals. Thus quicksilver is feminine, fluid, mutable. Sulfur is hard, hot, combustible. "Join the male and female," Mary is fond of saying, "and you will find what is sought." She first corresponds metals and metallurgy to the human body: "Just as human is composed of four elements, likewise is copper; and just as human results [from the association of] liquids, of solids, and of the spirit, so does copper." Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Klabautermann - Germanic Sea Kobold Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Fifteen hundred years later, during the Renaissance, Mary's writings have traveled through the Islamic Golden Age to great awe and are eagerly read in Europe. As none of her original works seem to survive these are probably translations . Mary emphasizes the union of the "white Gumm" and "red Gumm" (resins) in an alchemical marriage. This later becomes the unity of opposites and the symbolic marriage of the White Queen and Red King. How to Make Copperas Red: Simply Science Alchemy: Red King & White Queen How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment From the union of the Red King and White Queen is born the Rebis, Divine Hermaphrodite, child of Hermes and Aphrodite. The Rebis is the resolution of opposites and represents the divine work or Magnus Opus of the Alchemist. Red and white are color themes resounding from the depths of time and onward into the future. Black, white and red are the first three shades of color an infant sees, with red being the first true color. Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Sometimes the god Mercury is pictured as the Divine Hermaphrodite. Like Hermes, Mercury is a bisexual god so contains the seeds of the male principle and female principle, the perfect joining and creation, already within. The birth of the Rebis or Mercury / Rebis constitutes the red or rubedo stage of the alchemical process, the reddening or iosis , the final phase as the alchemist nears the Magnum Opus. But within it are the seeds of destruction, for the process of iosis contains the root ios , rust. Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Colors of Alchemy: Rubedo Magnum Opus Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Like all living things, the metal returns to the earth. Only the pure and uncorrupted gold remains pristine forever. In ancient Egypt, silver is the bones of the gods, and gold is their flesh. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top