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The heliosphere protects the solar system from cosmic radiation. The vast, bubble-like region is dominated by the activity of the Sun, created by the solar wind . Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Humans in Space: Effects on Body & Mind Solar Wind: Supersonic Tempest from the Sun The heliosphere extends beyond planet Pluto From the Sun, solar wind travels outward at supersonic speed. A stream of charged particles, it pushes against the interstellar medium, the diffuse gas and dust in the space between stars. The boundary of the heliosphere is the heliopause, where solar wind slows down and meets the interstellar medium. Beyond is an environment of gases and dust from nearby stars. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space De-Orbiting Satellites: Problems & Processes Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk The heliosphere forms a barrier, maintaining safety and stability of the solar system. Creation of the heliosphere begins with the Sun’s activity. Solar winds are a constant phenomenon, but during solar flares or coronal mass ejections (CMEs), the intensity of the winds increases dramatically. A CME releases millions of tons of charged particles into space. They push against the interstellar medium and shape the boundary of the heliosphere. Traveling outward, the solar wind carries the Sun’s magnetic field, forming the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). The magnetic field helps create a protective shield against cosmic radiation. Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space Plants in Space: ISS Microgravity Gardening Carbon-14 Diamond Battery: Nuclear Power Components of the Heliosphere Solar Wind: The driving force behind the heliosphere, the solar wind originates from the Sun's corona and rushes outwards, carrying the Sun's magnetic field with it. Termination Shock: The supersonic solar collides with the interstellar medium. The shockwave marks the boundary between the fast-moving solar wind and the slower, denser medium. Heliosheath: This is the region beyond the termination shock, where the solar wind becomes subsonic and turbulent. Plasma in the heliosheath is compressed and heated as it interacts with the interstellar medium. How Solar Panels Work Melanin Pigment: Form & Function in Nature Human Microchip Implants: Pros & Cons Heliopause: In the outermost boundary of the heliosphere, the solar wind pressure is balanced by the pressure of the interstellar medium. The Sun's influence ends and true interstellar space begins. Bow Shock: If the solar wind moves through the interstellar medium fast enough, it creates a bow shock ahead of the heliopause, like the bow wake of a boat moving through water. Importance of the Heliosphere Shielding from Cosmic Rays: The heliosphere deflects many high-energy cosmic rays from the inner Solar System. Cosmic rays can be damage electronics and living organisms. Influence on Planetary Environments: The solar wind interacts with planetary atmospheres and magnetospheres, affecting climate and stripping away atmospheres over long periods. On Earth, the magnetosphere prevents this from happening. Earth Communication: Satellites, Spacecraft & Astronauts Genetic Engineering: Biotechnology of Change Slime Mold: Brainless Wonder & Evolutionary Link Mars has no atmosphere due to erosion by solar winds (image by Mars Curiosity Rover ) Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

An ancient Mesopotamian God, Enlil (Sumerian: Nunamnir ) is a powerful deity associated with wind, air, earth and storms. He's the major god of the Sumerian pantheon, a primordial sky father figure also responsible for creating a great flood. Enki (Ea) God of Water & Creation Inanna: Goddess Queen of Heaven Pagan Pantheon - Anu, Oldest of the Gods Breakfast in the Clouds Originally a patron deity of Sumer, Enlil expands his range to other areas as seen in myths of the Akkadians, Assyrians, Babylonians and Hurrians. His center of power is Nippur in the south central part of today's Iraq. In Nippur Enlil is worshipped at the Ekur or Duranki temple by 2900 BCE. The name Ekur means 'mountain house', equating with Mount Olympus in later Greek myth. Shurpu: Ancient Rite of Curse Removal Kulullu - Fish Man Monster of Tiamat Figs - Food of the Ancient World Stone carving of chief god Enlil of Mesopotamian myth A mountain house is the assembly of the gods in the Garden of the Gods. It's associated with ziggurats  and the worship of a primary deity and entourage. A ziggurat usually has a temple at top, accessible only to priests and priestesses. It's part of a larger temple complex. Scribes , administrators, doctors and religious personnel often dwell in this region. As specialized Mesopotamian doctors gain prominence, they associate their practice with temples. The Mountain House functions as a meeting place for the Gods, a popular theme in the days of the ancients. In some myths it's considered to be the place humans were created. Ereshkigal & the Mesopotamian Underworld Bull of Heaven - Inanna vs Gilgamesh Mahaleb Cherry: Spice, Nature & Myth Mountain House, Ziggurat, Temple of Enlil in Nippur The mountain house is sometimes thought to be built by Enlil himself. It's the mooring rope or connection with cosmic sky, where the Gods dwell in the heavenly mountains, and earth. In ancient Sumer the Ekur temple is the most sacred of all. A Sumerian hymn dedicated to Enlil says: Enlil who sits broadly on the white dais, on the lofty dais, who perfects the decrees of power, lordship, and princeship, the earth-gods bow down in fear before him, the heaven-gods humble themselves before him.  Sin (Nanna): Moon God of Mesopotamia Dream Interpretation (Oneiromancy) - Mesopotamia City of Ur: Urban Life in Ancient Mesopotamia Enlil in the Garden of the Gods According to another hymn the God Enlil is so holy not even other gods can look at him. Enlil emerges into mythology c. 2400 BCE with the rise of Nippur. He's one of the Seven Gods Who Decree, among the most ancient Sumerian gods who are: An (Anu) , Sky God of Heaven Enlil, Storm & Wind God Inanna (Ishtar) Goddess Queen of Heaven Enki , Water & Creation God Ninhursag , Great Mountain Goddess Utu (Shamash) , God of Justice and the Sun Utu's father Nanna (Sin) , God of the Moon The Sumerians have a deeply spiritual existence, both in the community and in personal life. They feel it vitally important to serve the gods well. The statue of a god is a representation of the deity, treasured and cared for by the priests. Aya - Goddess of Dawn, Mesopotamia Aruru - Violent Vegetation Goddess Nanshe: Nature Goddess of Justice & Dreams The body of the God/dess, represented by a statue or figure, is kept scrupulously clean. Workers whitewash or paint the temple regularly. People leave offerings of food, luxuries, votive figures, precious stones, incense and flowers to Enlil and other deities. Animal sacrifices are plentiful. The temple kitchen prepares food for the Gods. Many gods enjoy wine, a drink of the elite. In ancient Mesopotamia most people drink beer, mead or cider. Ninkasi: Beer Goddess Mesopotamia Pazuzu - Demon God of Mesopotamia Nungal (Manungal) Prison Goddess Wine is a drink of the upper echelon in ancient Mesopotamia Some Gods eat three or four times a day. Proper food offerings become so important to the people, many are written down as guidelines on god lists or kaluti . Temple priests are also charged with washing the cult statues and changing the clothing. The God/dess is always finely dressed. Enlil is seen as a kindly father creator figure who watches over humanity and cares for their well-being. He invents the hoe for farming. An early Sumerian hymn says civilization could not exist without Enlil. Sacred Music of Ancient Mesopotamia Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Warrior Portal Gods Lugal-irra & Meslamta-ea His titles include "the Great Mountain", "King of the Foreign Lands" "Lord of the Winds" and "Supreme Lord of the Universe". He's also called "Nunamnir". At least one source calls him the "East Wind and North Wind." Enlil may be worshipped in a triad with Enki (water) and Anu (sky). Kings admire his leadership and model themselves after him. Many make pilgrimages with gifts of precious items and land, to gain legitimacy as rulers. Enlil is known for wisdom, justice and intolerance of evil. Nabu (Nabû) - Ancient God of Scribes Cult of the Bull: Divine Sacrifice Apkallu - Seven Sages of Mesopotamia Bull horns represent power and divinity. Gods & kings often wear head gear of layered horns. Enlil has a crotchety side. One day the humans are making too much noise and he can't sleep. He causes a drought, hoping to quiet them down. When it doesn't work he calls the disease demon Namtar  to spread plague through the mortal realm. The humans wail all the louder. Frustrated, Enlil summons up all his powers as a storm deity and creates a great flood to cover the known lands. That does it. Finally the humans are quiet, and Enlil gets some sleep. Uruk Mesopotamia: Forefront of Civilization Gula - Medicine Goddess of Mesopotamia Gallu (Galla) Demons of Ancient Kur ... zzzzzz ... In 1230 BCE Nippur is sacked by Elamites, a powerful people populating the Persian Gulf area. After the conquest of Nippur, Enlil falls out of favor with the people as a tutelary god. He's soon replaced by the Babylonian national god, Marduk . Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Inanna (Ishtar) is the goddess of love, sexuality, fertility and war in ancient Mesopotamia. A divine protector, Inanna is fierce, strong-willed, seductive, and temperamental. Her reign of over 4500 years is the longest of any deity. Gala Priests: Clergy of Goddess Inanna Mamu - Sumerian Goddess of Dreams Uruk Mesopotamia: Forefront of Civilization Sultry Inanna Goddess Queen of Heaven - one of her symbols is the rose Inanna enjoys the longest and most widespread worship of any known deity. A supreme figure in cosmology of the ancient near East, she is revered in many cities and regions. She's patron of prosperous Uruk . As well, temples are dedicated to her in Mari, Nineveh, Babylonia, Assyria, Akkad, Hittite Anatolia and Syria. Inanna bears the title Queen of Heaven and countless epithets of beauty, youth and power. Like her sister Underworld Goddess Ereshkigal and Hurrian Allani she's called ṣuhārtu or šiduri, "young woman" in Akkadian. Ereshkigal & the Mesopotamian Underworld Allani - Hurrian Underworld Goddess Asray: Ugaritic Underworld Goddess Part of facade of Eanna Temple, baked brick, c.16th century BCE (credit:Marcus Cyron) Worshiped in Sumer since c. 4000 BCE, she's patron of the Eanna temple in Uruk and of the town itself. It's said the people of Uruk build her a beautiful house with priests, musicians, servants and gardeners, to attract her patronage. Inanna is overjoyed, and pleased to move in. She brings gifts of knowledge to humanity and protects the common people. She is a goddess of women and embodies the female warrior aspect. As a divine administrator she also helps the king receive tribute from other city-states. About half the revenue of ancient Uruk comes from tributes and taxes. Sin (Suen): Moon God of Mesopotamia Dream Interpretation (Oneiromancy) - Mesopotamia Pazuzu - Demon God of Mesopotamia Warrior Inanna - symbols doves, lion, barley She's a goddess of many aspects, including love, war and fertility. She relates to beauty, sex, prostitution , political power and divine law. She's never seen as a mother goddess and no children, except possibly Nanaya , goddess of erotic love, prominent in her entourage. Hittite King Hattusili III  and Queen Puduhepa  are devoted to her. In unwed life Puduhepa was a temple priestess for Shaushka , the Hurrian equivalent of Inanna. Hattusili credits Inanna / Ishtar for saving his life when he was a sickly child. Puduhepa - Queen of the Hittites Shamhat: Sacred Prostitute & the Wild Man Nanaya - Goddess of Erotic Love Architectural detail of the mosaic pillars in the Inanna temple - stone cones set into gypsum Her heavenly body is Venus, in Old English as morgensteorra (morning star) and æfensteorra (evening star). She connects to both morning and evening aspects of Venus. Scholars link some adventures of Inanna to the movements of Venus. For later Romans the morning star is Lucifer , light bearer, while the evening star is Hesperus. Inanna influences the Greek and Roman versions of the Goddess of Love Aphrodite / Venus, to whom the planet is sacred. Lucifer, Venus & Anti-Gods of Mythology The Igigi - Why Humans are Created Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Venus, crescent Moon and human fire. A recumbent crescent is the lunar boat of Nanna. Her myths are lively and complex. She's a joyful innocent, a clever manipulator, a caring protector and seductive siren. She personifies the ecstasy of sex. She's the hand of divine justice, and a force of warrior rage. More myths surround Inanna than any other ancient deity. They include the journey of Inanna to the Underworld Kur (further below), her resurrection three days later and the fate of her consort Dumuzi . Care & Feeding of Ancient Gods - Enlil Gula - Medicine Goddess of Mesopotamia Kur - Underworld of Mesopotamia Inanna happily plants the Huluppu Tree in her garden Other tales include Inanna and the Huluppu Tree, in which Inanna plants a beautiful tree in her garden only to have it occupied by a serpent who would not be charmed, the young of the Anzu-bird , and the demonic "dark maid" Lilith. The tree may be the mahaleb cherry . Hero King of Uruk, Gilgamesh, helps her rid her tree of the pests. He then cuts down the tree and Inanna fashions her holy objects from it. However she has a falling-out with the adventurous king. Inanna is known for wheedling the Bull of Heaven from sky god Anu to kill Gilgamesh for allegedly spurning her advances. The tale ends badly for all but Gilgamesh. Asherah: Goddess of Childbirth & Fertility Enki (Ea) God of Water & Creation Mahaleb Cherry: Spice, Nature & Myth Gilgamesh kills the Bull of Heaven. The gods are not pleased. She also gets water god Enki  drunk and runs off with the mes  or tablets of destiny, which are in his keeping. Enki's sukkal Isimud is tasked with getting them back and doesn't relish the task of confronting Inanna. The mes tablets, containing everything relevant to humanity, represent the power of Uruk, city of Inanna, over Eridu, city of Enki. Finally, Enki has to admit defeat. In some versions Inanna flees in high drama as her sukkal Ninshubur helps her fend off ravening monsters sent by Enki. She makes it back to Uruk in triumph. In the end Enki forgives her, and wishes her well in her reign. Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice What is a Ziggurat? Pagan Pantheon - Anu, Oldest of the Gods remains of Anu Ziggurat and White Temple, Uruk Her parentage vacillates. In the story above Enki may be depicted as her father. Anu, whose White Temple sits atop the world's first ziggurat in Uruk, is occasionally named as her father. In the most commonly accepted version, her father is Nanna (Sin)  the moon, with his wife Ningal as Inanna's mother. Sun god Shamash is her brother and sometimes appears in her adventures. Isimud: Two-Faced Sukkal of Enki Aya - Goddess of Dawn, Mesopotamia Aruru - Violent Vegetation Goddess In another myth Inanna is violated by a gardener while sleeping. She shakes heaven and earth with murderous wrath in fierce destruction as he hides in terror. Eventually she finds and slays him horribly. People of ancient Uruk worship Inanna in three forms: morning Inanna (Inana-UD/hud), evening Inanna (Inanna sig), relating to the phases of her corresponding planet, Venus; and princely Inanna (Inanna NUN). She may be shown as a winged goddess, as below. From c. 4000 - 3100 BCE a ring-headed doorpost is a representation of Inanna. The Star of Ishtar, an eight-point star, often represents or accompanies her in art. Sacred Music of Ancient Mesopotamia Ninhursag - Great Mountain Mother Papsukkal - Grand Vizier of the Gods Seal of Inanna 2350-2150 BCE, with sukkal Ninshubur (standing), 8-point star & lion Her symbols include lions, doves, rose, owl and barley. Doves adorn cultic objects of Inanna   from third millennium BCE. At Aššur, dating to the thirteenth century BCE, lead dove figurines are found. A fresco from Syria shows a deific dove emerging from a palm tree in the Ishtar temple. The goddess might also appear as a dove. Another of her symbols is the owl, also associated with Ereshkigal. The lion or lioness is a powerful symbol of Inanna. Lions relate to courage, protection, Fire, the Sun, dominance and wealth. They represent monarchy, ferocity and pride. Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds Figs - Food of the Ancient World Nanshe: Nature Goddess of Justice & Dreams Women in the ancient near East worship Inanna with unleavened loaves or cakes baked in ashes ( kamān tumri ). “Oh Istar, merciful goddess, I have come to visit you. I have prepared for you an offering, pure milk, a pure cake baked in ashes ( kamanu tumri ), I stood up for you a vessel for libations, hear me and act favorably towards me.” Akkadian hymn Inanna is a patron of sex workers. When Gilgamesh kills the bull she stands on the walls of Uruk cursing him. She calls on all ''the crimped courtesans, prostitutes and harlots'' of the city to mourn with her over the Bull. Bizilla - Shining Love Goddess Sukkal Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Kusarikku - Bull Men of Mesopotamia Inanna / Ishtar winged goddess in horn headdress on ibexes, terracotta At Mari, Syria, several clay cake molds are found, shaped like naked women with large hips, holding their breasts. These are used to make temple offerings and may be a representation of the goddess. Until the conquest of Sargon the Great (c.  2334 - 2154 BCE), Inanna is a local goddess. After Sargon she becomes powerful in the known lands, with temples erected in her honor throughout Mesopotamia. Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Apkallu - Seven Sages of Mesopotamia Anzû - Mesopotamian Monster of Mayhem She merges with other deities Sargon's conquests result in unification. Any disparity between Ishtar and Inanna disappears and the goddesses are one. The Assyrians honor her as the highest-ranking deity in their pantheon, above their own national god Ashur . In one of the famous myths of Inanna, she goes to the Underworld, Kur, saying she wants to attend a funeral. Ereshkigal, suspicious, tricks her into removing her garments. Nonetheless Inanna pushes her sister from the throne of the Underworld and sits on it herself. This is the ultimate insult. Ereshkigal orders Inanna killed, for she has no real power here, and hangs her corpse on a hook. Disease Demons & Doctors: Ancient Mesopotamia Lamashtu, Baby-Eating Demon of Mesopotamia 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King the way to Kur Fortunately for Inanna she anticipates the outcome and has told her deific supporters to plead her case with Enlil, Nanna (Sin), Anu and Enki if she fails to return after three days. None pleads as hard as her devoted sukkal Ninshubur. The first three gods have no sympathy and say it's her own fault, but Enki feels badly for her. He either intervenes himself or fashions a sexless being, Asushunamir, to bring her the bread and water of life. Revived, she flees. Galla demons pursue her, demanding a replacement. Once a person is dead it's highly irregular to get up and leave. To punish her consort Dumuzi, who frolics with dancing girls while she's hanging dead on a hook, Inanna gives him to the demons. Lammašaga: Sumerian Angel Goddess Dumuzi & Geshtinanna: Reasons for Seasons Lord Rodent (Ninkilim) Sumerian Pest God Gallu demons torture Dumuzi (left) with red-hot pitchfork-shaped pokers. Later she regrets her impulsive decision. She forgives Dumuzi, but he must now go to the Underworld for six months of the year, while his sister Geshtinanna takes his place the other six months. While Dumuzi is in the Underworld, nothing grows and the land is hot and dry. The sixth month, the hottest, is named Dumuz-id after him. In the early 20th century, at Babylon, the world-famous Ishtar Gate is unearthed. It's constructed c. 569 BCE by order of King Nebuchadnezzar II as part of a grand walled processional way leading into the city. Mušḫuššu - Snake Dragon Animal of Marduk Scribes & Writing - Ancient Mesopotamia Architect Gods & Building in Mesopotamia The walls are finished in glazed bricks, mostly blue, with lions, dragons and deities in low relief at intervals. The gate is 15 meters high, with the original foundations extending another 14 meters underground. The Cult of Inanna continues until the 5-6th century AD. The spread of Christianity causes a decline in worship of pagan deities. After over 4500 years, Inanna takes her leave. She lives now in the Realm of the Gods, forever young. Ninurta (Ninĝirsu) - God of the People Nungal (Manungal) Prison Goddess Lahar: Flock & Sheep Pastoral Goddess Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The solar wind is a continuous stream of charged particles emitted by the sun. This supersonic outflow of protons and electrons permeates the solar system. It shapes planetary environments and influences space weather. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Earth's Atmosphere: Layers of Dynamic Design Melanin Pigment: Form & Function in Nature Sun image: NASA About the Solar Wind The stream comes from the extreme heat and magnetic activity of the Sun. Temperatures of the sun's outer atmosphere, the corona, are so high gravity can't hold all the particles. Heated to millions of degrees Celsius, the particles gain enough kinetic energy to escape the sun's gravitational pull. The escaping material, ionized gas or plasma, flows outwards from the sun in all directions. They speed away from the Sun, at 300 to 800 km per second. This powerful supersonic wind influences space weather, affecting satellites and astronauts operating in space. Satellite Radio Waves: Type & Function How Solar Panels Work Plants in Space: ISS Microgravity Gardening satellite high above Earth The process behind solar wind is closely tied to the solar cycle. The cycle lasts about 11 years, with fluctuations in solar activity, such as sunspots and solar flares. During peak solar activity, the corona heats further, leading to more intense solar wind. This is often accompanied by coronal mass ejections (CMEs), large bursts of gas and magnetic fields from the Sun. These events strongly increase solar wind output and alter space weather conditions. The Sun's magnetic field manages the behavior of the charged particles. Due to the solar wind, comet tails always point away from the Sun. Space Aerosols: Weather, Health, Ecology Humans in Space: Effects on Body & Mind Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Comets have two tails - a dust tail, of small particles of dust; and an ion tail of ionized gas, The solar wind stretches the Sun's magnetic field lines outward. It creates a protective bubble, the heliosphere, extending beyond the outer planets of the solar system. Composition & Characteristics Dominant Components: The solar wind consists primarily of protons (hydrogen nuclei) and electrons. There are trace amounts of heavy ions, and atomic nuclei of elements such as carbon , nitrogen, oxygen, neon, magnesium, silicon , sulfur and iron. Two Main Types While it's a continuous flow, the solar wind can be broadly classed into two types. Slow Solar Wind: This is slower, denser, and more variable, originating from regions near the sun's equator. This type travels at 300-500 km per second. It's associated with solar minimum periods, when solar activity is low. Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Solar Panels & Batteries in Space Transition Metals in Science and Health Fast Solar Wind: Faster, less dense, and more consistent, this wind originates from coronal holes, regions in the sun's corona with lower density and open magnetic field lines, which allow particles to escape. It can surge up to 800 km/s. It originates from coronal holes—areas in the corona where magnetic field lines open wide, allowing particles to escape more easily. The fast solar wind is more erratic and can affect Earth's magnetic field. Magnetic Field: The solar wind carries with it the sun's magnetic field, forming the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF). This magnetic field interacts with planetary magnetic fields and the particles themselves, influencing space weather. Plutonium-239 & Nuclear Power Lodestones: Natural Ferromagnetic Compass Gravity: Weather, Pollution & Ocean Tides Effects on Planets & Space Weather Earth's Magnetosphere: The Earth's magnetic field deflects most of the solar wind. The magnetosphere prevents the solar wind from directly stripping away the atmosphere. Auroras (Northern and Southern Lights): When energetic particles from the solar wind penetrate the magnetosphere, they excite atmospheric gases and make them glow. This creates the aurora borealis and aurora australis. During a geomagnetic storm, auroras can be seen further south than usual. Space Weather: The solar wind causes disturbances in Earth's magnetosphere and ionosphere. These disrupt radio communications, damage satellites, and potentially affect power grids on Earth. Creation of Magnetism in Rocks Laser Technology: How Lasers Work Earth Communication: Satellites, Spacecraft & Astronauts Aurora borealis, the northern lights Planetary Atmospheres: Planets without strong magnetic fields, like Mars, are more vulnerable to solar wind. Over billions of years, the solar wind has stripped away Mars' atmosphere, leaving the planet cold and arid. Heliosphere: The solar wind creates a vast, bubble-like region around the sun, the heliosphere. This region extends beyond the orbit of Pluto. It's where the solar wind's influence declines and interstellar space begins. Solar Wind Predictions: WSA-Enlil is a physics-based model of the inner heliosphere on a large scale, used by the Space Weather Forecast Office. It gives advance warnings of 1-4 days. It can predict solar wind structures and Earth-directed coronal mass ejections (CMEs), which create geomagnetic storms. Enlil is a powerful ancient Mesopotamian wind god. Clean Rooms: Science & Technology Electric Vehicles (EVs): Creation & Operation Carbon Dioxide (CO2): the Good & the Bad Enlil, one of the Old Gods Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) transform inorganic phosphorus from insoluble compounds into forms plants can easily absorb. PSB promote vigorous plant growth and productivity, from forests to gardens and crops. Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Glutamates: Umami Flavors & Brain Cells Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology herbs Phosphorus (P) is an essential macronutrient for plant growth and development. It enables energy transfer, photosynthesis and nucleic acid synthesis. While phosphorus is abundant in most soils, much of it is in insoluble forms. It's chemically bound into compounds plants can't access. These include calcium phosphate, iron phosphate and aluminum phosphate. This is where PSB come in. They emerge from bacterial families including Pseudomonas , Bacillus , Rhizobium , Acinetobacter and  Micrococcus . Fusarium and Aspergillus , families of fungi, also have phosphorus solubilizing members. Pheromones in Microbes, Plants & Animals Cell Communication in Living Organisms Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Rhizobium bacteria Importance of Phosphorus for Plant Growth Energy Transfer: It is a vital component of ATP (adenosine triphosphate), the primary energy currency of plant cells. Photosynthesis: Phosphorus functions in several key reactions in the photosynthetic process. Nucleic Acid Synthesis: It's a component of DNA and RNA, the genetic material of all living organisms. Root Development: Phosphorus promotes strong root growth, improving the plant's ability to absorb water and other nutrients. Flowering and Fruiting: Phosphorus improves flower formation, fruit set and seed development Phosphorus deficiency can lead to stunted growth, poor root development, delayed maturity, and reduced yields. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria are configured to deal with this problem. Phosphorus, Uroscopy & Power of Pee Elemental Carbon (C) Science & Secrets Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Yellow leaf spot fungus PSB: Microbes in the Rhizosphere The rhizosphere is the narrow zone of soil surrounding plant roots. It's teeming with microbial life, including PSB. The bacteria use various mechanisms to solubilize insoluble phosphorus compounds. Organic Acid Production PSB secrete a organic acid, such as citric acid, gluconic and lactic acid. The acids react with insoluble phosphate compounds, like rock phosphate, in the soil. Dissolution releases soluble phosphate ions for plants to absorb. Biofilm Production PSB form biofilms on plant roots, providing protection against harmful soil elements. Close proximity facilitates nutrient exchange between bacteria and plant roots. Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes Plants in Space: ISS Microgravity Gardening Gardening: Grow Beautiful Morning Glories bacterial biofilm Proton Excretion Some PSB release protons (H+) into the soil, acidifying the surrounding environment to increase phosphate solubility. Acidification helps dissolve the mineral phosphates. Chelation PSB can produce chelating agents that bind to metal ions like iron and aluminum, preventing them from binding with phosphate and rendering it insoluble. Enzyme Production Certain PSB produce enzymes like phytase, which break down organic phosphorus compounds like phytate and release inorganic phosphate. These enzymes increase the phosphorus availability in soils. Heavy Metals Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium & Arsenic Enzymes: Marvels of Nature & Human Health How to Grow Carrots community garden PSB in Agriculture Improved Plant Growth & Yield: By solubilizing unavailable phosphorus, PSB improve plant nutrition, with increased growth and higher crop yields. Some produce growth-promoting substances like auxins and gibberellins. These compounds aid in nutrient uptake. Reduced Dependence on Chemical Fertilizers: PSB can partially replace need for synthetic phosphorus fertilizers derived from non-renewable resources. This type of fertilizer is a primary environmental pollution. Better Soil Health: PSB promotes beneficial microbe activity and improves nutrient cycling. Phosphate solubilizing bacteria contribute to microbial diversity and activity in the rhizosphere. Diverse microbial life improves water retention and strengthens disease resistance. Agricultural systems benefit by integrating phosphate solubilizing bacteria into soil management strategies. Stress Tolerance: Some PSB can induce systemic resistance in plants, making them more tolerant to biotic stress like pathogens, and abiotic stressors like drought and salinity. Environmentally Friendly: PSB are a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to phosphorus management compared to solely chemical fertilizers. PSB cut the need for chemical phosphorus fertilizers. Ideonella sakaiensis : Plastic-Eating Bacteria How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Space aerosols are natural particles active in the atmosphere of Earth. They affect weather patterns, health and ecological balance. Some cool the planet, while others create a warming effect. Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy Aerosols affect the atmosphere depending on the type and color of particles. Sulfate aerosols reflect sunlight, helping cool Earth's surface, while black carbon or soot absorbs sunlight and contributes to warming. Origins Volcanic Eruptions: These inject massive amounts of ash, dust and sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere. Sulfur dioxide transforms to sulfate aerosols, effective at reflecting sunlight back into space for temporary cooling. In the extreme, this can lead to long winters or summerless years. Desert Dust: Deserts like the Sahara are sources of mineral dust aerosols. Strong winds lift particles into the atmosphere, carrying them across continents and oceans. How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health The dust particles become cloud condensation nuclei (CCN). Water adheres to them to ultimately form rainclouds, influencing precipitation patterns. They carry both nutrients and pollutants to distant ecosystems. Sea Salt: Wave action and winds generate sea salt aerosols, abundant in coastal regions. Like desert dust, they're cloud condensation nuclei. In the marine boundary layer, they influence formation of marine clouds. Biomass Burning: Forest fires, agricultural burns, coal and residential wood burning release black carbon (soot) and organic carbon aerosols. These absorb sunlight, contribute to warming and alter cloud properties. Cosmic Dust: Continuous influx of cosmic dust from space contributes to atmospheric aerosols. Mostly silicates and metallic elements, they can seed cloud formation and function in the upper atmosphere's ion chemistry. Space aerosols also include pollen and microscopic organisms. Particles range from a few nanometers to several micrometers. Due to their small size, space aerosols linger longer. Spacecraft Re-Entry: Atmosphere & Aerosols Natural Glass Gemstones: Cataclysmic Fusion Great Pacific Garbage Patch (GPGP) Climate & Weather Direct Effect: Some aerosols, like sulfate and dust, reflect incoming solar radiation back into space, leading to a cooling effect. Others, like black carbon, absorb solar radiation and contribute to warming. Indirect Effect: Aerosols are cloud condensation nuclei, providing surfaces for water vapor to condense upon and form cloud droplets. The number and size of CCN influence the properties of clouds, such as their reflectivity, lifetime, and precipitation efficiency. Certain aerosols cause brighter, longer-lasting clouds. These reflect more sunlight, creating a cooling effect on rainy days. In regions with heavy aerosol pollution, rainfall increases, while less precipitation falls downwind. Sulfate aerosols cool the planet by half a degree, counteracting some effects of greenhouse gases. It doesn't seem like much but a degree makes a strong impact either way. Altered precipitation patterns cause extreme weather. Aerosols influence strength and frequency of storms, like hurricanes, with potential flooding or droughts. Toxins carried by aerosols can settle in lakes and rivers. How Spacecraft Avoid Burning Up on Reentry Earth's Atmosphere: Layers of Dynamic Design Wildfires & Climate Change: Lethal Cycle Health & Ecology Human Health: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5), a major component of aerosols, can penetrate lungs and cause respiratory and cardiovascular illness. Aerosol pollution can cause increased hospitalizations and reduced life expectancy. Areas with elevated particulate levels have up to 25% more hospital visits for respiratory problems like asthma and bronchitis. People with heart disease have higher risks. Ongoing exposure leads to chronic health problems. Ecology: Aerosols benefit plant growth in distant regions but alter biogeochemical cycles in others. Dust deposition, for example, can fertilize iron-limited ocean regions, stimulating phytoplankton growth. Overstimulation of phytoplankton like cyanobacteria can create toxic algal blooms. Too much dust deposition can smother coral reefs and terrestrial ecosystems. Increased aerosols can hinder photosynthesis . Shifts in habitats due to changing weather patterns can alter animal migrations and lead to species extinction. About 150 species go extinct every day. Water Pollution: Eight Countries in Crisis Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Calcite: Metal-Eating Bacteria to Coral Reefs Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Experiments on the International Space Station (ISS) achieve success when astronauts cultivate and eat lettuce in space. With environmental controls seeds sprout, seedlings grow, and plants flower and fruit in microgravity. Gardening: Grow Beautiful Morning Glories Space Aerosols: Weather, Health, Ecology Humans in Space: Effects on Body & Mind Sunflowers sprout on the ISS ISS experiments demonstrate plant growth in microgravity, including the basic processes of plant life, from seed germination to fruit production. Space gardening requires a carefully controlled environment. Plant life is adapted to Earth. In space, gravity is nearly absent, radiation levels are much higher and the atmosphere is drastically different. Growing plants in space needs a closed-loop system to replicate optimal conditions for plant growth. The Veggie Program Begun on ISS in 2014, the Vegetable Production System (Veggie) is a plant growth unit capable of producing salad-type crops. This provides the crew with a safe, palatable, and nutritious source of food, and extra oxygen too. Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology LED lights and plants in space Plants grown in space include cucumbers, arugula, bok choy, rice, tulips, zinnias, flax, dill, dwarf wheat and red romaine. The romaine is the first lettuce cultivated and eaten by the astronauts. Science of Space Gardens Gravity Microgravity is a problem. On Earth, gravity dictates how roots grow and how water and nutrients are distributed. In space, instead of growing roots down and stems up, plants show an altered response or gravitropism. Without gravity, plant roots align themselves toward or away from a light source above, causing them to skew. This light-related phenomenon is known as phototropism. How to Grow Carrots Compost: Teeming Metropolis of Life & Death Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Arabidopsis thaliana With gravity's influence diminished, their growth patterns change. Scientists use aeroponics, or nutrient-rich mist sprayed directly onto roots; and hydroponics, plants cultivated in water with nutrients. Arabidopsis thaliana , or thale cress, a small flowering plant of the mustard family, produces roots 20% longer in microgravity compared to Earth. A "model" organism, it's also successfully grown in lunar soil on Earth. On the ISS the flora reside in specially designed growth chambers. These mimic the effects of gravity through air circulation or artificial substrates. Hormones in Microbes, Plants & Animals How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts How Astronauts Breathe in Space Microgravity zucchini - photo of zucchini blossom by ISS astronaut Light Plants need light for photosynthesis. The ISS uses LED lights, a controlled spectrum of light. It can be configured to the specific needs of different plant species. The lights can simulate Earth-like day and night cycles, promoting optimal plant growth. Water and Nutrients Delivering water and nutrients in microgravity is also difficult. Traditional irrigation systems don't work. Scientists have developed systems to manage water distribution and prevent issues like root rot. Plants are irrigated using the "Veggie" system named after the project. Astronauts inject water into small fabric plant pillows containing seeds and fertilizer. These are placed in the Veggie growth chamber.  Why Apples Turn Brown: Science & Nature Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Magnetic Fields & Space Travel lettuce varieties in growth chamber Hydroponic systems enable plants to absorb nutrients from a nutrient-rich water solution instead of soil. This method ensures that crops receive essential elements directly. Atmosphere The ISS environment is carefully controlled for temperature, humidity, and CO2 levels. The plants contribute to space health by absorbing CO2 and releasing oxygen. Radiation Space radiation damage plant DNA. The ISS offers protection to plants and astronauts. Future space habitats will have to use radiation shielding materials. Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Broad Beans (Fava) - Bronze Age Crops Benefits of Space Botany Food Security: Needed for long-duration space missions and potential off-world settlements. Oxygen Production: Plants convert CO2 into breathable oxygen, helping create a self-sustaining environment. Water Recycling: Plants transpire water, which can be collected and purified for reuse. Waste Management: Some plants process waste materials, reducing burden on recycling systems. Psychological Well-being: Interacting with plants improves mental health and reduces stress, important for astronauts isolated in space. Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Zinnias grown successfully at the ISS add color and cheer for the crew Besides the Veggie project, other "space gardens" are cultivated by Russian, Chinese and other cosmonauts. China successfully breeds silkworms in a biosphere on the far side of the moon. One plant used is thale cress. The silkworms, dine on mulberry leaves and excrete carbon dioxide, which is used by the cress to produce oxygen for the worms. Potatoes are also grown. Other systems are also in place, such as lighting, water, soil and air. Overall 5/6 silkworms advance to form silk cocoons. Sweet Root Vegetables: Sugar & Starch Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Top 5 Countries of the Global Space Race Silk - made from silkworm cocoons The Future of Space Agriculture Automated Systems: Developing robots and AI to manage plant growth, reducing the need for astronaut interference. Closed-Loop Systems: Creating self-sustaining ecosystems to recycle water, nutrients, and waste. Crop Optimization: Identifying and breeding plant varieties well-suited to space environments and producing high yields. Lunar and Martian Greenhouses: Designing greenhouses to deploy on the Moon and Mars, using local resources like regolith (lunar or Martian soil). Magnetotactic Bacteria: Magnetic Microbes Akitu Festival: Springtime in Mesopotamia Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Melanin is a pigment found in many organisms such as plants, fungi, microbes and animals including humans. Its multiple functions adapt to the requirements of different environments. Polyphenols: Plants & the Environment Why Apples Turn Brown: Science & Nature Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Melanin is often associated with skin color but its functions go deeper. It's a group of pigments found across the biological spectrum. The melanin molecule gives protection, structural support, and even harvests energy. About Melanin Melanin is a complex biopolymer, a large molecule made of repeating units. The units derive from phenolic or indolic compounds. Phenols: Powerful Compounds of Nature Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat melanin is the brown pigment in suntans The exact structure and properties of melanin vary depending on organism and the biosynthesis pathway used. Eumelanin: Dark brown or black, this is the most common type found in humans. It's essential for UV protection. Pheomelanin: Ranges in color from yellow to reddish-brown, it contains sulfur and is responsible for red hair and freckles in humans. Allomelanins: These are found primarily in plants and microorganisms, often without nitrogen in their structure. The primary function of melanin is to absorb ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Melanin also helps prevent oxidative stress, and influences metabolic functions. Effects of Extreme Heat on the Human Body Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Peptides: Science of Human Health Creation of Melanin A natural pigment, melanin is produced by melanocyte cells. It forms through the biochemical process melanogenesis. While specific enzymes and pathways differ between organisms, the general principle is the same. Vitamin D is important to the process of melanogenesis. It increases L-Dopa cells, precursors to dopamine. This induces differentiation of immature melanocytes and increases melanocyte activity Animals: Process starts with the amino acid tyrosine. The enzyme tyrosinase converts tyrosine into L-Dopa, then dopaquinone. A series of spontaneous reactions and enzymatic modifications turn dopaquinone into eumelanin. Humans in Space: Effects on Body & Mind How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis Dopaquinone, also known as o-dopaquinone or L-dopaquinone, is a reactive compound and precursor to melanin pigments. Addition of cysteine creates pheomelanin. The reactions occur in specialized organelles, the melanosomes, located within melanocyte cells. Plants: Plant melanin synthesis involves the polymerization of phenolic compounds like flavonoids and tannins, often using enzymes like polyphenol oxidases. Melanin is not universally found in plants as it is in animals. Some plant species, like sorghum, create it as a UV protectant and antioxidant. It's found to increase the plants' resistance to drought. Gardening: Grow Beautiful Morning Glories Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Honey Bees (Apidae): Nature & Myth Sorghum grain Fungi and Microorganisms: Many bacteria and fungi produce melanin, often through the polyketide pathway. They use precursors like catechol or homogentisate and diverse enzymes to create specific types of melanin. Fungi synthesize melanin to guard against UV radiation and dehydration. It also contributes to structural integrity. Melanin-rich fungi endure a range of environmental stresses and are more resistant to drought. Uses of Melanin Animals UV Protection: The primary function of melanin in humans is to absorb harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, protecting underlying DNA. It helps prevent skin damage like sunburn and skin cancer. People with darker skin, containing more melanin, are generally less susceptible to UV-related damage. In humans, melanin determines skin, hair, and eye color. Human Microchip Implants: Pros & Cons Environment: Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Periwinkle: Magic & Medicine of Europe People with higher eumelanin levels have darker skin. Those with higher pheomelanin levels have lighter skin tones. Eye Protection: Melanin in the iris protects the retina from excessive light exposure. Thermoregulation: In some animals, melanin can contribute to thermoregulation by absorbing sunlight and converting it into heat. Wound Healing: As an antioxidant melanin protects against reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can hinder wound healing. Synthetic melanin can accelerate tissue repair in damaged skin.  