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Heat is neutral. It can nurture or kill. With rising temperatures, many world regions already reach lethal levels. Extreme heat is influenced by factors like high humidity, inadequate water and air pollution . Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Humans in Space: Effects on Body & Mind Iraq: Mesopotamia to Modern Middle East While global warming occurs naturally, heat continues to rise at rates never before seen in history. As bodies struggle to cool down, heat effects range from dizziness and exhaustion to organ failure. If it's too humid, sweat can't evaporate to cool the body. Ability to shed heat varies from person to person and by region. Extremes cause fainting, sleep disruption, breathing problems, heart attacks and kidney damage. A body temperature over 40°C (104°F) can cause heatstroke and death especially where medical help is scarce. Vulnerable populations suffer most, facing psychological, physiological and socioeconomic crises. Cassava Root: Nutrition, Toxins & Economy Oil Wars: A Global Power Play How Solar Panels Work air pollution is a major factor in city heat bubbles Wet-Bulb Temperature The wet-bulb temperature (TW), uses heat and humidity to assess livability in hot climates. The wet-bulb temperature is the lowest temperature to which air can be cooled by the evaporation of water. For healthy people at rest and hydrated, wet-bulb temperature of 35°C (95°F) is considered the limit. Average body temperature is warmer at 37°C (98.6°F), meaning there's room to cool. Beyond this point, the human body can no longer lower its temperature through sweating. Even lower wet-bulb temperatures can be dangerous sustained over long periods. Indus River Valley Civilization: Bronze Age Fossil Fuels: Ecology & Economy Carbon Sequestration: Environmental Health Certain regions are becoming unlivable due to heat and its complex effects on bodies, land and infrastructure. Several factors contribute. Global Warming, rising average global temperatures. Humidity, especially in coastal and low-lying regions. Those already prone to monsoonal weather patterns are most in jeopardy. Urban Heat Islands: Densely populated cities trap heat, creating microclimates much hotter than surrounding rural areas. The effect is exacerbated by air pollution and amplified in regions already hot and humid. Even solar panels don't work well in high heat, as shown by stats on recent heatwaves. While they give spectacular results during hot spells, as in Europe, over 35°C their efficiency declines by 10-25%. Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Copacabana beach, Rio di Janeiro, Brazil. Temperatures can rise to 50°C in some parts of Brazil. Regions of Hazardous Heat South Asia In countries like India, Pakistan and Bangladesh the combination of intense heat waves, high humidity, and dense populations puts it in danger. Pollutions levels soar. The Indus River Valley is especially imperiled. Reliance on outdoor labor in agriculture further increases the risk. Central India and Bangladesh are facing dramatic temperature increases. In notably dense urban areas like New Delhi, heat waves may soar above historical averages. In May 2024 heat reaches a staggering 52°C (125.6°F), plunging communities into crisis. Lack of adequate infrastructure to cope with extended heat increases mortality rates. Heat is accompanied by drought, famine, flash floods, wildfires and weather disasters. Houthi War in Yemen: Politics & Motivations Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Electric Vehicles (EVs): Creation & Operation Wildfires break out in SE Asia in the dry season of late winter (Feb-March).  Southeast Asia Forest fires in Indonesia peak from July to October. They produce a haze covering Southeast Asia, leading to hotter temperatures, serious respiratory and other health issues. Countries like Thailand, Vietnam and Philippines experience increasingly frequent and intense heatwaves, often with high humidity. Coastal cities and agricultural regions are especially at risk.   Over the past 85 years these regions already experience increases in the number of days in April with such dangerously high temperatures. In 2024, Yangon, Myanmar, is the hottest city in SE Asia with temperatures up to 40°C (104°F).  Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Science & Environment Mineral Oil: Technology & Ecology Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Human Warfare Sun goes down in Yangon, Myanmar Persian Gulf Already characterized by extremely high temperatures, this region, including parts of Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, and Qatar, is likely to become uninhabitable within a few years. Rapid urbanization and reliance on air conditioning, a system which actually contributes to heat problems, exacerbate the situation. Many countries in the Middle East already suffer from extreme heat. Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Uruk Mesopotamia: Forefront of Civilization Pakistan: Ancient Cultures to Nuclear Power Ras Abu Aboud, Doha, Qatar, with football stadium Middle East In some areas, temperatures can surpass 50°C (122°F) during peak summer months. In Kuwait City prolonged periods of heat exceed sustainable levels, making large areas dangerous by day. Kuwait has been experiencing temperatures over 50°C in the summer months for decades. In 2024 the hottest cities in the world are Barsa, Iran with up to 130 days of temperatures above 50°C. It's followed by Ahvaz Iran and Al-Jahra, Kuwait with 50°C+ heat waves of 84 and 83 days respectively. How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Women Scientists of the Ancient World Kuwait City Parts of Africa Regions near the equator, like West Africa, deal with increasing heat stress. Limited access to cooling technologies and healthcare resources make populations in these areas particularly vulnerable. North African countries, including Algeria, Egypt and Libya also deal with long-term conditions of extreme heat. Central and northern Saharan regions are too hot for human life. Temperatures regularly exceed 50°C during the hottest months.  The Sahara Desert is expanding, mainly toward the south. Its harsh climate is a serious threat to agriculture and water availability. In some regions of Egypt, water resources are forecast to decrease by 40% by 2030, causing massive human displacement. Pyrococcus furiosus: Extremophile of Vulcano Ebony - Precious Wood of Ancients Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Amazon Rainforest Climate change, declining rainfall and deforestation already stresses the Amazon Rainforest. This can create drier, hotter conditions, making parts of the region uninhabitable. The rainforest is a subject of great controversy. While global exploitation abounds, much of the local rainforest destruction is driven by factors like cattle ranching, soybean production, and gold mining. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Tardigrades (Water Bears): Extreme Survivors rainforest deforestation Coastal Australia While Australia has always experienced heat, rising sea levels and a changing climate increase humidity along the coast, making some areas hotter. Parts of northern Australia, including Darwin, Broome, and Port Hedland, are predicted to be unlivable within a lifetime.  United States Cities like Phoenix, Arizona, and Las Vegas, Nevada, already experience extreme temperatures. In 2024 Phoenix breaks all records with an unprecedented fall heat wave of 70 days and temperatures exceeding 43.3°C (110°F). Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Top 5 Countries of the Global Space Race Cactus. Phoenix and terrain. Low-lying regions are hotter with denser air than alpine areas. These areas could see a steady rise in annual average temperatures and heat-related health crises. Crucial infrastructures like air conditioning become overwhelmed, and water shortages are also a problem. Arizona is presently in an extended drought. Water shortage affects almost the entire state, with regions of extreme and exceptional drought.  Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Microchips: the Real World Power Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Pacific - El Niño The Pacific has been in an El Niño phase since May 2023, releasing additional heat and exacerbating global warming in many regions. El Niño is the warm stage of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This recurring climate pattern raises water temperature in central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean. Characterized by unusually warm surface waters, it adds to the rising heat. El Niño is associated with drought in India, Indonesia and Brazil, and increased flooding in Peru. In parts of Asia, it increases frequency and timespan of extreme heat. It's especially dangerous for the many cities currently hit by a series of intense heatwaves, forcing school closures and health warnings. Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Robot Lubrication: Grease the Machine Make an AI for Stock Market Analysis & Prediction Places Too Hot Now Sustained wet-bulb temperatures exceeding 35°C are still comparatively rare on Earth. They have been recorded for short periods and forecast to worsen over time. Indus River Valley (Pakistan): This region is inundated by intense heatwaves. Persian Gulf: Cities like Dhahran (Saudi Arabia) record peak wet-bulb temperatures close to critical threshold. Kuwait City and Basra, Iraq, record staggering temperatures reaching 54°C (129°F). Coastal Cities in India: During pre-monsoon heatwaves, cities like Kolkata and Chennai are subject to lethally high heat and humidity. United States : Phoenix, Tucson, and Las Vegas, those in the Southeast like Miami and Houston, and areas of California have increasingly hot summers, with temperatures reaching triple digits Fahrenheit.  In super hot regions, daily life becomes steadily more hazardous, with efforts of basic activities posing severe health risks. These intense conditions are already a reality for many people around the world. North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Black Tea (Camellia sinensis): Harvest to Cup Algae: Evolution, Science & Environment Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Wind turbines use renewable energy, the power of the wind. They transform wind force into electricity. The process is built upon fundamental principles of physics and engineering. How Solar Panels Work Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Oil Wars: A Global Power Play Wind forms from the uneven heating of the Earth's surface by the sun. Heat causes air to move, creating wind currents. As the wind flows, it carries kinetic energy. This can be converted to electricity. Blades : Most turbines have three blades to capture wind. The blades are longer and wider at the base, tapering toward the tip. This design helps to maximize energy capture across the entire blade surface, even when wind speeds vary. As wind flows across the blade, it creates a difference in air pressure. The air pressure on the front side of the blade is lower than the pressure on the back, creating lift. This force makes the blades rotate, capturing the kinetic energy of the wind. Top 5 Countries of the Global Space Race Semiconductors: Materials, Methods & Markets Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Rotor : The spinning blades turn the rotor, which is connected to the turbine's other components. Rotor movement generates the mechanical energy needed for electricity production. The rotor connects to a gearbox which increases rotational speed. Wind may spin the rotor at 10 - 20 rotations per minute (RPM), but the generator requires a speed of 1500 RPM. The gearbox converts the slow, high-torque rotation into the faster rotation needed for power generation. Gearbox and generator are housed in a nacelle at top of the tower. Generator Once the gearbox increases the rotor's speed, the generator kicks in. The generator works on the principle of electromagnetic induction. It contains a set of coils made of conductive material, usually copper. Vermicompost: Composting with Worms How to Make an Artificial Intelligence System Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria As the fast-spinning shaft rotates magnets near or within these coils, it creates a changing magnetic field. The field forces electrons within the copper coils to move, generating electrical current. The electricity produced is in alternating current (AC). Electricity generated by the turbine is sent down the tower through cables to a transformer. The transformer steps up the voltage of the electricity. This is because electricity is more efficiently transmitted over long distances at higher voltage. Finally, the high-voltage electricity is fed into the electrical grid, ready to power homes, businesses, and industries. Uruk Mesopotamia: Forefront of Civilization Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Black Tea (Camellia sinensis): Harvest to Cup satellite view of lights on Earth Modern Advancements Modern wind turbines are equipped with sophisticated control systems to continuously monitor wind speed and direction. The systems can adjust the pitch of the blades, or the angle at which they align with the wind. This can optimize energy capture and prevent damage in high winds. Some turbines are also equipped with yaw control, which allows the nacelle to rotate and face the wind for maximum efficiency. Advancements in materials science and engineering develop larger, more powerful turbines. These can capture more wind energy and generate more electricity. Kimchi: Microbes, Acids & Fermentation Einkorn Wheat - First Domestic Crops Iraq: Mesopotamia to Modern Middle East Use of renewable energy including wind, solar and hydro vary drastically by country. In Canada 70% of energy comes from renewable resources despide being the 5th largest oil producer in the world. In the US, just south of the Canadian border, 24% of energy is renewable. In Europe, up to 47% of energy comes from renewable resources. China is in with 31%, and Saudi Arabia dips below 1% due to its high dependence on fossil fuels. Saudi Arabia claims to aim for 50% renewable by 2030. Problems of Wind Energy Despite advantages, wind energy has some drawbacks. Intermittency : Wind is not always predictable. The energy output can vary widely depending on weather conditions. Land Use : Wind farms need a lot of land, potentially affecting local agriculture or ecosystems. Noise and Aesthetic Concerns : Some communities resist wind turbines due to noise and their visual impact on the landscape. Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Iraq is the place civilization begins. Ancient Mesopotamia emerges in the fertile crescent of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. Today a republic torn by strife, its legacy lies in ruins. Rebuilding is a growing goal as Iraq seeks stability. Uruk Mesopotamia: Forefront of Civilization Kish: Glory Days in Ancient Babylonia Scribes & Writing - Ancient Mesopotamia First People and Early History Iraq is historically known as Mesopotamia ("land between the rivers"). The earliest inhabitants, the Sumerians, arrive c. 5500 BCE and establish city-states like Uruk , the oldest civilization; Ur and Lagash . They develop cuneiform writing, irrigation systems and sophisticated governance. They excel in fields like mathematics, astronomy, and architecture. Around 2300 BCE, Sargon of Akkad conquers the Sumerians, creating the first empire in Mesopotamia, the Akkadian. Subsequent empires, including Babylon and the Assyrians , wield influence still felt today. Babylonian Astrology: Destiny in the Stars Assyrians: Reign of Tukulti-Ninurta I Uruk Mesopotamia: Forefront of Civilization Legendary Hanging Gardens of Babylon Geography In the heart of the Middle East, Iraq is surrounded by Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Jordan, Syria, Turkey and Iran. The north of the country is mountainous, while the west is largely desert. Iraq's geography is dominated by the fertile plains between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. The rivers originate in the Taurus Mountains of Turkey and flow southeast through Iraq. They eventually converge to form the Shatt al-Arab waterway before flowing into the Persian Gulf. Running about 1,850 km collectively, the rivers and their nutritious floods create Iraq’s Fertile Crescent. The rivers provide irrigation and are vital trade routes in the ancient and later world. They facilitate commerce and communication throughout Iraq’s extensive history. Houthi War in Yemen: Politics & Motivations Top 5 Countries of the Global Space Race Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Agriculture: Tigris & Euphrates Agriculture has always been central to Iraq's economy and way of life. The Tigris and Euphrates rivers are the lifeblood of the country, providing irrigation for crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and dates. These rivers facilitate the development of early agriculture and the rise of complex societies. In modern times water scarcity, exacerbated by climate change and upstream damming by neighboring countries, is a threat to Iraq's agricultural future. Agriculture employs nearly 20% of Iraq's workforce, with wheat production reaching around 3 million tons annually. Recent droughts complicate existing water shortages. Fossil Fuels: Ecology & Economy China: Politics, Economy, Military & Modern Life House of Wisdom: Medieval Scholarship in Baghdad Past Civilizations & Notable Rulers Iraq is also ruled by the Achaemenid Persians (539 to 330 BCE), liberated by Alexander the Great. After Alexander, the Seleucids rule Iraq from 312 BCE until annexation by the Roman Republic in 63 BCE. The Parthians and the Sasa nian Persians follow. In the 7th century AD, Arab Muslims conquer the region. Baghdad rises as a major center of Islamic learning and culture under the Abbasid Caliphate. Notable rulers through Iraq's history include Hammurabi of Babylon in the late 18th century BCE; Nebuchadnezzar II, and Harun al-Rashid . The reign of al-Rashid begins the Islamic Golden Age in the 8th century AD. The House of Wisdom is established to collect, translate and learn from literature. Translation of ancient texts include the work of the Alexandrian alchemists  and medical writings of Dioscorides , physician in Nero's Army. 3 Islamic Alchemists & the House of Wisdom Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Ninshubur: Loyal Goddess Sukkal of Inanna House of Wisdom Imports & Exports Iraq's economy is heavily reliant on oil. Crude oil accounts