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Fermentation and rot are natural processes. While they may seem synonymous, a closer look reveals the differences between the two. Fermentation is a controlled rot, while rot is like fermentation gone wild. Molybdochalkos: Nigredo Black Lead of Maria Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Life, Death and Decay Fermentation and rot are distinct biological processes. Fermentation is controlled, and ascribed beneficial properties such as nourishment. Rot indicates decay and spoilage. Both these processes involve industrious microorganisms and chimerical chemical changes. At the heart of distinction is the essence of transformation. Fermentation helps create food and drink such as cheese, wine, beer and yogurt. Rot is an uncontrolled, mutable decomposition as plant or animal based organic matter following intrinsic laws of nature and decay. Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Difference Between Fermentation & Rot While both fermentation and rot involve breakdown of organic materials, fermentation is usually initiated by humans for food preservation, brewing, baking and food flavor enhancement. Rot is an unwanted consequence of food storage problems. A metabolic process, fermentation converts sugars into acids, gases or alcohol in absence of oxygen. This controlled process is found in various food production techniques like brewing beer, baking bread and making yogurt. Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Butter - Food of Peasants & Barbarians Yeast feeds on the sugar contained with the dough, producing carbon dioxide and alcohol, in a process called fermentation. During bread making, the dough is left in a warm place. The warmth encourages fermentation. Lactic acid bacteria also feed on sugars in food, releasing lactic acid as the sugars break down. A preservative with sour or tangy taste, lactic acid is often nurtured in food processing. Rust & Rot Meanwhile, rot refers to decomposition and decay of organic matter. This happens when matter breaks down due to the activities of various microorganisms in an expressive biological rampage promoting the spread of putrefaction. Tycho Brahe: Golden Renaissance Astronomer Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters In vehicles and vessels, rot refers to extreme, heavy rust creating large holes and a measurable loss of the original metal surface. Rust is a type of corrosion on metal surfaces such as iron, when metal reacts with oxygen and water to form iron oxide. The chemical reaction causing rust is oxidation. Various iron oxides exist in rust. The oxidation process "eats away" the metal, creating visible rust and deterioration on the metal's surface. Only iron and alloys containing iron can rust. Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Black Hellebore: Toxins, Health & Lore Metals with low or no iron content are subject to corrosion as in tin pest and verdigris on copper . Verdigris is a popular artists' pigment in the 18th century, initially manufactured by the women of Montpelier, France. Superstitions Up until the 19th century in Europe, superstition attributes food or grain rot to evil elves or an angry Kobold . The pentagram is often found inscribed in old pantries or over doorways of medieval houses to protect against evil elf magic. Evil elves are also said to spread disease. During the Witch Hunts many of the victims are accused of sending evil elves out to cause sickness and decay. House Spirits of Germanic Mythology Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems In spiritual alchemy, rot is putrefaction, the nigredo stage, representing a breakdown of metaphorical materials. In practical alchemy, the nigredo concept originates with Maria the Jewess of Alexandria . She uses colors black, white, yellow and red to describe a process of copper treatments. In medieval times these are trimmed to black, white and red. Fermentation & Rot: Processes Involved Fermentation In fermentation, yeast and Lactobacillus bacteria  each contribute a unique flavor and texture to the final product. These microorganisms determine taste and quality of fermented foods and beverages. Prague: Bohemians of the Renaissance Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Fermentation takes place in a controlled environment where specific conditions (like temperature and pH) encourage the growth of desired microorganisms. These are primarily yeasts or certain bacteria. The most common type of fermentation is alcoholic, performed by yeast like Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Glucose is converted into ethanol (alcohol) and carbon dioxide. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in presence of lactic acid bacteria. These convert sugars into lactic acid, which is fundamental in making yogurt and pickles. Fermentation transforms simple sugars into complex compounds, giving the final product distinct flavors and aromas. Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Sophie Brahe Writer, Alchemist & Astronomer Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty The primary microorganisms in fermentation are: Yeasts : Essential for alcoholic fermentation, with Saccharomyces cerevisiae  being the most commonly used. Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) : Such as Lactobacillus  and Streptococcus , crucial for dairy fermentation and vegetable pickling. During fermentation, microorganisms metabolize carbohydrates, producing compounds to enhance flavor, texture, and nutritional value. For example, in yeast fermentation, glucose is metabolized into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Leavening in bread and bubbles in sparkling beverages is the action of carbon dioxide. Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Rot In contrast, rot entails the breakdown of organic matter by a consortium of bacteria and fungi, leading to putrefaction and the release of foul odors. The bacteria putrescine  and cadaverine are the main two producing the smell of rotting flesh. Rot is orchestrated by a diverse cast of microbes, including Clostridium  and Pseudomonas  species, which thrive in oxygen-deprived environments, driving the decomposition of once-living matter. In rotting, opportunistic microorganisms take hold in decaying matter, breaking it down into simpler compounds. Ultimately it leads to a complete loss of the substance, often rendering it inedible. In the wild these bacteria help take a dead organism back into the earth. Tartrate Crystals: Secrets of Tartaric Acid Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine The decay process is usually driven by: Molds : Such as Aspergillus  and Penicillium , which thrive in moist conditions and can produce mycotoxins hazardous to health. Putrefactive Bacteria : Such as Clostridium  and Bacillus , which are responsible for the foul odors associated with rotting organic matter. Rot introduces molds and putrefactive bacteria. Common examples include rot of fruit or vegetable rot in which they become mushy. They lose structural integrity due to breakdown of cell walls and tissue by the invading microorganisms. Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Rot is characterized by breakdown of large organic molecules to smaller, simpler substances, releasing enzymes to help decomposition. Noxious odors arise due to production of sulfur-containing compounds and other volatile substances during breakdown of proteins and lipids. Rot is typically characterized by a more chaotic and uncontrolled breakdown of organic material. Unlike fermentation, which benefits from specific conditions, rotting can occur under a variety of circumstances. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Vinegar Eels: Life Cycle & Survival in Vinegar The process of rot sets forth a cascade of enzymatic reactions that break down proteins and carbohydrates. Noxious byproducts form as organic matter disintegrates. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Tungsten, also known as wolfram, is a rare and versatile metal. In nature, tungsten is found in ore form, combined with other elements. While it's first isolated as an element in the late 18th century, use of wolframite, its ore, goes back further. Molybdochalkos: Nigredo Black Lead of Maria Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Ancient Egyptians use a mineral, now called wolframite, to create yellow pigment for pottery and glass. The first known use of tungsten is in ancient China, where it's incorporated into porcelain glazes by the 8th century BCE. The most common tungsten ores are wolframite (FeMnWO4) and scheelite (CaWO4). These ores are crucial sources of tungsten and mined in different parts of the world. The name "tungsten" comes from the Swedish "tung sten," meaning “heavy stone.” Tungsten forms in a combination of geological processes, including igneous and hydrothermal activities. High temperatures and pressures form different tungsten minerals. In the magmatic segregation process of formation, it crystallizes from a molten state in the mantle of the Earth. Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Over millions of years, tectonic movements bring minerals closer to the earth's surface, where they are mined. The extraction of tungsten from the ground involves mining and milling to obtain the raw material necessary for further processing. Properties of Tungsten Tungsten is one of the most valuable metals on the periodic table. Some distinguishing characteristics include: High Melting Point:  Tungsten has the highest melting point of all metals (3422°C), making it ideal for high-temperature applications. Density:  It is extremely dense (19.3 g/cm³), contributing to its use in applications where weight and stability are critical. Hardness:  Tungsten is one of the hardest metals, providing durability in wear applications. Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Although tungsten is a hard metal it's brittle and prone to shattering, which makes it unsuitable for everyday wear, as in jewelry. It's commonly used to manufacture cutting tools, electrical contacts, and radiation shielding. Two primary mining methods are used: open-pit and underground mining. Open-pit mining involves removing layers of soil and rock to reach the ore deposits, used for shallow ores. In contrast, underground mining is used for deeper ores, involving tunnels and shafts to reach tungsten deposits. After extraction, the ore undergoes a series of physical and chemical processes to isolate the tungsten. Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences This often involves crushing the ore, grinding it, and using gravity separation, flotation, or magnetic separation before it is roasted to oxidize the tungsten. The resulting tungsten oxide is then reduced to produce metallic tungsten. The most common method for recycling tungsten from scrap is the hydrometallurgical process. This includes dissolving the material in leaching agents such as sodium hydroxide, followed by precipitation and purification steps to isolate the tungsten. This recycling process is crucial due to tungsten's established value and scarcity. As sustainability becomes a priority in metal sourcing, recycling of tungsten from alloys gains visible importance. Ardent Spirits Alchemy: the Fiery Elixirs of Life Tartrate Crystals: Secrets of Tartaric Acid Fire Men & Lights Errant: German Lore Tungsten deposits are rare. Major tungsten producers include China, Russia, Portugal and Canada. Significant tungsten ore deposits are often found in granitic rocks, skarns, and alluvial deposits. China produces about 75% of the world's tungsten. Relationships with Other Metals Tungsten has unique relationships with several metals in alloys. Combined with steel it creates tungsten carbide, a very hard metal widely used in industrial cutting tools and abrasive applications. Alloyed with iron and other metals, tungsten enhances their hardness and thermal stability. This is valuable in aerospace, military, and industrial applications. Ancient and Medieval Uses Historically, tungsten is used in pigments and added to various metal mixtures to enhance their properties. Due to its extreme melting temperature and brittle nature it can be difficult to work with. It's found at Uraniborg, the observatory of famed astronomer and alchemist Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601) Tycho Brahe: Golden Renaissance Astronomer Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Wolframite is used to make tungstic acid, or hydrated forms of tungsten trioxide, WO3. To produce tungstic acid, strong acids are used to treat solutions of alkali metallic tungstates (tungsten / oxygen salts). Another method involves the reaction between sodium tungstate and hydrogen carbonate. Tungstic acid has the formula H2WO4 or H2O4W. It's heat stable and insoluble in water and most organic solvents. Pure tungstic acid can also be derived by reacting pure tungsten with hydrogen peroxide. These methods produce a brilliant yellow pigment. Tungstic acid is used as both a mordant and dye for fabrics Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Uses Today Today, tungsten serves numerous modern applications: Electronics: Tungsten is used in filaments for incandescent bulbs and as contacts in electrical applications due to its thermal and electrical conductivity. Medical Equipment: Its high density makes tungsten ideal for radiation shielding in medical X-ray and cancer treatment devices. Aerospace and Defense: Tungsten is employed in armor-piercing ammunition and high-performance aerospace components, benefiting from its strength and high melting point. Jewelry: Tungsten carbide's hardness makes it an attractive option for wedding bands and fashion accessories. Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Rise & Fall of the Habsburg Dynasty Europe Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Facts About Tungsten Symbol: Tungsten's chemical symbol is "W," derived from its alternate name, wolfram. Heavy Metal: It is the heaviest non-radioactive element, giving it unique applications in various industries. Strings of Steel: It is used to make guitar strings due to its durability, providing longevity and resilience against wear. Superhero Material: Tungsten features in several comic book heroes' stories, often referenced for its unbeatable attributes. It's the strongest metal in the world. Tungsten has the lowest vapor pressure of all metals, allowing it to retain its strength and stability at high temperatures. Alchemy & the Magnum Opus - Black White Yellow Red White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld The Wolfram Crisis (1943) The diplomatic conflict known as the Wolfram Crisis (Crisis del wolframio in Spanish) occurred during World War II between Francoist Spain and the Allied powers. This conflict arose due to efforts to prevent Spanish exports of tungsten ore to Nazi Germany. Tungsten is crucial for anti-tank weapons and machine tools. Most of Europe's wolframite mines, including the Barruecopardo, are in northwest Spain and north Portugal. Demand for this strategic mineral during wartime causes a price surge, as Spain drives up profits. 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Tycho Brahe (1546 - 1601) is a Danish Renaissance astronomer and polymath. His observatory Uraniborg is a center of intellect and scholarship for scientific minds of the day. He names it after Urania, muse of astronomy, an endearment also given to his sister Sophie . Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate Uraniborg: The Astronomy Center of Enlightenment Brahe is greatly inspired by Urania, the Greek muse of astronomy. His passion for the stars is evident from a young age. He builds several observatories, the most famous being Uraniborg on the isle of Hven, in 1576, sponsored by Frederick II of Denmark. A state-of-the-art astronomical observatory. Uraniborg is a multidisciplinary center for research and learning, attracting scholars, alchemists, and scientists from across Europe. The island affords privacy and freedom to explore. Brahe remains dedicated to enhancing observational techniques and gathering precise data on celestial phenomena. The design of Uraniborg encompasses both practicality and beauty, reflective of the Renaissance ideals of integrating science and art. Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Prague: Bohemians of the Renaissance Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance The building includes furnished living quarters, labs for alchemy and observational towers equipped with new astronomical instruments. At Uraniborg, he conducts extensive astronomical observations, reaching new cosmic heights. He compiles significant data on celestial bodies, which later assists astronomers like Johannes Kepler in developing laws of planetary motion. Tycho Brahe's passion for astronomy is unmatched in his time. With painstaking precision, he recorded the movements of stars and planets. Brahe is considered the last astronomer before invention of the telescope. Protestant Reformation of Renaissance Europe Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance The telescope is officially invented in 1608. Earlier work with optics such as mirrors and lenses has been leading up to its creation, and Brahe would be aware of these. Groundbreaking Discoveries in Astronomy Tycho Brahe's discoveries change comprehension of the cosmos. Among significant contributions, he observes a nova, which he terms " Stella Nova " in 1572. This event contradicts the long-held belief in an immutable universe. Additionally, he and his sister Sophie catalogue over 1,000 stars, providing future astronomers with an invaluable reference point. His most significant achievement, however, was devising the Tychonic system. Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Klabautermann - Germanic Sea Kobold Thirty Years' War Europe: Five Major Battles In his model of the solar system, the sun and moon revolve around the Earth, while other planets revolve around the sun. This hybrid model influenced later astronomers, including Johannes Kepler, who builds upon Brahe's data to formulate his laws of planetary motion. A Disagreement with the Copernican View Brahe is a staunch critic of the Copernican heliocentric model, which places the Sun at the center of the universe rather than the Earth. This opposition comes from philosophical and technical standpoints. For example the Earth could not be moving as he doesn't feel it move. He gives a geoheliocentric model. Earth is at center orbited by Sun and Moon, while the other planets revolve around the Sun. This puts him at odds with the growing scientific revolution and epitomizes the transitional nature of his work, between fact and theory. Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making An Alchemical Pursuit Tycho is also an avid alchemist. He believes alchemical principles can help explain the works of the universe. At his observatory, he conducts numerous experiments, seeking to discover the secrets of transmutation and the elements. Shards from his alchemy workshop have high concentrations of elements than expected, including nickel, copper, zinc, tin, mercury, gold and lead, He ingests gold, either as a healing or transmutation attempt. A recent study analyzes some of Brahe’s hair and bones, finding excessive amounts of gold in his remains. Overall Tycho, like Paracelsus, rejects the concept of alchemical gold-making and focuses on medical health tonics. He may have ingested gold by taking his own medicine. Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh The average human body approx. 150 pounds contains about .2 milligrams of gold, excreted through skin and hair. Babies less than 3 months old tend to have more gold in their hair than older people, as the precious metal is transferred through human breast milk. Tycho's alchemical pursuits often intersect with astrology. Brahe viewed these studies as complementary to his astronomical work. He believes a deeper understanding of nature’s hidden forces can ultimately lead to the betterment of society. Beyond his astronomical pursuits, Tycho is an alchemist. Most intellectuals practice alchemy either by philosophical and/or practical means and it's ubiquitous by the time Tycho is working. Moonwort (Botrychium Lunaria): Folklore, Magic and Medicine Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Enemies and Exile After Frederick's death in 1588, his son and successor Christian IV takes the throne at 11 years old. A regency council governs on behalf of the young prince until his coronation in 1596. The leader of the council (Steward of the Realm) was Christoffer Valkendorff. Valkendorff is hostile to Tycho following a dispute, leading to a decline in Tycho's influence at the Danish court. Worried for his legacy on Hven, Tycho seeks Dowager Queen Sophie's assurance in writing of Frederick II's commitment to bestow Hven upon Tycho's descendants. The young king prefers warfare over scientific pursuits, and Tycho realizes King Christian IV has no intention of honoring his father's pledge. To the contrary, Christian IV pursues a policy to weaken the power of the nobility by seizing their lands to reduce their wealth. Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Land seizure comes with accusations of misconduct in their roles as nobles, and of heretical acts against the Lutheran church. Being aligned with the Philippists, followers of Philip Melanchthon, Tycho falls out of favor with the new king. The king's antipathy towards Tycho is likely fueled by the machinations of his adversaries at court who try to turn the king against him. Besides Valkendorff, opposition comes from the king's physician Peter Severinus, who has personal grievances against Tycho. Several Bishops accuse Tycho of heresy due to his Philippist sympathies, involvement in medicine and alchemy without church approval, and his prohibition of exorcism during baptisms on Hven. Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic 10 Alchemical Metals - Ancient Metals of Alchemy Accusations against Tycho include neglecting the royal chapel at Roskilde and mistreating the Hven peasantry. After a riot instigated by his adversaries at court, Tycho departs Hven in 1597, relocating to Copenhagen. Despite his efforts to persuade the king to allow his return, even showcasing his instruments in the city, Tycho finally accepts his exile. Before leaving, he finishes his star catalog. He pens his renowned poem, Elegy to Dania , criticizing Denmark for failing to recognize his brilliance. Tanning Hides - the Ancient Process Golden Ages of Alchemy: Renaissance Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Court of Rudolf II in Bohemian Prague In his later years, Tycho is invited to the vibrant court of Rudolf II in Prague as the Emperor's imperial mathematician. Rudolf II is one of the exemplary patrons of arts, literature, astrology, astronomy and alchemy. Surrounded by artists and scholars, Tycho enjoys the stimulating environment. It allows him to collaborate with some of the leading minds of the time, including Johannes Kepler, who works as his assistant. Sophie Brahe Born in 1556, Sophie is Tycho's youngest sibling, an accomplished astronomer and alchemist. She assists her brother with observations, records data and studies celestial events. Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Sophie Brahe Writer, Alchemist & Astronomer Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Sophie shares Tycho's fervor for the mysteries of the stars, conducting her own experiments and observations. After Tycho's death in 1601, she marries a poor alchemist, resulting in distance and disdain from her family. The family refuses to send money owed to Sophie. They know she'll just spend it on alchemy to support her penniless husband. When he dies in Prague in 1613, Sophie moves back north and continues her work, now with support from her son. The Nose & Prosthetics Brahe famously loses part of his nose in a duel over a mathematical dispute. He wears an prosthetic nose. Later analyses finds the nose to be brass. Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Prosthetic noses are not very unusual at this time. They are created for people with advanced syphilis, which causes nasal decay. People with congenital defects also wear them. Brass or wooden noses are everyday wear, while gold and silver noses are for special occasions. Curious Connection to Tungsten Shards from Tycho's lab reveal tungsten, a greyish white lustrous metal not defined until 1783. Tungsten often alloys with other metals. It's separated via a chemical or high heat process. It's possible he unknowingly separates it during smelting or experiments with metal. Brahe might have come across tungsten through research of German mineralogist Georgius Agricola. Agricola finds a peculiar substance while trying to smelt tin extracted from tin ore. In his 1546 book “ De Natura Fossilium ,” Agricola referrs to the substance as wolfram. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Death The renowned Danish astronomer dies in Prague on October 24, 1601, just eleven days after attending a feast hosted by the Bohemian count of Rosenberg. Tycho refrains from excusing himself from the lengthy meal to urinate. His bladder ruptures and he expires 11 days later. Mercury poisoning is also suggested, but later analysis of Tycho's remains find only superficial traces of mercury. The attending physician puts it down to a kidney stone. None are found in his body. Tycho writes his own epitaph: " He lived like a sage and died like a fool." 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The Magnum Opus or Great Work is the goal of alchemists. From ancient Alexandria and the wisdom of Maria the Prophetess comes a color phase process of the work, black, white, yellow and red. In later alchemy the concept develops further and yellow is dropped. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Women Scientists of the Ancient World The Magnum Opus of the alchemist can be one or a series of accomplishments. While this may be creating the perfect alloy, a brilliant pigment or dyeing technique, medical discovery or literary extravaganza of opinion, it's often linked to the mythical philosophers' stone. This stone is an object of discourse mentioned as far back as the ancient Greek philosophers. Alchemy is considered a branch of natural philosophy, thus the mysterious substance earns the name philosophers' stone , first appearing in 13-14th century AD as lapis philosophorum . Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Before that it's rarely mentioned, only as "a stone", "the stone", or Zosimos ' "stone that is not a stone" (c. 300 AD). In the 13th century Albertus Magnus calls it "the stone philosophers laud". It's connected to the color red, the rubedo or final stage of the Great Work. So where do the colors black, white, yellow and red come from? Black, white and red are the first three colors an infant can see. They are colors on the Egyptian scribal palette. Ancient Egyptian scribes use yellow also, because gods have golden skin. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments At its basic the Egyptian scribal palette is limited to red and black. The classic Greek palette, however, is made up of the colors black, white, yellow and red. The Greek name of the distillation apparatus invented and/or used by Maria or Mary the Jewess , kerotakis , comes from the name of the triangular palette on which the ancient Greek painters mix their four basic pigments - white, black, yellow, and red - with wax { keros ). Sophie Brahe Writer, Alchemist & Astronomer Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Bolus (Bole) of Mendes: Ancient Egyptian Medicine Scribes and artists put the palette on a small brazier or kerotakis to keep the wax soft. The four colors known by Maria and applied by her to the creation process match the Greek palette. At first they pertain to a copper treatment process but later any alchemical work. From the Theatrum chemicum 1622: " ... Alchemists use the kerotaki s in a similar manner to soften the metals and mix them with the coloring agents, which is one of their chief procedures. The kerotakis becomes a three-part apparatus. In its simplest form it consists of a vessel under a plate into which are placed vaporizable substances capable of attacking metals, while over it is an inverted cup in which the vapors are condensed to liquid. On the plate itself are placed the metals to be treated ... " Fulminating Silver: Dangerous Explosives in Alchemical Science Ardent Spirits Alchemy: the Fiery Elixirs of Life Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Metals can be melted, smelted, dyed and alloyed. It's important to have the purpose in mind before messing with metals, and each stage should be given proper consideration. Methods can vary depending on the alchemist or desired outcome. The four colors relate to: nigredo  - black, putrefaction, Gr. melanosis albedo  - white, purification, Gr. leucosis citrinitas  - yellow, illumination, Gr. xanthosis rubedo  - red, the Magnum Opus, Gr. iosis Red can have a connection with purple in the rubedo stage. The elusive pigment caput mortuum relates to this phase as that which is shed off, a side product of the quest for the red. It's also compared to iosis and the Angel of Violet Light . White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Black, white, yellow and red are easily available in the environment. White pigments come from clays and limestone or chalk soils. Black is soot, charcoal, burnt bone. Charcoal is made for art up to 30,000 years ago. Red comes from ubiquitous iron oxide or vegetation like madder root. Yellow is also plentiful as ocher iron oxide. The pigments are extracted by grinding down materials like earthy hematite which is rich in red, or yellow goethite and limonite . Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate In the alchemical process, one proceeds through each color stage as in methods of alloying metals or changing their natures. Alchemy has strong connections with metallurgy and the art of coloring metals. For example Maria's lead ("our lead" she calls it), is as follows: " ... I have spoken to you previously of this molybdochalkon, [when talking] of our traditional silver. Thus the water blackens, attaching itself to our molybdochalkon, and gives it a permanent black tint ... Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients " ... and even though this tincture is nothing, all the initiates desire very much to know it. Now the water capable of taking on such a color produces a fixed tincture, the oil and the honey having been eliminated ... " Molybdochalkos is an alloy of 8-12% copper and 88-92% lead. When heated, copper turns black, and this may be the start of a Great Work. Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) is one of the most destructive conflicts in European history. Up to 8 million people lose their lives to starvation, disease and fighting. Here are five major battles of this devastating war. Thirty Years' War: Conflict, Antagonists, and Impact on Society Prague: Bohemians of the Renaissance Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites The Thirty Years' War Originally a struggle between Catholic and Protestant states within the Holy Roman Empire, it evolves into a broader political contest involving various European powers. The war leads to lasting changes in politics, society and economy. During the Thirty Years War, alliances are built on power and acquisition. They could change in an instant. The poor and peasantry are the worst affected as they're forced into homelessness and squalor. Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh The Peace of Westphalia in 1648 brings the fighting to an end. Upon a background of alliances and enmities, several major battles are important for strategic significance and impact on the course of the war. The Battle of White Mountain (1620) Fought on November 8, 1620, the Battle of White Mountain is a crucial early engagement in the Thirty Years' War. The forces of the Catholic League, led by Count Johann Tilly, face off against Bohemian Protestant forces under command of Christian of Anhalt. This victory cements Habsburg control over Bohemia and marks the beginning of a period of Catholic dominance in the early stages of the war. It also sends a chilling message to other Protestant states about the might of the Catholic League and resolve of the Habsburg Empire. Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague The Battle of Breitenfeld (1631) One of the most decisive Protestant victories in the war, the Battle of Breitenfeld is on September 17, 1631. Led by King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden, the Protestant forces face Johann Tilly’s army once again. With superior tactics and innovative military formations, Gustavus Adolphus’s army outmaneuvered the Catholic League to claim a significant victory. The win at Breitenfeld not only boosts Protestant morale but also marks Sweden's rise as a major power in Europe. This battle heralds a turning point in the war, leading to increased foreign involvement and intervention from other Protestant nations. Michael Sendivogius: Adventures in Alchemy Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Theriac: Miracle Snake Venom Potion The Battle of Lützen (1632) Fought on November 16, 1632, the Battle of Lützen is known not only for military significance but also for tragic outcomes. Gustavus Adolphus and his forces fight against a combined army led by Wallenstein, one of the most skilled commanders of the Habsburg forces. Despite a hard-fought battle, the Protestants secure a victory at great cost. Gustavus Adolphus is killed in battle. His death is a blow to the Protestants, causing a leadership crisis in the Swedish army and a struggle by successors to maintain the momentum he built. Brunhilde: Tragic Germanic Warrior Queen Weapons & Warfare of Bronze Age Europe 1 Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy The Battle of Nördlingen (1634) The Battle of Nördlingen, fought on September 6, 1634, is a turning point defined by shifting alliances and brutal realities of the Thirty Years' War. The Habsburg forces, led by renowned general Wallenstein, faces an allied army of Swedes and Protestant forces. The result was a decisive victory for the Habsburgs, with catastrophic losses for the Protestant coalition. This battle solidifies Catholic stronghold in southern Germany and marks the start of a successful Habsburg campaign against Protestant forces. Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek 12 Renaissance Medicines & Treatments The Battle of Rocroi (1643) As the war draws toward its conclusion, the Battle of Rocroi on May 19, 1643, emerges as a crucial confrontation between the French and Spanish forces. Led by young Duke of Enghien, the French deliver a victory blow to the Spanish, ending over a decade of Spanish dominance. Rocroi is significant for not only changing the dynamics of the Thirty Years' War but also for causing the decline of Spanish power in Europe. The French victory helps shift the balance of power, positioning France as a contender in the post-war political and martial arena. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Prague is an epicenter of medieval and Renaissance Bohemian culture, art and architecture. Capital of today's Czech Republic, Prague has experienced a vivid evolution over centuries. Origins of Prague begin in the 9th century when it emerges as a significant urban settlement. Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Sophie Brahe Writer, Alchemist & Astronomer Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Founding & Early History The area was initially inhabited by the Celts, and subsequently, Slavic tribes settled in the region. According to legend, the city is founded by Princess Libuše, a mythical figure who foresees the city’s greatness. The construction of Prague Castle in the late 800s further solidifies its status, becoming the seat of the Czech kings and later the Holy Roman emperors. Its strategic location along the Vltava River makes Prague a coveted prize for many rulers through history. 5 Syphilis Treatments of European History Natural Magic of the Renaissance Babylonian Astrology: Destiny in the Stars As years progress, Prague grows in importance, particularly in the reign of the early medieval Přemyslid dynasty. The city maintains a busy trade network. Merchants travel far to partake in commerce and society. In 1212, the Golden Age of Prague begins with issuance of the "Golden Bull of Sicily." It grants the kingdom of Bohemia extensive privileges and recognition in the Holy Roman Empire. Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Holy Roman Emperor In the mid-14th century, Prague becomes capital of the Holy Roman Empire under Charles IV. The emperor envisions a city adorned with grand Gothic architecture, which inspires later construction of iconic structures such as the Charles Bridge and St. Vitus Cathedral. Under Charles IV’s reign, the city is a cultural powerhouse, attracting artisans and scholars, making it an essential sphere of knowledge and creativity. Manuscript painting develops in Prague in his reign. He also organizes states of the empire into peace-keeping confederations. Catholic Inquisitions: Chronology & Overview Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils The late 16th century is another bright chapter in Prague’s artistic evolution with ascendance of Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor known for open-mindedness and patronage of the arts and sciences. Once more the city reverberates as a site of intellectual and artistic activity. Rudolf’s court is a magnet for artists, alchemists, astronomers, and philosophers, including figures such as Tycho Brahe and his student Johannes Kepler. This period nurtures an environment of intellectual freedom and creativity. Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine 5 Syphilis Treatments of European History 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine It gives rise to Mannerism in art, characterized by elongated forms and complex compositions. People who frequent the court of Rudolf II include: Michael Maier - alchemist, physician, author, music composer Countess Barbara - poet and medical alchemist Edward Kelley - convicted fraudster John Dee - astronomer for Elizabeth I Michael Sendivogius - alchemist, engineer, discovers oxygen Thirty Years' War Prague's cultural ascendancy faces a dire setback in the Thirty Years' War (1618-1648), a devastating conflict rooted in religious and political turmoil. The city's involvement begin with the Defenestration of Prague in 1618, which sparks rebellion against Habsburg rule. Rise & Fall of the Habsburg Dynasty Europe Thirty Years' War Europe: Five Major Battles Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France The Defenestration of Prague involves two Catholics thrown out a high window in the city. Later defenestrations follow. The brutal Thirty Years' war ravages population and economy, causing artists and intellectuals, like Michael Sendivogius, to flee and abandon their work. The aftermath leaves an indelible mark on Prague, as the city struggles to rebuild in the war’s wake. Scars are still visible in its architecture and history. Architecture: Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance, Baroque Prague's architecture incorporates various styles over time. The Romanesque period introduces sturdy stone structures, such as St. George's Basilica. The Gothic era adds soaring cathedrals, exemplified by St. Vitus Cathedral. Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone The Renaissance transforms the city scene with symmetry, proportion, and classical influences reflected in palaces and public buildings. Baroque grandeur brings ornate details and opulent facades, all contributing to the unique character of Prague’s urban environment Prague’s Astronomical Clock Tower One of Prague’s most iconic landmarks is the Astronomical Clock Tower (or Prague Orloj), in the Old Town Square. Developed in 1410, this medieval astronomical clock is the third oldest in the world and the oldest still in operation. According to legend, the clockmaker Hanuš is blinded on order of the Prague Councilors so he can't repeat his work. In turn, he disables the clock, and nobody can repair it for the next hundred years. There's no historical proof of this, but everyone likes a good story. Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Klabautermann - Germanic Sea Kobold Protestant Reformation of Renaissance Europe A marvel of engineering, the clock combines mechanics and attractive aesthetics, featuring a celestial dial, a calendar dial, and various sculptures coming alive at the hour. This masterpiece of medieval engineering still keeps time with remarkable precision. Prague Castle Overlooking the city is the majestic Prague Castle, a symbol of power and grandeur. The largest castle complex in the world, it has been the seat of power for centuries, through the many transitions of leadership and cultural shifts. Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Thirty Years' War: Conflict, Antagonists, and Impact on Society With architecture ranging from Romanesque to Gothic and Baroque styles, the castle houses important historical artifacts. They include the Crown Jewels of Bohemia and St. Vitus Cathedral. 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Sophie Brahe (1556 - 1643) is born into a noble Danish family. Sister of astronomer Tycho Brahe, Sophie is destined for greatness. She grows up in an environment of intellectual curiosity, but her family opposes her wedding to an impoverished alchemist and cuts her off. Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification As with many enterprising women, an open-minded upbringing kindles her passion for scholarship and science. From childhood she shows talent in mathematics, astrology and alchemy, a natural philosophy. She's an ardent follower of Paracelsus , especially Spagyria . Sophie’s education as a noble woman soon takes shape in the sciences. Her working relationship with her brother Tycho, a renowned figure in astronomy, he of the gold and silver nose, significantly forms her academic life and world view. Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Cleopatra the Divine & the Book of Comarius Difference Between Astrology & Astronomy in the Ancient World She's exposed to Tycho’s extensive research, makes observations alongside him, and assists him in his work. Their familial bond evolves into a productive partnership, a model of collaboration at a time many noble women are married off young to forge alliances. Tycho calls her Urania, muse of astrology / astronomy. Tycho moves to Prague in 1599 as imperial mathematician to Rudolf II. Sophie spends time at Uraniborg, his Danish observatory, where she meets her second husband, impoverished alchemist Erik Lange. Rudolf II Renaissance Prague: Alchemy, Eros & Occult Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Babylonian Astrology: Destiny in the Stars In alchemy Sophie has no interest in making of gold. She joins the alchemical arts with her love of horticulture to make medicines. Fascinated by celestial movements, she undertakes careful observations and calculations, providing substantial input into Tycho’s work. Their collaborative efforts prove significant in advancing the field of astronomy. . The Work of Tycho Brahe and Sophie’s Influence Tycho Brahe revolutionizes the field of astronomy through his precise and comprehensive techniques. His groundbreaking work, such as the " Rudolphine Tables ," prepare the way for later astronomers like Johannes Kepler, his assistant at Prague . Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Alchemy Processes & Related Astrology Signs Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Sophie’s influence on Tycho's work is profound, even if her name doesn't appear frequently in the forefront. She contributes to the understanding of the movements of celestial bodies and encourages rigorous discussions that leading insight. Sophie Brahe’s Writings and Legacy Historical records confirm Sophie writes extensive notes on Tycho’s observations, proving her cognitive role in these scientific advances. Sophie Brahe is not only a skilled observer; she's a productive writer. Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Women Scientists of the Ancient World She authors several texts discussing her views on astrology, medicine, and alchemical practices. Her notable works include " De Aeternitate ," which explores the concept of eternity in astrological terms. She's known for her alchemical experiments, which she approaches with an empirical rigor reflective of her scientific training. Besides her scientific work, she's credited with creating the exceptional gardens at Trolleholm Castle, and as a genealogist of Danish noble families. Basil Valentine: Secrets of Medieval Alchemy Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Natural Iron Oxide Pigments: Extraction, Types & Colors Against her family's wishes she marries him, although the date is delayed a few years so he can escape creditors. Only her brother Tycho stands by her. When he dies in 1601 at Prague she feels completely alienated. Sophie and her second husband Erik Lange wed in 1602 and live in dire poverty. Sophie describes having to wear stockings with holes for her wedding. Alchemy & Seven Hermetic Principles Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Lange's wedding clothes have to go back to the pawn shop after the wedding, as the couple can't afford to keep them. Sophie expresses anger with her family for not accepting her science studies, and for depriving her of money owed to her. By 1608, Erik Lange is living in Prague. He dies there in 1613. By that time, Prague has changed considerably as Rudolf's brother Mattias has taken over the Holy Roman Emperorship in 1611; Rudolf dies January 1612. Mattias kicks out many of the intellectuals. Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Seven Precious Stones of the Ancient World Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition After the death of Erik Lange, Sophie moves back to Denmark, where her son supports her financially. She spends the rest of her life working, administering medicines to the poor, designing, writing. One of her achievements is a 900-page genealogy of Danish families. Sophie's legacy endures through her writings, testament to her intellectual curiosity. In her treatises on alchemy and natural philosophy, she brings ancient wisdom to the table of contemporary experimentation. Her words continue to inspire truth seekers of today. 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Alchemy surges to the forefront of many intellectually-driven cultures. From the Golden Age in Alexandria to Islamic mysticism and thence to the grandeur and intrigue of the Renaissance, academic cultures form a backdrop for this intriguing practice. But what does it mean? Alchemy in the European Renaissance Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy The first definition of alchemy comes from alchemist and philosopher Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 AD), living in the alchemical golden age of Alexandria. Zosimos is a fount of wisdom, a prolific writer whose works are studiously translated to Arabic and other languages. According to Zosimos, alchemy is the study of " ... the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying and disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies." Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Khet, the Body: Death Rites of Ancient Egypt During the Renaissance, Europe is at the center of a vital transformation in art, science, and culture. This era celebrates humanism, exploration, and the pursuit of knowledge. Amidst these advancements, alchemy advances as a fascinating and complex discipline. Often misunderstood as an attempt to turn lead to gold, or as a medieval precursor to modern chemistry, alchemy in the Renaissance is a passionate pursuit. The Renaissance, a volatile mix of philosophy, spirituality and science clears the way to a scientific revolution. Women Scientists of the Ancient World How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Alchemy has ancient roots, tracing back to Hellenistic Egypt and given further shape through medieval Arab scholars. During the Renaissance alchemy evolves dramatically due to revival of classical knowledge, renewed interest in the occult and mysteries of the natural world. While Islamic alchemy seems to have the answer in the 10th century, by the 11th debate arises among Muslim chemists regarding the possibility of transmuting metals. Avicenna, prominent Persian polymath, is a key figure in opposing the theory of substance transmutation. Catherine de' Medici & the Occult   Cosimo Ruggeri: Prophecies from the Dark How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Despite creating the illusion of change (he says), those skilled in chemistry understand no actual transformation can occur among different types of substances. By the Renaissance, alchemical knowledge has already spread through Europe, influenced heavily by the attributed works of figures like the legendary Hermes Trismegistus , scribe of the Emerald Tablet . His writings are a fusion of Hermeticism , mysticism, and philosophy. Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus Renaissance alchemy is a complex matter. Influences include a strong central Christian theme, the Inquisitions, the printing press (1444) and the concept of a heliocentric universe (1543). Notably, the number of gold-making claims multiply. Europe is obsessed with the yellow stuff. Prominent figures such as Paracelsus , who eschews gold-making; astrologer John Dee , and Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa contribute to the synthesis of alchemy and natural philosophy. Paracelsus, for instance, knows nature’s secrets can be unlocked through study of its laws. Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness He advocates for the empirical practice of medicine. His works merge alchemy with pharmacology, emphasizing the importance of observation and experimentation. Paracelsus is one of the most influential figures of the Renaissance, despite being barred from teaching. Renaissance alchemists prolifically generate symbols and imagery, imparting layers of meaning to their work. The Philosophers' Stone , a Western phenomenon, is a central motif in alchemical texts. While Islam rejects the concept of metal transmutation, Europe embraces it. Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Yet, the stone of the philosophers goes beyond material wealth. It's used to symbolize spiritual enlightenment and the quest for knowledge. The use of allegorical illustrations in alchemical manuscripts lets practitioners express complex ideas while cloaking them in layers of secrecy. The famous “Ripley Scroll,” attributed to the English alchemist George Ripley (1415 - 1490 AD), is renowned for its intricate imagery and symbols. An Augustinian friar, he strives for balance of science, art, and spirituality. George Ripley: Alchemist of Augustine Magic Metals, Gold, Smiths & Alchemists Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Etymology of Alchemy - Truth Behind Popular Opinion According to the National Library of Medicine, Arabic al-kīmiyā (الكيمياء) makes no distinction between alchemy and chemistry. The Arabic comes from the Greek word χημεία (khēmeia, chimea) meaning chemistry, based on "cast together" or "pour together". This is the terminology of alloys. Khēmeia comes from the root words χύμα (khúma, "fluid"), from χέω (khéō, "I pour"). The Greek χημεία (chimeía), pouring, infusion, is used in relation to the study of plant juices. This explains the connection between alchemy and herbal medicine. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Smelting Metals: Metalwork & Alchemy Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Alchemy as χημεία (khēmeia) is described as the science of matter at the atomic to molecular scale, dealing primarily with collections of atoms, such as molecules, crystals, and metals. In this way the theory of alchemy transmuting to chemistry has no validity. Alchemy is chemistry. Developments of Alchemy During the Renaissance it branches off significantly into Spagyria , or plant-based alchemy. Introduced by our fiery friend Paracelsus, it's based on his wanderings in the Swiss Alps, and the unique healing blends he finds in the folk medicines of isolated mountain villages. Alchemy Tria Prima of Paracelsus: Three Primes Classic Elements & Concept of the One Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor In the late Renaissance, the practice of alchemy is tied to a pseudo-fraternity, the Rosicrucians . These luminaries are said to reinterpret the writings of Paracelsus to match their ideology. However while the movement gains strength in theory, Rosicrucians don't actually exist. The appearance of Rosicrucianism, an unseen order with no members and no meeting place, is an intriguing study in sociology. It's an example of all the right elements coming together at the right time in the right place. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Lucrezia Borgia: Exploring the Enigma Cosimo Ruggeri: Prophecies from the Dark Major supporters of the Rosicrucian way of thought, a type of Utopian ideal, include Michael Maier and Robert Fludd . Fludd is a follower of Paracelsus. While Rosicrucianism starts as a hoax or sociological experiment, for many it promotes inspiration, curiosity and hope. The concept of the Invisible College relates to Rosicrucianism. The three texts (1610 - 15 and 1616) inspiring the Rosicrucian craze are later attributed to Johann Valentin Andreae, a Lutheran Utopian theologian. Robert Fludd & Renaissance Medicine Rosicrucianism in the Renaissance Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Patrons of alchemy in the Renaissance include Rudolf II in Prague, whose immense library and "Cabinet of Curiosities" draws intellectuals like Tycho Brahe to his court. Alchemy patrons range from the Medici of Florence to Duke von Braunschweig-Wolfenbüttel of Germany . Almost every court, center of knowledge or society has resident alchemists, along with astrologers, physicians and court fools. Alchemists also have their own workshops and take on students or apprentices. They're careful to describe themselves as "natural philosophers". Phosphorus, Uroscopy & Power of Pee Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy During the Renaissance attempts are made to codify specific steps and processes in attainment of the Magnus Opus. Later, these are taken broadly to be rules. One of the joys of alchemy is the inherent lack of rules, expect those of nature. Influence of alchemy permeates modern science, philosophy, psychology and art. Carl Jung recognizes psychological dimensions of alchemy, interpreting it as a metaphor for inner transformation. Archetypal symbols and concepts continue to inspire movers and thinkers. Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Rosicrucians: Order of the Golden & Rosy Cross Rudolf II: Alchemy, Occult & Erotica The practice of alchemy flows with the times. It's particularly prolific in centers with large intellectual milieux. The spread of alchemy and other movements during the Renaissance is due in part to commentaries and translations by writers and philosophers of the times. The Renaissance symbolizes the quest for truth. Alchemists also seek to gather knowledge and use this for the betterment of humankind, or the alleviation of personal poverty by convincing patrons they're worth the investment. Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Guido Bonatti: Medieval Astrology Star Bernard Trevisan: Legends of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In the European alchemical tradition, the elixir vitae or elixir of life is associated with the philosopher's stone. Legend has it certain alchemists know the secret to creating the elixir. Giambattista della Porta is a 16th century Italian alchemist with an eye on eternity. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Guelphs & Ghibellines: Blood of the Renaissance George Ripley: Alchemist of Augustine Sylvia Rose Books Giambattista della Porta (c. 1535 - 1615, Naples) is an Italian natural philosopher known for work in optics and other scientific fields. A prolific writer, he travels through Italy, France, and Spain. The concept of a heliocentric universe (1543) is introduced in his youth. A great contribution to literary science is his Magia naturalis  (Natural Magic, 4 books, 1558). Here he explores the phenomena of the natural world as governed by a logical system. Guido Bonatti: Medieval Astrology Star Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Natural philosophers can comprehend this, he says, using deductions and practical experiments. Della Porta's book explores diverse topics such as demonology, magnetism, and the camera obscura  (an early camera prototype). READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History In Giambattista’s preface to Natural Magic he writes, "...if ever any man labored earnestly to discover the secrets of Nature, it was I; For with all my mind and power, I have turned over the monuments of our ancestors, and if they wrote anything that was secret and concealed, that I enrolled in my catalogue of rarities." What is the Philosopher's Stone? Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Sylvia Rose Books Della Porta intends to compile the secrets of nature. However, he was skeptical of discoveries of the past and insists on making his own through experimentation. Again in his preface he says, "In our method I shall observe what our ancestors have said; then I shall show by my own experience, whether they be true or false…." Giambattista describes two different types of magic in Chapter II of Book I. The first is an evil thing having to do with spirits. He calls this sorcery. Renaissance Astrology: Power of Stars & Planets Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books "The other Magick is natural; which all excellent wise men do admit and embrace, and worship with great applause; neither is there anything more highly esteemed, or better thought of, by men of learning." This is the magic to which della Porta dedicates himself. His fascination with the extraordinary leads him to establish Accademia dei Segreti (Academy of Secrets) in Naples c.1560. Created in della Porta's summer palace, it's seen as the first scientific academy in Europe. Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books It's an pricy pursuit. Alchemists are lucky to have independent wealth or a generous patron. An alchemist can also go into business with dyes, tonics, healing balms or paint pigments. Many alchemists are dirt poor, giving little credence to claims of making gold or anything else. At the Academy of Secrets, magic, alchemy and occult work are part of the curriculum. The twelve members share interest in Renaissance natural magic, alchemy and mathematics. The Academy comes under scrutiny of the Inquisition, and closed in 1580 by Papal decree. Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Sylvia Rose Books This is one of the reasons alchemy goes "underground" in Italian monasteries and convents. A number of religious centers are sites of alchemical experiments. At least one of della Porta's acquaintances, Dominican Tommaso d'Eremita, is a friar brewing up potions in the lab. Religious orders support alchemy because authorities feel it can be used for the betterment of humankind. Naples and Florence are especially is known to encourage the alchemical arts to find medicines and tonics. Many regions become known for health elixirs they produce. Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Cosimo de' Medici & the Italian Renaissance Sweet Wormwood: Malaria Miracle Cure Sylvia Rose Books With interests in occult philosophy, astrology , alchemy , mathematics, meteorology, and natural philosophy, della Porta earns the nickname "Professor of Secrets." Based on his work, 15th-century scholar Giovanni (Johann) Faber discusses healing properties of theriac . This he compares to other remedies used to expel venom from the human body. Faber makes a reference to the medicinal properties of aqua vitae which, he says, “Giambattista della Porta clearly shows in his book on distillation." Theriac: Miracle Snake Venom Potion Astrology & Astronomy Ancient Origins Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books Della Porta writes: "... On the distillation of lib. 9: by which, by a certain method, and by many artifices, the subtler mysteries of the nature revealed, with the right of mixing them into their proper elements, are perfectly taught ... " Other of his accomplishments include writing inside of eggs to smuggle messages to friends imprisoned by the Inquisition. He develops an ingenious idea using plant matter and alum. In 1589 he uses scientific methods to bust the popular belief garlic de-magnetizes magnets. Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Sylvia Rose Books Faber also refers to Dominican friar d'Eremita's book and his “chemically produced” elixir vitae. It's prepared through a long laboratory process involving distillation. Faber praises d’Eremita’s elixir for its healing properties and compared it to theriac which “ ... if taken in a small quantity it animates our spirits so that in resisting venom, Herculean forces are regained."   Magic Numbers: Numerology Origins Golden Ages of Alchemy: Renaissance Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The concept of creating a universal remedy through a laboratory process involving distillation is especially significant. Della Porta details the distillation process for extracting the essence of substances in his work Magia Naturalis . This is attained by separating the spiritual essence contained in the grossness of bodies. As Della Porta explains, “by chymical Instrument the art of distillation “teacheth how to make Spirits, and sublime gross Bodies; and how to condense, and make Spirits become gross bodies: and to draw forth of Plants, Minerals, Stones and Jewels, the Strength of them, that are ... lying, as it were, in their Chests.” Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Sylvia Rose Books Here, Della Porta drew on the principle of chemical separation and defined the quintessence as a spirit separated from all forms of impurity existing in the grossness of the elements. This process was at the core of Della Porta's method of producing the elixir of life. Defined as “the Conservators of Bodies, for their virtue is to preserve from corruption, elixirs are ... compounded of many things to be dissolved or liquefied”. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Archetypes: Psychology of the Shadow Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Sylvia Rose Books A mixture of substances, they can only be produced in a laboratory through a specific alchemical process. It involves sublimation, contrition, descension, ascension, extraction, maceration, calcination, heating and distillation. The latter was the ultimate stage through which the essence of plants, metals, minerals and stones could be obtained. By extracting “ ... the Spirit, being separated from the phlegm and run invisible into the Receiver ... ” Sylvia Rose Books Distillation lets substances achieve their purest forms, maximizing medicinal effectiveness. This concept is central to a research approach described by Della Porta in De distillatione . The Neapolitan scholar details three types of elixirs. the first is derived from metals like gold, silver , and minerals such as sulfur , arsenic , salt , chalcanthite , and potassium nitrate the second from gems the third from plants Chalcanthite: Crystal Blue Explosion Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Sylvia Rose Books Della Porta emphasizes the therapeutic potential of metals and minerals in medical studies by introducing a broader range of elixirs for laboratory production. He integrates Paracelsian medicine into the Aristotelian and Galenic tradition. Principles outlined by Della Porta in both Magia Naturalis and De distillatione are the foundation for new empirical research programs of the Neapolitan convent laboratories. Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings Lapis Lazuli: Vibrant Blue Gem of Ancients Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Italian or Roman Inquisition is established 1542 by Pope Paul III, largely as a response to the Protestant Reformation. Reformers like Martin Luther and John Calvin undermine the authority of the Catholic Church. Pope Paul III struggles to reassert Catholic orthodoxy. Catholic Inquisitions: Chronology & Overview Rise & Fall of the Habsburg Dynasty Europe Protestant Reformation of Renaissance Europe The Roman Inquisition is an extension of the Papal Inquisition which begins in the 13th century. The Inquisitions focus on identifying and prosecuting individuals accused of heresy, including those who support Protestant views or deviate from official Church teachings. The Inquisition doesn't specifically target people as witches at first. However, if the alleged witches are calling up demons, that's officially heresy and Church business. During the witch hunts many regional Church authorities receive permission to investigate witchcraft as well. Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Thirty Years' War: Conflict, Antagonists, and Impact on Society Key People Notable figures include: Pope Paul III: The architect of the Inquisition, he establishes the institution to combat heresy and champion Catholic reforms. Cardinal Giovanni Morone: A leading figure in the Inquisition, his work emphasizes the need for a unified front against Protestantism. Andrea Palma: An inquisitor in the 16th century, known for his aggressive tactics in hunting down heretics. These individuals, among others, are instrumental in shaping the policies and practices of the Inquisition, and their decisions led to unfortunate consequences for countless people. One significant "heretic" is Galileo Galilei. Thirty Years' War Europe: Five Major Battles Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Rudolf II Renaissance Prague: Alchemy, Eros & Occult On June 22, 1633, Galileo is ordered to kneel as he is found “vehemently suspected of heresy” due to his work in astronomy. The Inquisitors say, recant or die. He's forced to “abandon completely the false opinion” of Copernicanism (heliocentric view of the world). Fear of the Inquisition is also why, almost a hundred years earlier, Copernicus doesn't release his theory of heliocentrism until 1543 when he's on his deathbed. Galileo must formally recant much of his life's work. He spends the rest of his days under house arrest. Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Irrwurz or Mad Root: German Folklore Inquisition Methods The methods employed by the Roman Inquisition include: Surveillance: Informants are encouraged to report suspected heretics. Interrogation: The Inquisition relies on rigorous questioning, often using such techniques as psychological manipulation and intimidation. Witness Testimony: Tests against those accused of heresy can include public denunciations where community members are called to testify. Torture: While the use of torture varies significantly, it's an accepted tactic to elicit confessions. These methods cultivate a climate of fear and mistrust in communities. They affect social cohesion, local economic or political relationships and religious adherence. Natural Magic of the Renaissance Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life How the Church Identifies a Heretic The determination of heresy is often arbitrary and depends heavily on the fervor of local inquisitors. The medieval Church identifies heretics through: Accusations: Ample opportunity exists for personal vendettas to shape allegations. Confessions: Individuals who confess are often coerced or tortured into admitting guilt. Handbooks for Inquisitors outline methods for extracting confessions. Theological Examination: Suspected heretics are sometimes called to defend their beliefs, frequently leading inquisitors to label them as heretics based on the complexity of their arguments. This system fosters a dangerous environment where deviation from mainstream beliefs is met with suspicion, further driving individuals to comply with orthodoxy out of fear. Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Hundred Years’ War: Battles & Overview Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman Arrest, Trial & Confession Procedures The procedures surrounding an arrest for heresy follow a strict guideline: Arrest: Suspects can be arrested based on accusations or mere suspicion, often in secret to prevent public commotion. Trial: Trials are conducted by appointed inquisitors, who review evidence and testimony. Legal representation is often limited or unavailable for the accused. Confession: Confessions are pursued aggressively, with strict penalties for those who refuse to cooperate. Sentences: Punishments could range from fines and penances to imprisonment or even execution, with the infamous auto-da-fé (burning of heretics) being a public spectacle of punishment. Italian scholar and alchemist Giambattista della Porta (1535 - 1615) starts a society with several of his friends in Naples. He's called before the Inquisition due to these "secret activities" and has to dissolve the group, but due his local influence is not further punished. Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Alchemists abound amidst the Renaissance and witch hunts of Europe, considered natural philosophers. Astrology has more occult associations than alchemy does. This, and patronage, give alchemists some protection. As long as they don't conjure up any demons. Della Porta also develops an ingenious way of writing messages inside eggs. He smuggles them to his less fortunate friends in prison. The guards check everything, but his eggs always get through. Guelphs & Ghibellines: Blood of the Renaissance Writing Inside Eggs Italian Renaissance Chaoskampf: Order & Chaos Battle Out Political Motivation The Roman Inquisition has strong political motivations. The Church is deeply involved in politics of city-states and kingdoms in Italy and beyond. By eliminating heresy, the Inquisition hopes to consolidate power of the Catholic Church and influence political leaders. Rulers who align with the Church find support, while those who wander into Protestant realms risk excommunication, which can destabilize their positions of authority. The Inquisition is a means of exerting political pressure over regions and leaders. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine In collusion with ruling elites, the Church uses the Inquisition to suppress dissent, maintain social order and authority over the masses. Another primary factor is economic. Guilty heretics have their property seized by the Church. The Church also finds many heretics guilty after they're dead or in their absence. If found guilty after death the corpse is exhumed and burned, and the person's properties go to the Church. If one is found guilty in absentia  it's usually better to stay  in absentia . Alchemy & Prague: Countess Barbara von Zweibrücken-Neuburg Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals With the Reformation, the sale of indulgences, a large source of income for the Church, also goes down. And on the other hand, pressure also comes from many, like the Medici bankers, who are tied into the Catholic crisis and fear to go down with it. Effects of Renaissance & Reformation The Inquisition’s impact is firmly entwined with the broader movements of the Renaissance and the Reformation. While the Renaissance brings a newfound appreciation for humanism and science, the Inquisition seeks to quash ideologies contradicting Church orthodoxy. Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Alum: Tanning, Dye & Beauty Salts The Reformation, meanwhile, prompts a deeper response from Catholic ecclesiastical authorities. The Church launches a series of counter-reforms designed to reclaim Catholic dominance and extinguish dissent. The Inquisition continues to hold power in many regions throughout the Middle Ages and early modern times. It declines in later years and finally ends with a decree by Spanish queen regent María Cristina de Borbón on July 15, 1834. Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

George Ripley (c. 1415 -1490) is an English Augustinian Canon, author and alchemist. One of England's most famous alchemy practitioners, he sets the standards others follow. His writings describe processes for creating the lapis philosophorum . READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Guido Bonatti: Medieval Astrology Star What is the Philosopher's Stone? Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books He describes twelve steps in his Twelve Gates of Alchemy . Dom Pernety, a French alchemist in the eighteenth century, associates each process with one sign of the zodiac, below. The processes are HERE . calcination (Aries) congelation (Taurus) fixation (Gemini) dissolution (Cancer) digestion (Leo) distillation (Virgo) sublimation (Libra) separation (Scorpio) ceration (Sagittarius) fermentation (Capricorn) multiplication (Aquarius) projection (Pisces) Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The Augustinians Augustine of Hippo is a 5th century Christian saint. As the Western Roman Empire begins to disintegrate, Augustine imagines the Church as a spiritual City of God, distinct from the material Earthly Church. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History In the 13th century, Augustinian mendicant friars are established by hermit communities inspired by teachings of St. Augustine of Hippo. The friars embrace a life of poverty and itinerancy, relying on alms for sustenance as they travel to serve communities in need. Spiritual Alchemy: Cupellation Process Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Sylvia Rose Books George Ripley's exact origins and early life are obscure. He travels through France, Germany and Italy, staying in Rome for a time. His 1471 work The Compound of Alchemy or The Twelve Gates explains the steps needed to achieve the Philosopher’s Stone. He describes the processes as laid out in The Twelve Gates : The first chapter will deal with Calcination, the second with Secret Dissolution, the third with our Elemental Separation, the fourth with Matrimonial Conjunction, the fifth with Putrefaction, the sixth with Albificative Freezing, the seventh with Cibation, the eighth will show the secret of Subtlety, the ninth will deal with Fermentation, the tenth with Ceration and Exaltation, the eleventh with our marvelous Multiplication, and the twelfth with Projection. Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Alchemy Symbols in Psychology Spiritual Alchemy: Alchemical History Sylvia Rose Books From the First Gate (Calcination) : We make a smooth, white and red lime; but before, conjoined gender with gender, for each gender responds to its seed. Man begets man, and beast another beast. Beware of one thing, if you want to obtain our Secret, which is that every Spirit freezes with the lime of its kind. If you retain this lesson well, you will make a great profit in our Science. In1477 Pope Innocent VIII appoints him as a chamberlain. Upon his return to England in 1478, it's said he brings with him the secret of transmutation. He continues his alchemical pursuits, also giving financial support to the Knights of St. John for defense against the Turks. Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Sylvia Rose Books The Cantilena Riplaei is among the earliest poetic works on alchemy, although it's not considered penned by Ripley. Stephanus of Alexandria is credited with possibly the first alchemical poem, De Chrysopoeia (On How to Make Gold), from the 7th century AD. Ripley's writings are heavily influenced by the works of pseudo-Ramon Lull. The Compound of Alchemy draws mainly from the writings of an obscure fifteenth-century alchemist named Guido de Montanor. Spiritual Alchemy: Touching the Divine Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Spiritual Alchemy: Fixatio (Fixation) Sylvia Rose Books Di Montanor follows the alchemy of the elixir and mercury exclusively, combining various teachings to suit his needs, which is one of the foundations of alchemy. A major contribution is Scala philosophorum , among the earliest works having a structured approach to alchemy. According to some, writings found in The Compound of Alchemy are intended to be interpreted along with the Wheel , an alchemical illustration created by Ripley . The drawing represents the planets of the Solar System, with Earth perceived as the central point. Mystique of Nous: Awareness & Perception Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Sylvia Rose Books The heliocentric view of Copernicus circulates in 1543. Although Copernicus develops the theory almost forty years before, and others have given lectures based on his ideas, due to attacks on "heretics" by the Church he dares not publish it until he's on his deathbed. When George Ripley is working, the Earth is the center of the universe and not known as a planet itself. Ripley embeds rich alchemical symbols and formulas into his art, depicting them as planetary bodies orbiting around Earth embodying components of his work. Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Sylvia Rose Books He uses seven celestial or planetary symbols: Sol (Sun), Luna (Moon), Mercurius (Mercury), Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. Uranus is discovered in the 18th century. These celestial bodies are associated with gold, silver, quicksilver, copper, iron, tin and lead respectively. Eirenaeus Philalethes, an English alchemist, writes treatises commenting on Ripley's works. In 1677, Eirenaeus publishes an exposition in London on Ripley's "Vision" from the Twelve Gates. The English version of "Vision" is full of symbolism, but authorship is under dispute. The Great Library of Alexandria Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Renaissance Astrology: Power of Stars & Planets Sylvia Rose Books Vision "When busie at my Book I was upon a certain Night, This Vision here exprest appear'd unto my dimmed sight: A Toad full Ruddy I saw, did drink the juice of Grapes so fast, Till over-charged with the broth, his Bowels all to-brast: And after that, from poyson'd Bulk he cast his Venom fell, For Grief and Pain whereof his Members all began to swell; With drops of Poysoned sweat approaching thus his secret Den, His Cave with blasts of fumous Air he all bewhited then: And from the which in space a Golden Humor did ensue, Whose falling drops from high did stain the soil with ruddy hue...." Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Alchemy: Red King & White Queen Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For Ripley Scrolls About 23 Ripley Scrolls exist, varying in size color, and detail, all based on a lost 15th-century original. The scrolls are associated with Ripley due to inclusion of his alchemical poetry and symbolism of the philosopher's stone, but they're believed to be later copies. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Michael Sendivogius (1566 - 1636) is a Polish savant of alchemy, medicine and chemistry. He designs mines and furnaces, travels widely and spends time at the popular court of Rudolf II in Prague. Though he influences sciences and kings, he dies in obscurity. Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition The Alchemical Maestro Michael Sendivogius is a polymath and scientific genius. Like many of the intellectual elite during the Renaissance, he studies alchemy. His experiments blur the lines of perception, captivating the minds of his peers. As a young man he travels the world, inhaling knowledge as if it's air. He oversteps his bounds and is imprisoned twice, but both times escapes. Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE He's welcomed at the court of Rudolf II and works in a diplomatic capacity for Rudolf. He gets such an esteemed reputation, some rulers will deal only with him. Around 1600, in Poland, he gains significant renown by presenting himself at King Sigismund III Vasa's court, where he caters to the king's love of alchemy. The chamber at Kraków's Wawel castle, where he once conducts experiments with Sendivogius, remains preserved. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification However, in historical real time, conservative Polish nobles disapprove of his influence as he convinces the king to invest substantially in alchemical research. Was there ever an alchemist who didn't go bankrupt pursuing the fabric of dreams? Well, yes, but the list of impoverished alchemists is a long one, including Hennig Brand and Erik Lange, alchemist husband of Sophie Brahe. Apart from his alchemical pursuits, Sendivogius also designs mines and metal foundries. Tartrate Crystals: Secrets of Tartaric Acid Smelting Metals: Metalwork & Alchemy Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction His network of international connections lead to his appointment as a diplomat. There's some suggestion of subterfuge here. A pioneer of chemistry, he develops ways of purification and creation of various acids, metals and other chemical compounds. He discovers air is not a single substance, and contains a life-giving element later called oxygen. He identified this "food of life" with the gas (also oxygen) given off by heating niter (saltpeter). This substance, the "central niter", is pivotal to Sendivogius' universal schema. Rudolf II Renaissance Prague: Alchemy, Eros & Occult Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Alchemy and the Vibrant Court of Rudolf II Prague in the late 16th century is a hotbed of scientific and esoteric inquiry. Rudolf II, the Holy Roman Emperor, known for his patronage of the arts and sciences, attracts the famous and infamous, including Michael Maier , John Dee , Edward Kelley , Tycho and Sophie Brahe , and the Countess Barbara von Zweibrücken-Neuburg to his court. Here Sendivogius continues to hone skills as an alchemist. His work in alchemy is significant not only for its philosophical flabberjabber but also its practical applications. He's celebrated for his studies of air and the properties of gases. Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy John Dee - Talking to Angels Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Connections to Edward Kelley and John Dee Sendivogius strikes up friendships with con artist Edward Kelley and famed polymath John Dee. Kelley and Dee are involved in their own experiments, specifically the controversial practice of scrying, attempting to communicate with angels. Kelley has convinced Dee he can do so. Due to the intercession of Sendivogius, King Stephen Báthory agrees to finance their experiments. Kelley eventually convinces Dee the angels want them to swap wives. It gets messy. Red & White Tartar: Wine Salts of Alchemy Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sendivogius's association with such figures seems to indicate an innate gullibility, or perhaps culpability. A lot of alchemists who should know better get rooked. The legendary Bernard Trevisan is a testament to the concept. As time goes on, Sendivogius finds his path fraught with difficulties. His pursuits are not just academic; he faces the harsh reality of a world caught between science and superstition. Copernicus' 1543 heliocentric theory is still challenged by people like Tycho Brahe. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets The Struggles of Poverty and Death Despite noble birth and imperial connections, Sendivogius is in financial disaster. His alchemical ambitions and experiments, much like those of his contemporaries, meet with skepticism. Historical records suggest Sendivogius spends his later years in relative obscurity. Edward Kelley, who upsets Rudolf for not making the gold he promises, dies from his injuries after an attempted escape from prison in 1597. Alchemy & the Magnum Opus - Black White Yellow Red White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur John Dee loses influence and dies in poverty in 1608. HRE Rudolf II is betrayed by his family. His brother forces him from power in 1611. Rudolf dies in January 1612. Like many others Sendivogius is uprooted by the Thirty Years' War (1618 - 1648) and must flee the lands given him by Rudolf. Sendivogius dies in 1636 but his legacy endures. Works such as " De Lapide Philosophico " (On the Philosopher's Stone), remain influential today. Cleopatra the Divine & the Book of Comarius Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold The activities of Michael Sendivogius, works and intrigues are too many to address in one writing. He travels back and forth to the Polish and Prague courts. A variety of accounts describe Sendivogius performing public transmutations of base metals to gold or silver. He's also connected to Rosicrucianism , a fanciful 17th century sociological and intellectual movement without any real members at the time. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top