Caffeine: Nature, Characteristics & Health Earth's Atmosphere: Layers of Dynamic Design Wildfires & Climate Change: Lethal Cycle Melanin production varies greatly among animals. Birds and reptiles use melanin for pigmentation in camouflage and mating displays. In reptiles, melanin functions in thermoregulation, camouflage, communication, and sexual selection, and as an antioxidant and metal regulator.  Melanin is the most common pigment in bird feathers. It provides coloration and structural strength and is important to camouflage and thermoregulation. Colors range from black to brown and earth tones. Arctic foxes produce melanin in the summer months, changing their white fur to brown. Color variation increases survival success. Black Tapioca: Sweet Pearls of Bubble Tea Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Plants in Space: ISS Microgravity Gardening Arctic fox with changing coat color Plants Not all plants produce melanin. UV Protection: Melanin in plants protects from damage by UV radiation. Disease Resistance: Melanin strengthens plant cell walls, increasing resistance to fungal and bacterial infections. Pathogenic fungi, however, use melanin to proliferate. Structural Support: Melanin contributes to rigidity and structural integrity of plant tissues such as seed coats. It helps plants cope with stressors. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Cyanobacteria: Nutrients & Bacterial Blooms Broad Beans (Fava) - Bronze Age Crops Seeds of Nigella sativa (black cumin, black caraway) Fungi & Microorganisms UV Protection: Melanin protects fungal and bacterial cells from UV radiation. Desiccation Resistance: Melanin helps prevent cells from drying out in arid conditions. Radiation Resistance: In some fungi, melanin protects against ionizing radiation, enabling them to live even in radioactive environments. Metal Chelation: Melanin binds to heavy metals, helping detoxify the environment and protect organisms from metal toxicity. Virulence: In some pathogenic fungi, melanin contributes to their ability to infect and cause disease. Energy Harvesting: Some fungi use melanin in a process analogous to photosynthesis. They capture energy from radiation to supplement their metabolism in the process of radiosynthesis. Nutrient Availability : Melanin can aid nutrient availability by improving mineral absorption. Phosphate-solubilizing bacteria use melanin to break down phosphorus, enabling plants to take up the nutrient. Phosphorus is an essential nutrient for photosynthesis, energy storage and plant health. Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Algae: Evolution, Science & Environment Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Benjamin Netanyahu, the Prime Minister of Israel, faces serious accusations of war crimes. These arise from Israel's genocidal military actions in the Gaza Strip and other Palestinian regions. Gaza Strip: Cause & Effects of War Iran: Perilous Power of the Middle East Weapons of Mass Destruction: United States War Crimes The term "war crimes" includes grave breaches of the laws of war, such as attacks on civilians and disproportionate use of force. Gaza operations led by Netanyahu's government face widespread condemnation. War crimes under the Geneva Convention include Israeli actions such as targeting schools and hospitals. Israeli forces attack the Red Cross, execute aid workers and kill journalists. War crimes include forced marches and displacements as well as military attacks on refugee camps, people complying with Israeli orders to vacate regions, and food lines. Up to 100 children a day are killed in Gaza as Israel targets schools backed up with AI equipment for direct hits. Israel continues to blockade critical supplies along with its ally, Egypt. Gaza, West Bank: Hamas & Fatah Houthi War in Yemen: Politics & Motivations Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons The blockades prevent anyone leaving the "open air prison' of Gaza Strip, a tiny piece of property 40 km long and averaging 10 km wide. According to Human Rights Watch and Amnesty International, as well as on-the-scene reporters and witnesses, Israeli strikes cause thousands of civilian deaths. European Union issues an arrest warrant for Netanyahu. Despite this, arrest of a public figure brings a vast array of legal and political complexities. Countries often ignore such warrants, especially when leaders maintain strong diplomatic relationships. In 2025 Hungarian leader Viktor Mihály Orbán quits the ICC (International Criminal Court) to welcome long-time ally Netunyahu with open arms. To visit the US, Netanyahu's plane reroutes to avoid European airspace. Nerve Agents (Nerve Gas) as Weapons How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Gaza Strip Israel doesn't recognize the ICC and creating a tangled legal framework should the weak threat of an arrest actually become an action. The EU's position on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is often divided. While the EU generally supports a two-state solution and criticizes settlement expansion, individual member states hold varying views. The recent military attack on ambulances, dragging medics out and shooting them execution style, horrifies most of the world, except the instigators and their sadistic supporters. Hamas, a military group in Gaza, forms in the 20th century and is at the forefront of the fight for Palestinian rights. Labeled terrorist organization, Hamas is given as the reason for civilian attacks in Gaza. Laser Weapons in Modern Warfare Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Israel-Palestine Editorial: History to Modern Warfare Hamas has released most of the Israeli hostages they held. Israel has abandoned the rest. However, the widespread terror and destruction wreaked by Israel is genocide, Hamas or no Hamas. This is proven by massive attacks on civilians in times of worship, in homes and public spaces. Despite a warrant for his arrest by the European Union, Netanyahu continues to navigate international diplomacy. He cultivates strong ties with the US, who supply weapons to Israel, and Hungary. Since 2010, human rights groups such as Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch raise concerns for the status of human rights in Hungary under the rule of Viktor Orbán and the Fidesz party. Corruption is widespread. The Hungarian government is accused of ruling through an increasingly powerful executive. Iran: Perilous Power of the Middle East Yemeni Civil War: Internal & International Conflict North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Budapest, Hungary This happens in response to the COVID-19 pandemic in March 2020. The government gives emergency powers to the executive, granting it wide latitude in ruling by decree. These powers are renewed several times afterward. They're used to restrict civil liberties outside the reach of public health The US has recently increased its efforts to support Israel, including performing a war show in the Red Sea and killing civilians in Yemen, despite questionable claims of aiming at Houthi targets. The Yemeni Houthis blockade the Red Sea in support of Gaza Palestinians. The US support Israel in attacking the Houthis, as the Red Sea is a major seaway for oil and other commercial vessels. Cryptocurrency Scams: Goodbye, Money Oil Wars: A Global Power Play Fossil Fuels: Ecology & Economy Red Sea, Yemen & region In the US a Zionist group informs on "anti-Semitic" and "pro-Palestine" individuals, causing their arrest or deportation. Meanwhile, protests erupt worldwide against actions in Gaza. In the US these are supplemented by angry uprisings against attempted governmental control. For instance, the current president and "advisor" indulge in mass federal firings and deportation of legal immigrants. Attempts to buy off votes for judges are well documented in the media. Cuts to social security and other educational, judicial, legal and health institutions continue to mount. China: Politics, Economy, Military & Modern Life Nuclear Energy: Power & Process Space Aerosols: Weather, Health, Ecology Historical Context: Israeli-Palestinian Conflict Israeli-Palestinian conflicts go back to ancient history. The modern wars arise in the mid-20th century. Tensions grow over territorial disputes, national identities, and long-held grievances. Establishment of the State of Israel 1948 causes displacement of over 700,000 Palestinians. This continues to affect millions today who seek recognition, rights, and independence. According to the UN, over 5 million Palestinian refugees live in different countries seeking a resolution to their status. Netanyahu's administration takes a hardline stance against perceived threats to Israeli security. Red Sea Crisis Editorial: Proxy Wars & Strategies Biological Warfare: Microbes & Insects Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Human Warfare Support from United States & Hungary Collaboration with the US Collaboration with the US reflects the historically strong alliance between the two countries. This relationship is characterized by significant military and financial aid, intelligence sharing, and diplomatic support. The Biden administration expresses concerns about certain Israeli policies, while reaffirming its commitment to Israel's security. The president in 2025 re-affirms his alliance with Israel, supplying weapons and sending warboats. While the US is the biggest weapons supporter of Israel, Germany moves in on the action by supplying arms worth over $100 million USD in 2024. Later it condemns the attacks on Gaza. Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Nerve Agents (Nerve Gas) as Weapons Deglobalization in the Modern World Gaza Relationship with Hungary Israel's relationship with Hungary has strengthened under leadership of Viktor Orbán. The relationship is characterized by increased economic cooperation, political alignment on and mutual support in international forums. Hungary has often been a vocal supporter of Israel within the EU. It often diverges from the broader EU consensus on the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Critics point to concerns about Hungary's human rights record and other factors. Global Protests Call for Accountability As reports emerge detailing the humanitarian crisis, public sentiment leads to massive protests advocating for Palestinian rights. Protests grow globally. Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Biological Warfare: Microbes & Insects Growing discontent voices civil society's frustration with the lack of effective international response. Activists are increasingly calling for actions such as targeted sanctions against Israeli officials and genuine support for Palestinian statehood. The use of AI in weaponry helps Israel target vulnerable areas. Troops make no pretense at aiming for Hamas sites. A recent protest  at the Microsoft 50th Anniversary in front of bigwigs Bill Gates and execs, gets attention. Netanyahu's administration attempts to shape a different narrative. He promotes a self-defense message while downplaying the humanitarian cost of his military actions. Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Water Pollution: Eight Countries in Crisis Effects of Extreme Heat on the Human Body Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Compost is a complex network of life, such as insects and generations of unseen microorganisms. In this earthy metropolis they busily break down organic matter, releasing nutrients. They eat and get eaten. Compost: Heart of Sustainable Gardening Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life A billion microbes live in a gram of compost. Comparatively, 25 million people live in Shanghai. At the base of the compost food web are bacteria and fungi. These industrious microbes are primary decomposers, reducing complex organic molecules to simpler compounds. Microorganisms Bacteria: Bacteria are the most abundant microorganisms in compost. They adapt to different stages of decomposition. Some love anaerobic conditions and others love oxygen, and many can switch back and forth. Bacteria multiply rapidly. Some species double every 20 minutes. They decompose carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, releasing heat in the process. Compost Heat: Microbes & Decomposition Fruit Breakdown: Decomposition of an Apple Quorum Sensing: Microbial Coordination Lactobacillus bacteria often frequent compost bins and heaps Heat helps maintain optimal temperatures for decomposition, which can rise above 60°C (140°F). T hermophilic bacteria dominate in this phase. Fungi: These opportunistic decomposers break down tough organic matter like cellulose or lignin, plentiful in woody materials. They're recognized by thread-like structures or hyphae spreading through the compost. Fungi access nutrients locked within plant materials, making them available for other organisms. They are especially important in cooler compost piles and can tolerate lower pH levels than many bacteria. Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Reishi or Lingzhi - Mushroom Magic Microfungi are plentiful in compost Protozoa also appear in compost ecosystems. They feed on bacteria and fungi, helping regulate populations. This predatory behavior prevents any single group from becoming too dominant. Yeast: Where there is sugar, there is yeast. These hungry one-celled organisms can build complex communities around decomposing fruit and grains. They consume glucose and fructose to release CO2 and water in aerobic conditions, helping maintain aeration and moisture levels. In anaerobic conditions they produce CO2 and alcohol. Earthworms: Soil Health & Ecosystem Balance Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Budding yeast cell - many yeast cell parts resemble those of human cells Insects et al. Springtails: The tiny, wingless insects are among the first to arrive in a compost pile. They feed on fungi and decaying matter in moist compost. Their activity contributes to the decomposition process and maintains a balanced environment. Rove Beetles: Rove beetles are predatory insects helping control compost populations. They feed on other insects and larvae, including fruit flies and nematodes, which can compete for the same resources. Fruit Flies: In composting cycles, they are considered primary consumers. They break down organic compost materials, fruit acids and sugars. They love fermented drink spillage and are particularly fond of bananas. Cyanobacteria: Nutrients & Bacterial Blooms 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Orange Springtail ( Yuukianura Aphoruroides ) Soldier Fly Larvae: These voracious eaters are particularly adept at breaking down food waste. They can thrive in a wide variety of organic materials and contribute significantly to rapid decomposition. Ants are often seen in compost heaps. They contribute to aeration by building tunnels, promoting microbial activity. Ants bring organic materials to their nests, further contributing to nutrient cycling within the ecosystem. Mites are tiny arachnids, some microscopic. They contribute to breakdown of organic materials by feeding on fungi, bacteria, and decaying matter. Mites help promote growth when compost is in the garden. Ancient Salt & Health: Physician Dioscorides Homo-Fermentation in Lactic Acid Bacteria Salmonella Bacteria: Science & Health microscopic Forcellinia - desirable in compost Forcellinia are common compost mites who also live in symbiosis with honeybees. The arachnids keep the hive clean by consuming dead matter, and are no threat to honey or bees. In return they have a safe home. Nematodes , or roundworms, are microscopic organisms who prey on bacteria and fungi, helping regulate microbial populations. Nematode species decompose organic matter, so plants can get essential nutrients. Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction Lactic Acid Fermentation: Beneficial Bacteria Kahm Yeast: the Wild Ones Nematode Annelids Earthworms: Earthworms are well-known compost inhabitants, particularly in vermicomposting. They ingest organic matter, grind it up, and excrete crumbly nutrient-rich castings, valuable as soil amendment. Their burrowing helps aerate forest soil, garden earth and compost. Pot Worms (Enchytraeids):  These small, white worms thrive in moist, acidic environments. They feed on decaying matter and microorganisms, breaking down the material further and excreting nutrient-rich castings. Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Morning glories are easy to grow and fairly low-maintenance. In balcony gardens they need a lot of water and at least a bucket-sized container with good drainage. They cover vertical areas with abundant bright blossoms. Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life How to Grow Carrots Blue Morning Glory - blue in the morning, pink in the afternoon Morning glories ( Ipomoea ) are native to tropical regions, but these annual vines are highly adaptable. They grow in temperate zones throughout the world. Flowers are trumpet-shaped. They come in many colors, including blues, purples, pinks and whites. Ammonium (NH+4): Nitrogen Needs of Plants Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Varieties "Blue Morning Glory" changes color from blue to purple and pink as light alters during the day. Popular varieties also include "Heavenly Blue", a classic, which grows to about 10 ft. Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Polyphenols: Plants & the Environment Herbology & Lore: Plantain Plant (Plantago) Heavenly Blue "Grandpa Ott," with its rose-starred and pink-throated blooms, is a favorite. "Scarlet O'Hara" has red blooms and grows 6-8 feet, bringing vibrant color to a garden. It's a variant of the Japanese Morning Glory. Moonflower is the only morning glory species to bloom at night, with large sweet-smalling white blossoms. Some morning glories are streaked or banded, with many specialty varieties developed. Planting Morning glories are best planted after the last frost in spring. They like a soil pH of 6.0 to 7.0, or neutral. Soil temperatures for best germination outdoors are around 15°C (60°F). Seeds can start indoors 4-6 weeks before the last frost date. They don't always transplant well, so it's best to sow them in the place they'll grow. Periwinkle: Magic & Medicine of Europe Earth's Atmosphere: Layers of Dynamic Design Wildfires & Climate Change: Lethal Cycle Morning glories attract hummingbirds, bees and butterflies with their fragrant nectar. However morning glory seeds are poisonous to humans and animals. Mice, squirrels and even birds avoid them. Thus morning glories drop many seeds to the ground and can rapidly proliferate over a few seasons. For this reason some gardeners don't like them. Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Ruby-throated hummingbirds love morning glory nectar Toxins: Many species of morning glory produce ergoline alkaloids such as the psychoactive and/or psychedelic lysergamides ergine (lysergic acid amide; LSA) and isoergine (isolysergic acid amide; iso-LSA). They're structurally related to lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Symptoms of poisoning include nausea, diarrhea and hallucinations. Some people try to take the seeds recreationally but side effects can be severe. Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Black Hellebore: Toxins, Health & Lore Morning glory seeds, enlarged Direct sowing is preferred. From personal experience, pre-growing indoors doesn't give them much advantage when they go outside, even if they survive the transplant. Morning glories love full sun and need at least 6 hours of direct sunlight daily. The more sun they get, the more they bloom. They prefer well-draining, moderately fertile soil. If the soil is heavy clay it can be mixed with compost or other organic matter to improve drainage. Environment: Lithium-ion Battery Recycling Algae: Evolution, Science & Environment Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment fertile soil Sowing Seeds Scarification: If desired the seed coat can be nicked with a knife or file, taking care not to damage the inner seed. The seeds may also be soaked in warm water for 24 hours. These steps are are not essential. Sowing Depth: Plant seeds about 1.5 cm (½ in) deep and 15-30 cm (6-12 in) apart. Planting 2-3 seeds per hole yields a fuller vine. Mahaleb Cherry: Spice, Nature & Myth Akitu Festival: Springtime in Mesopotamia Sustainable Gardening: Compost & Old Beer Watering: Water well after planting. Keep soil consistently moist, but not waterlogged, until the seeds germinate. Most morning glory varieties will sprout within 7 to 14 days. If young plants need transplanting for one reason or another, carefully cut a wide ring around the plant, dig beneath and take it up with soil in place, preferably not exposing the roots. Replant in a large hole. Simply uprooting and replanting often ends with a dead plant. Support Morning glories love to climb. They might need guidance, otherwise they can twist together or tangle with other plants. Trellises, fences, arbors, rails, posts, rock walls or twine are quickly embraced by questing tendrils. Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health Care & Maintenance Watering: Water regularly, especially during dry spells. Do not spritz plants or water foliage directly, as it can attract fungal disease. Fertilizing: Morning glories don't need a lot of fertilizer. A light feeding with a balanced fertilizer in early spring can encourage healthy growth. On balconies the plants may need more nourishment. Beware of over-fertilizing. It can cause excess foliage growth at the expense of blooms. Deadheading: A standard for petunias, it's not strictly necessary for morning glories. Removing spent flowers can encourage the plant to produce more blooms. Let some go to seed and use the seeds next year. Pest Control: Plants may be prone to common garden pests like aphids and spider mites. Treat infestations with insecticidal soap or neem oil. I've raised morning glories on the balcony for years and never had an infestation, but ground gardens are more vulnerable. Mugwort (Wormwood) Medicine & Herb Lore Broad Beans (Fava) - Bronze Age Crops Figs - Food of the Ancient World Moonflower ( Ipomoea alba ) Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Robotics changes healthcare in many ways such as improving patient care, and streamlining operations across the medical field. Developments include surgery, rehabilitation and cute robot companions. Build a Basic Robot: Method & Materials What Robots Need to Function & Survive Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics In many healthcare settings unfortunately, patients are traumatized and illnesses dismissed due to subjective human judgment and lack of understanding. Robotics may improve patient experience in these scenarios. Surgical Robots Surgical robots such as the da Vinci Surgical System enable minimally invasive procedures with greater precision and control. These robots allow human surgeons to perform complex procedures through small incisions. This reduces trauma to the body, blood loss, hospital stay duration and post-operative pain. Surgical robots are commonly used in procedures such as hysterectomies, prostatectomies, and gynecological surgeries. In complex operations like prostatectomies, robotic tools help with delicate maneuvers. Patients benefit from quicker recoveries, often returning to daily activities sooner than with traditional surgical methods. Nanorobots: Micro Robotic Tech, Ecology, Health Electric Vehicles (EVs): Creation & Operation Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction surgery robots Rehab Robots Rehabilitation robots help patients recover from injuries, illnesses or surgeries affecting mobility. The robots assist patients with tasks such as walking, grasping objects, and doing physical therapy exercises. Robotic exoskeletons can benefit people with spinal cord injuries or neurological disorders. They provides support and guidance while patients practice walking on a treadmill. In physical therapy, robotic tools are increasingly used to motivate patients, ensuring adherence to rehabilitation routines. At this time they consist of feedback tools and progress meters. Artificial Intelligence: Technology & Society Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Robotic assistants These are now common in many healthcare environments. These robots handle routine tasks like delivering supplies and transporting medication. Robots like TUG and Relay navigate hospital corridors, delivering items in under 10 minutes. By handling logistics, robots can decrease wait times and improve efficiency in medical settings. Pharmacy Robots Pharmacy robots are used to automate the process of dispensing medication. The robots accurately count pills, label bottles and fill intravenous bags with medication. Pharmacy robots may reduce medication errors, increase efficiency, and free up pharmacists for other activities. The RIVA (Robotic Intravenous Automation) system, a pharmacy bot, can prepare sterile intravenous admixtures in a fraction of the time it takes a human pharmacist. Akitu Festival: Springtime in Mesopotamia Laser Weapons in Modern Warfare Clean Rooms: Science & Technology Telepresence Robots Telepresence robots enable healthcare staff to interact with patients remotely. These robots consist of a mobile base, a video screen, and a camera. Healthcare personnel control the robot remotely and communicate with patients by video. Telepresence robots can provide care in remote areas, reduce travel need and help patients access specialized care. Robot Companions Robotic companions provide companionship and emotional support to patients. They interact with patients through voice recognition and artificial intelligence. Robotic companions benefit patients with dementia or other cognitive impairments. The PARO robot, a therapeutic robot in the form of a baby harp seal, is shown to reduce stress and anxiety in patients with dementia. Nanotechnology: Nanoscale Power & Progress Sustainable Gardening: Compost & Old Beer Nuclear Energy: Power & Process Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top