for the overwhelming majority of exports. Other exports include dates and agricultural products. Iraq's economy relies on oil reserves, which make up 90% of government revenue and 80% of exports. Iraq also exports agriculture products, especially dates and barley. Iraq imports manufactured goods, machinery, vehicles, food, and pharmaceuticals. barley has been a staple food crop for thousands of years Natural Resources Iraq has vast oil reserves, ranking among the largest in the world. It also has reserves of natural gas, phosphates and sulfur. Resource management remains a problem. Iraq has the fifth-largest proven oil reserves globally, at about 145 billion barrels. Iraq has deposits of sulfide minerals like lead, zinc, iron and copper, mostly the north and northeast near Zagros and Taurus mountains. The Kurdistan region claims further metals like magnesium and chromium nickel. Sacred Music of Ancient Mesopotamia Humans in Space: Effects on Body & Mind North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Economy The fluctuating global oil market directly impacts the country's economic stability. Diversification efforts are ongoing, but progress is slow due to political instability, corruption and lack of investment in other sectors. Iraq unemployment rate for 2023 was 15.53%, declining from the year before. Its poverty rate was 16.5% in 2024, also with a slight decline. Conflicts Iraq has endured decades of conflict, including the Iran-Iraq War (1980-1988), the Gulf War (1991), the Iraq War (2003-2011), and the subsequent rise and fall of the extremist group ISIS. These cause immense human suffering, devastate infrastructure and a rise in sectarian tensions.  Millions of people have been displaced, creating ongoing humanitarian crises. Indus River Valley Civilization: Bronze Age Famous Women of Ancient Rome Cassava Root: Nutrition, Toxins & Economy Ethnic Groups Iraq's population is largely Arabs (75-80%), Kurds (15-20%), and smaller minorities, including Turkmen, Assyrians, and Yazidis. The ethnic diversity is a source of both rich culture and political conflict. Science, Technology & Education: Historically, Iraq is a center of scientific and technological innovation. Under the Abbasid Calipha te (750 to 1258 AD), Ba ghdad is a leading center of learning. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Medieval Islamic Scientist Sacred Music of Ancient Mesopotamia Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Medical writings of Avicenna (IbnSina) 1025 AD The time of learning contributes to mathematics, astronomy, and medicine. In recent times, decades of conflict and instability hamper scientific and technological development. In recent years, Iraq gives less than 6% of national budget to the education sector. It's ranked lowest among Middle Eastern countries. Prolonged conflict impairs the government's ability to provide quality education. While initiatives to revive the science and technology sectors emerge, infrastructure problems and limited funding hinder these efforts. Black Tapioca: Sweet Pearls of Bubble Tea Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Oil Wars: A Global Power Play Relationship with NATO Iraq is not a member of NATO, but cooperates with NATO forces, as in the fight against ISIS. NATO has provided training and support to Iraqi security forces. Relations with Iran Iraq's relationship with Iran is complex and multifaceted. The two countries share a long border, a Shia majority population, and economic ties. They're also rivals, as during the Iran-Iraq War. Iran wields significant influence in Iraq, particularly within Shia political circles. This influence is often a point of contention for other regional and international bodies. Taiwan: Ancient Culture to Modern Economy Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Historically strained by conflicts like the Iran-Iraq War, the two countries have formed closer ties since the 2003 U.S. invasion. Various Iraqi political factions align with Iranian interests. Allies and Enemies Iraq's relationship with Saudi Arabia has been turbulent, but improving in recent years, focused on economic cooperation. Turkey remains an important regional partner, with 2000 troops stationed in Iraq and occasional tensions related to Kurdish issues. Russia has given support to Iraq. Conflicts arise with remnants of ISIS and other extremist groups. The U.S. has been an ally since 2003. Its influence has decreased due to the growing presence of Iran. Recently, the US forbids Iraq to buy electricity from Iran. Mineral Oil: Technology & Ecology Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Human Warfare Yellow River Civilization: Ancient China US Russia relations. Russia has major oil contracts with Iraq and also supplies tanks. Government of Iraq The President of Iraq is Abdul Latif Rashid and the Prime Minister is Mohammed Shia' al-Sudani. The President is head of state; the Prime Minister is head of government. Iraq operates as a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. The President is elected by Parliament while the Prime Minister holds executive powers. Difficulties include political fragmentation, as various factions compete for power within the parliament. How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Iraq street scene Status of Women Women progress in education and some professional fields. They continue to face challenges related to legal discrimination, political representation and social norms. The constitution guarantees equal rights, but implementation remains uneven. In recent years, improvements in women’s rights have emerged, with initiatives to promote political participation and combat gender-based violence. Advocacy for women's equality and empowerment continues. Religion Islam is the dominant religion in Iraq, with Shia Muslims forming the majority and Sunni Muslims a significant minority. There are also smaller Christian and Yazidi communities. Religious freedom is constitutionally guaranteed, but minorities can face persecution and discrimination, most often in times of conflict. Religious diversity enriches culture but fuels sectarian tensions, especially since 2003. Copper (Cu): Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Pollution Iraq has environmental problems including air and water pollution. Oil spills, industrial waste and inadequate sewage treatment contribute to water contamination. Air pollution is rampant in urban areas due to vehicular emissions and industrial activity. Desertification and soil degradation are also major concerns. In 2017, 100,000 people in the southern Basra province are admitted to hospital for stomach ailments. Sludge and yellow water is recorded flowing out of the taps. Demonstrations and riots erupt. In Nov 2018, tons of carp die suddenly in fish farms on the Euphrates. Air Pollution: Science, Health & Economy Bioremediation: Organic Cleanup of Toxins Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology sewage & pollutants destroy water quality Accelerating urbanization, industrialization, and conflict contribute to water and air pollution. The Mesopotamian marshlands, once thriving ecosystems, suffer from environmental degradation. The marshes begin to be drained in the mid-20th century. In the 1990s, the marshes are drained for political reasons, to displace the Marsh Arabs and punish them for involvement in the 1991 uprising against Saddam Hussein. The government claims the action is to reclaim land for agriculture and eliminate mosquito breeding areas. Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Compost: Teeming Metropolis of Life & Death Evidence brings accusations of genocide and widespread condemnation. The UN calls the 1990 draining of the swamps as on a par with the destruction of the Amazon rainforest. Other Important Facts about Iraq Baghdad, the capital city, is the largest city in the world during the Abbasid Caliphate. Iraq is home to several UNESCO World Heritage Sites, including the ancient cities of Ashur, Hatra, and Samarra. In 2025 warnings against travel to Iraq, including the Kurdistan Region, are issued "due to the volatile security situation and the threat of terrorism, armed conflict, kidnapping and violent crime." Iraq finds itself at a crucial juncture. Rebuilding, economic stability and political unity dominate national needs. Robot Lubrication: Grease the Machine Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alchemy is a popular pursuit in the vibrant atmosphere of ancient Alexandria , Egypt. Early alchemists are natural philosophers working with metals and alloys, often focused on gold or silver making. Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Egyptian Alchemy - Power of Eternity Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets The alchemists of ancient Alexandria are part of the scholarly milieu of this cosmopolitan town. Works before 295 AD are largely unavailable due to various acts of destruction. Later practitioners such as Zosimos of Panopolis chronicle many of the alchemists and their work. Medieval Islamic alchemists and philosophers help preserve many writings through translation into Arabic. They build local philosophy on alchemical traditions of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians. Translations of Alexandrian works are still being found in Muslim archaeology sites. Wolfsbane ( Aconitum ) Ancient Poisons Pharos Lighthouse: Ancient Wonder of Alexandria Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Part of the ancient library complex in Alexandria In roughly chronological order, alchemists of Alexandria include: Mary the Jewess Mary the Jewess or Maria Prophetissa  is an early alchemist known from the works of Zosimos of Panopolis and other authors in the Greek alchemical tradition. She's believed to be one of the first alchemical writers, with works dating back to the first century. She is credited with the invention of several kinds of chemical apparatus and is considered to be the first true alchemist of the Western world. Mary incorporates lifelike attributes into her descriptions of metal such as bodies, souls, and spirits. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Mary is credited with several inventions (bain-Marie, above) used throughout alchemical history Mary believes metals have two different genders, and by joining the two genders together a new entity could be made. This forms the basis for Renaissance alchemical thought exemplified in the heiros gamos  of the Red King and White Queen . Mary may be the first to apply the female/male designation to mercury/sulfur, two important elements of alchemy. They later form part of the tria prima . Her work is revered by medieval Islamic alchemists, who call her "Daughter of Plato", another term for white or purified sulfur. She's also mentioned as Daughter of Pluto, after the Roman God of the Underworld where metals are created. Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Tria Prima of Paracelsus: Three Primes Alchemy: Red King & White Queen Mercury and Sulfur are the first two elements of the tria prima Chymes Chymes is a Greco-Roman alchemist working in Alexandria prior to the third century, though his exact dates are known. Zosimos associates him with Mary the Jewess, placing Chymes c. 1st century. Information about Chymes is limited to fragments found in the writings of Zosimos and Olympiodorus of Thebes. Some scholars suggest Chymes is the original founder of alchemy due the similarity of Chymes and chymistry, an archaic word for chemistry. Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy Unity of Opposites: Spiritual Alchemy Zosimus connects Chymes with Mary the Jewess, indicating a likely origin in the early stages of alchemy. Chymes is credited with saying: " ... One is the All, and it is through it that the All is born. One is the All, and if the All does not contain all, the All will not be born ... " Women Scientists of the Ancient World Unus Mundus One World: Psychology Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy ... one is the all Moses of Alexandria Moses of Alexandria, aka Moses the Alchemist or Moses, is an early alchemist who authors Greek alchemical texts in the first or second century. Referred to as "Moses the thrice happy," he's thought to have a Jewish background. His writings show elements of monotheism and other Jewish beliefs. Moses the Alchemist is sometimes confused with biblical Moses. In ancient times, biblical Moses is credited with creating disciplines such as philosophy and medicine. Magical papyri are also linked to him. Yahweh: Warrior Origins, Name & Lore Nimrod: Lord of Chaos & Creation Baal Cycle - Myths of Ba'al Hadad Biblical Moses The writings ascribed to Moses of Alexandria encompass alchemical recipes using mercury, copper, arsenic; water distillation; and guidelines for chrysopoeia . Agathodaemon Agathodaemon (c. 300 AD) is an alchemist in late Roman Egypt, whose existence is known only through fragments cited in medieval alchemical writings, notably the Anepigraphos . The fragments reference his works, which are believed to date back to the 3rd century. Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Realgar (red) with orpiment (yellow) - arsenic compounds, the foundation for fiery poison He's chiefly recognized for his various explanations of elements and minerals, particularly his method for producing silver and a substance he terms 'fiery poison', identified tentatively based on his description as arsenic trioxide, a toxic amphoteric oxide. Paphnutia the Virgin  Paphnutia the Virgin (c. 300 AD) is an Egyptian alchemist mentioned in the correspondence between alchemist Zosimos of Panopolis and his sister Theosebeia, who was also an alchemist. In the letters Zosimos disapproves of Theosebeia's interaction with Paphnutia. Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Usually supportive of female alchemists, Zosimos sees Paphnutia as uneducated, practicing alchemy incorrectly. Limited information is available about her. It's speculated Paphnutia may have been associated with an alternate alchemical school of thought. Cleopatra the Alchemist Cleopatra the Alchemist (c. 300 AD) is a Greek alchemist, writer, and philosopher. She works on practical alchemy experiments, recognized as one of four female alchemists capable of creating the Philosopher's Stone . The invention of the alembic is attributed to her. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Cupellation: Alchemy Process of Metals Alembic attributed to Cleopatra the Alchemist One of the reasons for the development and spread of alchemy is the production of glass. Glass vessels can be custom made. They're see-through, like the stomach of Shennong , and contain even caustic metals like mercury. Glass gains popularity during the Roman Empire. Cleopatra the Alchemist is active in Alexandria during the 3rd or 4th century AD, associated with the alchemical tradition represented by Mary the Jewess and Comarius. These alchemists develop equipment for distillation, sublimation and other processes . Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Process of Cupellation or metal manipulation Comarius The name Comarius comes up usually in reference to the "Book of Comarius" praising Cleopatra the Alchemist as a divine teacher. Debates continue as whether the wrings are by one person or several, containing conversations of Cleopatra with a group of philosophers. An excerpt reads: "Listen now and understand and judge correctly what I say: take of the four elements the sublime arsenic and the humblest arsenic and the most sublime, white and red , in equal proportion, male and female, so that they remain united one to the other. Just as the bird incubates and brings the eggs to perfection by its heat, so you, too, must incubate and polish your work by taking it outside, watering it with divine waters, [warming it] in the sun and in burning places ... Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin The Great Library of Alexandria Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus " ... you must cook it over a slow flame with the virginal milk and keep it from the smoke ... And lock it in Hades and stir it carefully until its structure solidifies and it does not spill out due to the fire. Then it you take out and when the soul and the spirit have joined one another and become one, you must pour it into solid silver, and you will have gold [of such quality] not even found in the coffers of kings." Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300) Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300), also known as Zosimus Alchemista or Zosimus the Alchemist, is a Greek alchemist and Gnostic mystic in Egypt. He's a wealth of information about the Alexandrian alchemists. First mention of the Philosopher's Stone appears in his works. Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence The Pauli Effect - Quarks or Quacks? many works are preserved by Arabic or Syriac translation He writes the oldest known books on alchemy, which he calls " Cheirokmeta ," using the Greek word for "things made by hand." Parts survive in original Greek and in translations to Syriac or Arabic. In 1995 several such works are found at an Islamic archaeological site. He is one of about 40 authors represented in a compendium of alchemical writings compiled in Constantinople in the 7th or 8th century AD. A prolific writer, his chronicles include contemporary beliefs, early and concurrent alchemists, wine infusions and Gnostic thought. Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Wine Grape Pseudo-Aristotle Pseudo-Aristotle is a general name for authors of philosophical or medical treatises who attribute their work to the Greek philosopher Aristotle, or whose work is later attributed to him by others. Corpus Aristotelicum applies to both authentic and contrived works of Aristotle. Falsely attributed works are known as pseudepigrapha. In alchemy a number of "Pseudo-" names appear through the years. Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Plato (left) and his student Aristotle They're often a group of authors, less likely one anonymous practitioner. Pseudo-Geber is a famous Pseudo of the Middle Ages. Pseudo-Democritus Pseudo-Democritus is the name used by unidentified authors of Greek texts wrongly ascribed to the pre-Socratic philosopher Democritus ( c.  460–370 BC). These include the lost works On Sympathies and Antipathies and Artificial Substances (Greek: Cheirokmēta ). Pseudo-Geber: Medieval Alchemy Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God A reflection of the whole Neo-Pythagorean physician pharmacist Bolos of Mendes (3rd century BCE) is one author of the writings. Also included are Greek alchemical texts attributed to Democritus but thought to be by an anonymous author c. 54–68 AD. These are the earliest known alchemical works. In their original form, they are a series of four books on dyeing: two books on dyeing metals gold and silver, one on dyeing stones, and one on dyeing wool purple. Later Greek alchemists cite them frequently and write several commentaries on them. Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria Music of Ancient & Medieval Egypt Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire Quartz can be dyed to look like ruby or other precious stones Ancient Alchemical Recipe: Preparation of Sunstone "Mix dragon’s blood, ordinary sap of balsam tree, resin of Palestine – or if that is not at hand (resin) of Tomi – and Pontic alkanet ; and soak the opened-up crystal therein. Now, if the preparation is unmixed, sunstone comes forth. If, however, a little fluid pitch is mixed with the above mixture, then ruby is likely to result." Olympiodorus the Younger Olympiodorus the Younger (circa 495 - after 565) is a Neoplatonist philosopher, astrologer, and educator residing during the early period of the Byzantine Empire. In 529 AD Justinian's Decree of 529 AD forces closure of Plato's Academy in Athens and other pagan institutions. Corycian Caves, Bee Nymphs & Greek Gods Olympiodorus: the Last Neoplatonist Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Olympiodorus is considered the last Neoplatonist in Alexandria Olympiodorus is the last pagan upholding Platonist teachings in Alexandria. He's known for alchemy writings as well as Neoplatonist leanings. Olympiodorus quietly teaches the works of Plato amid a curriculum imposed by authorities. His students continue his work after his death. . Stephanus of Alexandria Stephanus of Alexandria (c. 580 – c. 640) is a philosopher and writer, teaching Neo-Platonist philosophy as well as alchemy, astrology and astronomy. He's considered the last intellectual of the Alexandrian academic tradition before Islamic conquest of Egypt 642 AD. Iah: Cryptic Ancient Moon God Egypt Psychology: the Personal Unconscious Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Around 610 Stephanus moves to Constantinople. The political atmosphere in Alexandria is uncertain due to the destruction of the Roman Empire and various attacks by Islamic forces. Stephanus is instrumental in purveying the Alexandrian school of thought in the East. He appears in contemporary writings from Constantinople as one of the most important alchemists. He's known for his poem De Chrysopoeia (On how to make gold), reproduced in several ancient works. Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Aesculapian Snakes: Nature & Lore Flakes of gold, lovely to behold have taken hold of many a poor soul Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Magnetoplasmadynamic (MPD) thrusters use ionized propellants like xenon, argon, and krypton to generate thrust through plasma acceleration. They far surpass current limits of fuel consumption and attainable velocities. Magnetic Fields & Space Travel Humans in Space: Effects on Body & Mind How Astronauts Breathe in Space MPD thrusters manipulate ionized gas, or plasma, using electromagnetic fields. Examples of ionized gas include lightning, fluorescent lighting and the aurora borealis or northern lights. Chemical rockets operate at around 450 seconds specific impulse. An MPD thruster achieves over 5000 s. Ionized gas occurs throughout the universe. It's especially abundant near hot stars, within galaxies, and in the diffuse interstellar medium, as well as in the Earth's ionosphere. The diffuse interstellar medium (ISM) encompasses low-density, gaseous and dusty regions between stars within a galaxy. It contains primordial leftovers, stellar detritus, and materials for future stars and planets.  De-Orbiting Satellites: Problems & Processes Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk How Solar Panels Work Ionization: Creating the Supercharged State The first step is to create a plasma. Electrons are removed from the atoms of a propellant gas, typically a noble gas like xenon, argon, or krypton. The gases are have low ionization energy and high atomic mass. Loss of electrons from an atom needs energy input, such as heat. The energy required to remove an electron from a neutral atom is the ionization energy of that atom. When heating a gas to extreme temperatures the atoms become agitated and collide with incredible force. Eventually, the energy is enough to knock electrons loose, leaving positively charged ions and free-floating electrons. Transistors: Function of Switches & Amps Super Alloys in Space Exploration Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space This mixture of ions, electrons, and neutral atoms (if ionization isn't complete) constitutes the plasma. Methods used for ionization include Radio Frequency (RF) discharge: Applying a radio frequency electromagnetic field to the gas. Direct Current (DC) discharge: Passing a high-current electrical discharge through the gas. Microwave energy: Microwave plasma or discharge is generated by applying microwave energy, electromagnetic waves with frequencies between 300 MHz and 300 GHz), to a gas.  Build a Basic Robot: Method & Materials Transistors: How Billions Fit on a Microchip Nanorobots: Micro Robotic Tech, Ecology, Health DC discharge creates an electric glow Electromagnetic Acceleration Once the plasma is created, the MPD thruster begins acceleration through electromagnetic forces. The combination of electric and magnetic fields creates power. Electric Field High voltage is applied between an anode (positive electrode) and a cathode (negative electrode) in the thruster. The ensuant electric field exerts force on the charged particles in the plasma. The positively charged ions are pushed away from the anode, toward the cathode. Magnetic Field A strong magnetic field is generated within the thruster using a powerful electromagnet coiled around the thruster axis. This magnetic field interacts with the electric current flowing through the plasma, creating a Lorentz force. How the Cloud Works - Pros & Cons Oil Wars: A Global Power Play Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space Lorenz force: "right hand" rule The Lorentz force acts perpendicular to both the electric current and the magnetic field. It pushing the plasma in a specific direction, out the back of the thruster. The electric field is the 'gas pedal,' accelerating the ions, while the magnetic field is like a steering wheel directing their momentum. The combination of these forces optimizes acceleration of the plasma. Dual Field Approach Most MPD thruster designs feature both electric and magnetic fields inside the thruster chamber. The electric field is generated through applied voltage across electrodes. The magnetic field comes from electric current flowing through coils surrounding the chamber. Caffeine: Nature, Characteristics & Health Electric Vehicles (EVs): Creation & Operation Sustainable Gardening: Compost & Old Beer MPD Thruster Generating Thrust As ions gain acceleration in their plasma state, they exit the thruster at high speed. According to Newton's Third Law, every action prompts an equal and opposite reaction. Thus, as ions are expelled, a thrust force is produced in the opposite direction, pushing the spacecraft forward. MPD thrusters have several advantages Higher Exhaust Velocity: Plasma can be accelerated to much higher velocities than combustion products in chemical rockets, leading to improved fuel efficiency and potential for greater ultimate velocities. Variable Thrust: The thrust of an MPD thruster can be easily adjusted by varying the voltage and current applied, for precise maneuvering and trajectory control. Microchips: the Real World Power Top 5 Countries of the Global Space Race Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Higher Specific Impulse: Specific impulse is a measure of how efficiently a rocket engine uses propellant, and MPD thrusters can achieve significantly higher specific impulses compared to chemical rockets. This translates to longer mission durations and greater payload capacity. Reduced Toxicity : The use of inert gases like xenon or krypton minimizes risk of environmental toxicity, a safer alternative to usual rocket fuels. For instance, use of liquid hydrogen carries risks of combustion or toxicity. The inert nature of krypton enables more stable operation. Extended Operational Life : MPD thrusters have less wear and tear than do traditional engines. This translates to longer operational life and lower maintenance costs, a financial bonus for extended missions. Rare Earth Elements (REEs): Science & Environment How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Problems Despite their potential, MPD thrusters have a few drawbacks. They need substantial power input, which means large and heavy power sources. Overheating and electrode erosion are also concerns. The intricate systems needed to create and manage electromagnetic fields complicate design and deployment of MPD thrusters. Engineers must consider many factors to ensure reliable operation in diverse conditions. Real Time Space Use Experimental prototypes are first flown on Soviet spacecraft. An MPD thruster is tested on board the Japanese Space Flyer Unit as part of EPEX (Electric Propulsion Experiment). Launched March 18, 1995, it's retrieved by space shuttle mission STS-72 January 20, 1996. To date, it is the only operational MPD thruster to fly in space as a propulsion system. R&D continues. Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Magnetism affects the way spaceships and astronauts travel through space. The invisible forces generated by magnetic fields influence navigation and propulsion, and protect from cosmic radiation. Humans in Space: Effects on Body & Mind Super Alloys in Space Exploration Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Magnetism arises from the motion of electric charges. Electricity is created by movement of negatively charged particles, or electrons, which flow through a conductor such as silicon or nickel to create electric current. The planet generates a magnetic field, the magnetosphere, from the molten metals of its outer core. Iron and nickel, excellent conductors, are in constant motion, driven by convection currents and Earth's rotation. Their movement generates electric currents. These produce the magnetic field, a process known as the geodynamo. It forms a protective shield against solar winds and cosmic radiation, and is constantly in flux. Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk How Solar Panels Work Semiconductors: Materials, Methods & Markets NASA diagram of Earth's magnetic field dynamics Earth's magnetic field is weakening, with a global average decrease of about 9% over the past 200 years. Some areas have a more rapid decline. This can indicate a shift towards a pole reversal, a phenomenon which hasn't happened in 780,000 years. It's a gradual process over thousands of years. When the poles flip the field starts to get stronger again. Space abounds with charged particles primarily from solar winds, at a density up to 1.5 million particles per cubic centimeter. The particles can sabotage spacecraft systems and operational safety. How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids The magnetosphere deflects charged particles. It prevents them from reaching the Earth's atmosphere to wreak havoc on electrical systems and communication networks. Earth's magnetosphere extends into space about 65,000 kilometers (40,000 miles) on the sunward side. It trails out much further, forming a "magnetotail" able to extend past the moon on the night side.  Magnetism strongly affects the trajectory of spacecraft in Earth's orbit. The charged particles in the solar wind interact with the magnetosphere, creating a region of disturbed magnetic fields known as the magnetotail. Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Electric Vehicles (EVs): Creation & Operation Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore As spacecraft pass through this region, changes in the magnetic field can affect navigation and communication systems. The magnetotail can trigger electric currents in spacecraft. Where a compass is used on Earth, spacecraft use more advanced technology like magnetometers. These measure strength and direction of magnetic fields to pinpoint their location relative to celestial bodies. On Mars, incoming spacecraft analyze the Martian magnetic field to ensure they're properly positioned for landing. Magnetic data is highly relevant in journeys covering millions of miles. Mars Rovers for instance travel over over 300 million miles to reach the Red Planet. Both the US and China have been able to land functioning rover craft on Mars. Mars Curiosity Rover: Success & Longevity China: Politics, Economy, Military & Modern Life Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Mars Curiosity Rover selfie - still trundling over the Martian landscape after almost 13 years Magnetic fields can move spacecraft using magnetoplasmadynamics or magnetic sailing. By creating a magnetic field to interact with solar wind, spacecraft generate propulsion force. It reduces fuel needs, increasing endurance and range. Plasma is the fourth state of matter, abundant in space. A highly charged and ionized gas, it generates powerful magnetic fields affecting motion of celestial bodies. Behavior of plasma and its magnetic fields is a subject of much study. It helps understand dynamics of the universe, and formation of structures such as galaxies and galaxy clusters. Microchips: the Real World Power MLI: Gold & Silver Foil on Spacecraft Top 5 Countries of the Global Space Race distant spiral galaxy Electromagnetic propulsion systems, such as ion thrusters, use magnetic fields to accelerate ions, generating thrust. This method is more efficient than traditional chemical propulsion systems, with vast fuel savings. NASA's Dawn spacecraft travels to the asteroid belt, using ion propulsion for more than 57,000 hours. Ion propulsion can shorten travel times and reduce energy use, making long-duration missions practical. Magnetism influences behavior of celestial bodies like stars and planets. Magnetic fields of stars can affect the motion of planets in their orbits, causing them to wobble or oscillate. Silver (Ag): Ancient Trade to Modern Tech Nanorobots: Micro Robotic Tech, Ecology, Health Aluminum (Al): Metal to the Stars Cosmic radiation is a major threat to astronauts on extended missions. At the International Space Station (ISS), astronauts are exposed to 100 to 200 times the radiation dose of Earth. Magnetic shielding can create a protective bubble around spacecraft. The concept imitates Earth's magnetic field. Superconducting materials or superconductors help create the shield. When cooled below a certain temperature, superconductors have zero electrical resistance and also expel magnetic fields. This allows the electrons of electricity to flow without energy loss. Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life view from the ISS Superconductors include titanium , lead and yttrium. Strontium titanate, discovered in the 1960s, is a non-metal superconductor. It's a human-made gem material and diamond simulant known for a high refractive index. Superconductors are used in applications needing powerful magnetic fields, such as MRI machines, particle accelerators, and maglev trains. They also function in power transmission and electronics. In space, they're currently used in instruments requiring high sensitivity and efficiency, such as in particle astrophysics detectors, and for powering cryogenic components. R&D continues. Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Transistors: How Billions Fit on a Microchip Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) machine Magnetic fields of planets also affect atmospheric behavior, generating electric currents and winds influencing climate and weather. The magnetic field of Jupiter is the largest in the solar system. It generates powerful auroras, or northern and southern lights. Different celestial bodies have unique magnetic fields. Mars has a weak magnetic field, about 1% the strength of Earth's, which increases exposure to solar radiation. It's one of the hazards to overcome in hopes of landing astronauts on the planet. How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food Canada in Space: Canadarm(s) & Dextre Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Why do onions make people cry? The answer involves a combination of chemistry and enzymes. The trigger behind the tears is an organic acid compound, syn-propanethial-S-oxide. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity The Cause: Sulfur Compounds The primary sources of tears induced by cutting onions are sulfur compounds. Onions belong to the Allium family of vegetables, including onion, garlic, scallion, shallot, leek, and chives. They contain a variety of sulfur-rich compounds, naturally healthy for the body and skin. Q . What's the difference between an onion and a freezer? A. One make your eyes water ... the other makes your water ice. When an onion is sliced, its cellular structure is disrupted, leading to the release of enzymes known as alliinases. In various proportions alliinases exist in all plants of the Allium family. Alliinases act on a compound, alliin or allicin, to convert it to syn-Propanthial S-oxide. How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Syn-propanethial-S-oxide is part of the onion's natural defense mechanism. By releasing this when damaged, the onion deters predators in its environment. This defense mechanism serves an essential purpose in the onion's survival and propagation. Tear-Inducing Process When the insidious oxide meets the eye, it irritates the sensitive sensory nerves in the eyes. In response to this irritation, the tear glands produce tears as a defense mechanism. This process can be encapsulated: Cell Damage : Cutting the onion damages its cells, releasing enzymes and sulfur compounds. Formation of Gas : The enzyme alliinase converts alliin into propanthial S-oxide. Formation of Eye Irritant: When gas contacts eye, it begins to form a thin watery solution. This is mild sulfuric acid. Tear Production : In immediate defense the eye makes tears to flush out the irritant. After-Effects: The eye is temporarily irritated but not permanently damaged. Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Turquoise: Precious Stone of Ancients Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore pH Levels While syn-Propanethial-S-oxide is the primary irritant, the pH level of the onion also plays a minor role in its tear-inducing properties. Onions are typically acidic, with pH levels ranging from 5 to 6. Anything lower than 7 is acidic. This acidity can enhance the perception of irritation, magnifying the effect of sulfur compounds on the eyes. It's mainly the sulfur compounds responsible for the crying. Weld Yellow: Ancient Nature Pigments Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Avoid the Tears Many cooks have developed various strategies to minimize crying while chopping onions. Here are some popular methods: Chill the Onions : Refrigerating the onion before chopping can slow down the enzymatic reaction, leading to a lower release of irritants. Use a Sharp Knife : A sharp knife will cut through the onion cleanly, reducing cellular damage and, consequently, the release of sulfenic acids. Cut Under Water : Chopping onions under running water or submerged in a bowl can prevent the gas from escaping to reach the eyes. Wear Goggles : Wearing protective goggles can completely shield eyes from the effects of the irritating gas. Light a Candle: The flame neutralizes the gas traveling through the air by consuming its oxygen components. In this way it eliminates odors too. Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Jungian Numerology & Number Meanings Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Allicin is also responsible for benefits found in onions, garlic and other members of the Allium family. It's used to reduce heart disease, decrease blood pressure, prevent platelet aggregation and fight inflammation. Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Space has a profound effect on the human body. Human bodies, adapted to life on Earth, undergo constant stressors in orbit. Astronauts show bone loss, muscle weakness, eye swelling and mental health problems. How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts How Astronauts Breathe in Space Solar Panels & Batteries in Space view from International Space Station (ISS) Gravity: Bone Loss and Muscle Weakness On Earth, gravity keeps muscles and bones working. In space, lack of this constant load leads to rapid bone loss, often at a rate of 1-2% per month, a rate far exceeding that seen in osteoporosis on Earth. Similarly, muscles begin to atrophy in the weightless environment. Without the need to constantly support the body against gravity, muscles, particularly those in the legs and back, weaken. Astronauts combat this with rigorous exercise routines, often spending hours each day using specialized resistance equipment to mimic the effects of gravity. Despite these efforts, muscle weakness and shrinkage remains a persistent issue. Astronauts can lose up 20% of muscle mass and often need extensive rehabilitation on return to Earth. How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Build a Basic Robot: Method & Materials Fluid & Cardiovascular Changes On Earth, gravity pulls fluids towards the lower body. In space, absence of this force causes fluids to redistribute upwards. This results in a puffy face and distended neck veins, a common sight in astronaut photos. The fluid shift puts pressure on the eyes and strains the cardiovascular system. The heart exerts less energy to pump blood up, leading to potential heart muscle weakness and even decrease in size. Astronauts also experience a decrease in blood volume in space, a consequence of the body interpreting the fluid shift as an overabundance. This translates to orthostatic intolerance on return to Earth, with blood pressure fluctuations and dizziness upon standing. Astronaut Scott Kelly explains how fluid redistribution feels, likening it to symptoms of a sinus infection. It's not a short-term issue. Many astronauts experience continued symptoms for days or weeks back on Earth. How the Cloud Works - Pros & Cons Carbon Dioxide (CO2): the Good & the Bad Super Alloys in Space Exploration a little dizzy ... Microgravity can also cause a slight buildup of fluid in the lungs. This can affect vital capacity, or the amount of air breathed in or out. Cardiovascular System The cardiovascular system undergoes remarkable transformations in microgravity. Astronauts may have a notable drop in blood pressure and changes in how the heart pumps blood. The heart can become more spherical due to fluid shifts. Most astronauts feel dizzy and lightheaded when they first return to Earth, caused by sudden changes in blood distribution and regulation. To deal with cardiovascular concerns, NASA has pre-launch and post-flight exercise programs focused on maintaining heart health. Radiation Exposure Outside Earth's protective atmosphere, astronauts are exposed to high levels of radiation. Earth’s magnetic field is weaker, while solar energetic particles from the sun, and galactic cosmic rays are much stronger in space. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Caffeine: Nature, Characteristics & Health Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Without the protective ozone layer to shield humans, radiation can damage DNA. This increase the risk of cancer and other long-term health problems. Radiation affects people at the cellular level. According to the European Space Agency, a week of radiation on the ISS is a year's worth of exposure to radiation on Earth. Solar flares and other sun phenomena exacerbate the levels. The ISS gives some shielding. Astronauts wear dosimeters to monitor their radiation exposure, and mission planners carefully consider radiation levels when determining mission duration. Deep space missions anticipate greater exposure. Research is ongoing to develop more effective shielding technologies and countermeasures to mitigate harmful effects of radiation. De-Orbiting Satellites: Problems & Processes Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk How Solar Panels Work measuring radiation Vision Changes Many astronauts experience vision changes during long-duration spaceflights. This relates to the fluid shift and increased pressure in the skull, which can cause eye swelling, blurred vision and optic nerve stress. Mechanisms behind this phenomenon are not fully understood. According to NASA, fluid can build up in a person's head because lack of gravity inhibits normal flow of blood and other fluids. Buildup of fluid can cause loss of smell and change eyeball shape. Cognitive Effects Along with physical changes, astronauts experience the psychological impact of being in space. Missions can last for several months, often in isolated environments with limited social contact. Astronauts describe feelings of stress, anxiety and depression due to isolation. The stressful and confined environment can impair cognitive function. Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Oil Wars: A Global Power Play Top 5 Countries of the Global Space Race Astronauts may experience issues with memory, attention, and decision-making. Chris Hadfield, a veteran astronaut now retired, emphasizes the importance of mental health during missions. He recommends reading, exercising and maintaining communication with family and friends on Earth. Addressing mental health is vital for success of long-term missions, especially extended journeys, like those to Mars. Return to Earth can trigger the overview effect. Some astronauts report an intense feeling of connection to humanity and Earth after observing the planet at a distance for a long time. Astrophysicist Brad Tucker explains, “Some people call it a feeling of inspiration. Some people call it feelings of inadequacy in terms of just how big the world is. It's a huge transition from living in a very inspiring environment." Re-adjusting to civilian life can make the sensation stranger. Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Canada in Space: Canadarm(s) & Dextre Sleep Disturbances Constant daylight cycles in orbit, along with stressful environment, can disrupt sleep patterns. This causes fatigue, reduced performance and increased error risk. Astronauts rely on strict sleep schedules, light therapy or medication for proper rest. Immune system changes Immune response can weaken in microgravity, increasing vulnerability to infections. Astronauts on the ISS report 25% higher incidence of upper respiratory infections compared to populations on Earth. The decline in immune health means astronauts must monitor their well-being closely. Specific measures, including the regular collection of blood samples, are taken to check astronaut health throughout missions. MLI: Gold & Silver Foil on Spacecraft Fossil Fuels: Ecology & Economy Electric Vehicles (EVs): Creation & Operation Management Regular exercise on the ISS is important. Astronauts do daily workouts using equipment designed to accommodate microgravity. Resistance training and cardio exercises help maintain muscle mass and bone density. Astronauts receive carefully planned diets rich in nutrients to counteract deficiencies caused by the lack of gravity. Supplements are provided keep up levels of essential vitamins and minerals. Back to Earth Returning to Earth is difficult. After long periods in space, astronauts often struggle to readjust to the heavier gravity upon landing. What once is effortless, like walking or even standing, suddenly needs acclimatization. Physiotherapy and monitored rehabilitation are integral to post-mission recovery. Astronauts returning to non-zero gravity also show side effects in their skin. Because people in spaceflight are used to clothing and hair not touching the skin all the time, a sensitivity to touch can develop. Astronauts get rashes on Earth just from skin contact with their clothes. Artificial Intelligence: Power of Prediction Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Zinc (Zn): Technology, Nature & Health Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Ninshubur is the sukkal of Inanna (Ishtar) in ancient Mesopotamia. Divine vizier and problem-fixer, goddess Ninshubur is worshipped in cities like Uruk , Lagash and Ur. She takes part in many of Inanna's adventures. Enki (Ea) God of Water & Creation Uruk Mesopotamia: Forefront of Civilization Inanna: Goddess Queen of Heaven Ninshubur is celebrated for her courage, kindness, loyalty and bestowing divine kingship She's a personal deity to kings. In Inanna's deific entourage she's often ahead of all others on god lists, or kaluti, even the family and consort of Inanna, a mark of her importance in the ancient world. Inanna holds the most powerful place in divinity as Queen of Heaven and goddess of love, war, sexuality and fertility. Ninshubur is a Goddess in her own right. She embodies vital elements of Mesopotamian mythology. Her role as the sukkal of Inanna is complex. She's a guardian, guide, and confidante who often helps the hotheaded goddess get out of trouble. Kish: Glory Days in Ancient Babylonia Pagan Pantheon - Anu, Oldest of the Gods Ningizibara: Sumerian Balaĝ Music Goddess Inanna, goddess of love, sexuality, war, fertility, with symbols doves, barley and lion When Inanna takes her perilous trip to the underworld and is killed, Ninshubur pleads with Enlil , Anu , Nanna (Sin) and Enki to help Inanna revive and escape. She's honored in stories for unwavering loyalty and courage. Ninshubur’s worship reflects societal beliefs in divine protection. Cities like Uruk are centers of trade, culture, and governance and her influence is significant. Specific rituals are dedicated to Ninshubur. Rulers seek her favor, for her blessings bring success. As Ninshubur has intercessory power with Inanna, temples dedicated to her are frequented by kings. Royal seals bear her image. She ensures divine favor and legitimacy. Cylinder Seals of the Ancient World Sacred Music of Ancient Mesopotamia Care & Feeding of Ancient Gods - Enlil Cylinder seal: Inanna takes center stage as Ninshubur stands to left Evidence of Ninshubur's worship appears throughout Mesopotamian history. Inscriptions and dedications to her appear in major cities like Uruk. In Lagash and Girsu in southern Mesopotamia, she enjoys an independent cult. In Ur, famed for lunar deity Sin and ancient history, Ninshubur holds a position of respect and influence. Rituals and sacrifices hope to bring her blessings for agriculture, commerce and even warfare, although she's usually seen as a benevolent, harmonious deity. Ninshubur’s character is a blend of femininity and dominance. This balance is essential in a context where gods maintain clear hierarchical structures. Ninshubur not only supports Inanna but exemplifies the empowerment of women in early Mesopotamian society. Goddess Nisaba - First Lady of Writing The Igigi - Why Humans are Created Sukkals - Mythic Viziers to the Gods In early Mesopotamia women own land, business, work as scribes, administrators & homemakers Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In the Mesopotamian mythologies some gods, goddesses, sukkals , sacred animals or heroes appear as duos, dyads or doubles. Some are born that way, such as storm bulls Hurri and Seri , and some are paired or twinned. Shakhar & Shalim: Divine Twins of Ugarit Kushuh (Kušuḫ) Hurrian Moon God Shaushka (Šauška): Hurrian Great Goddess Fate Goddesses Hutena and Hutellura Entities can also be twinned for political reasons or cultural assimilation, such as Hurrian Underworld Goddesses Ishara and Allani . Despite different origins they're often depicted together. Ishara wears red and Allani blue. Allani is the the Supreme Goddess of the Hurrian Underworld. She's immortal, sensual and eternally youthful. Also in the Underworld, the fates of mortals are decided. As part of her Underworld activities, Allani works with divine fate deities Hutena and Hutellura. Inanna (Ishtar) - Goddess of Ancients Egyptian Blue Lotus: Visionary Beauty Šimige (Shimige) - Hurrian Sun God A Divine Triple Headed Goddess (African) Major centers of worship for Hutena and Hutellura include Ugarit and Aleppo in north Syria, and Hattusa in Anatolia. Hattusa remains the Hittite capital for centuries. Yazilikaya, a sanctuary just outside Hattusa, houses the deities. Temples in these areas are prosperous as the cities grow. Ugarit and Aleppo are both vibrant centers of trade and progress in ancient times. Around 1200 BCE a series of invasions , internal conflict and natural disasters shake the foundations of the known world. Nefertari Queen of Peace Ancient Egypt Ishara - Goddess of Death & Desire Ornithomancy - Prophecy by the Birds There goes the neighborhood The Hittites go up in flames c. 1180 BCE. Many cities and civilizations are destroyed, including Ugarit. The world takes a major shift in progress. Trade routes and cosmopolitan cities lie in ruin. While some civilizations survive the Bronze Age collapse, for many it's the end of empires. Meanwhile, Hutena and Hutellura in their underworld gardens continue to govern the destiny of every human being. On god lists or kaluti , they are mentioned in several Near East centers or city states. Hurrian Bronze Age Gods & Goddesses Steppe Trade Routes: Before the Silk Road Urnfield Culture - Iron Age Europe Twin doors in the Garden The Fate Goddess don't have distinct roles, as do for example the three Greek Fates. In ancient Greece, Clotho spins the thread of life. Lachesis measures or dispenses it, and Atropos cuts it. Occasionally Hutellura appears by herself. Some scholars suggest the two deities are combined as one under the name Hutellera, as other goddesses of childbirth like the Kotharat are known under a collective name. Owl - Death, Messages, Mystic Wisdom Ugarit - Trade Hub of Bronze Age Syria 12 Hurrian Primordial Gods & Creatures Dyad of Owls - divine connection to the Underworld The Fate Goddesses are considered benevolent beings. Although they cause premature death, this is thought to be accomplished by evil intervention, a curse or plague, and not through their intentions. While they interact with Allani in the Underworld, Hutellura and Hutena appear on god lists among the entourage of Hepat (Hebat), Sun Goddess of Aleppo . It's believed they're part of Hepat's circle long ago. In a mostly-lost myth they appear with the divine smith Hashamili , among the few entities to escape the dread Frost Demon Hahhima . Lapis Lazuli: Vibrant Blue Gem of Ancients Amorites - Titans of the Bronze Age Allani - Hurrian Underworld Goddess Frost demon Hahhima In Hurrian god lists they're placed behind Allani and Ishara, who are behind Hepat. God lists or offering lists can be extensive as different cultures strive to synchronize their deities. Hutellara and Hutena might appear in the pantheons of other cultures. Hutellara and Hutena are also Goddesses of Birth, known as the Divine Midwives. They assist at the birth of Ulikummi , a stone monster conceived by Kumarbi and the daughter of the sea god (or a cliff). Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea Asray: Ugaritic Underworld Goddess Hurrians: Bronze Age Warrior Kingdom Ullikummi is still small, but quickly grows Ulikummi is yet another attempt by Kumarbi to kill off his children, especially his son Teshub, the Hurrian Storm God. Kumarbi and Teshub are bitter enemies. The poetic Song of Kumarbi describes the struggles between them. As divine midwives Hutellara and Hutena are responsible for shaping the fetus before birth. Development of Hutena and Hutellura in Hurrian religion shows influence by the Kotharāt, seven Syrian midwife goddesses in Ugarit. Mot - Death & the Ugarit Underworld Shapshu: Sun Goddess of Canaanites Turquoise: Precious Stone of Ancients Reconstruction drawing of Ugarit, important trade & commerce port city in the Bronze Age According to god lists Hutellara and Hutena are also associated with the Šassūrātu (Sasuratu) , assistants of the Mesopotamian birth goddess Ninhursag . Patron of pregnancy and birth, Ninhursag is a mother goddess also called Mistress of the Mountain Ranges . She's variously known as Damgalnuna, Ninmah, Nintur and Aruru . Another Mesopotamian goddess associated with childbirth is Ashera , who's sometimes conflated with Ninhursag. Divine Twins: Germanic & Greek Mythology Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Mythical Pagan German Gods & Spirits Ashera, Goddess of Motherhood, Pregnancy, Childbirth, Infants Above, Ashera nurses the Divine Twins of Ugarit. A goddess of pregnancy, birth and creation, her Greek equivalent is Rhea. Figurines or amulets bearing the image of Ashera are held or worn during childbirth. Invoking helpful childbirth deities is a popular practice of mothers in labor through the ages. Sadly, birth complications and infections are a primary cause of female death in history. Almost every culture is replete with protective birth goddesses or other entities. Suri (Śuri): Ancient Etruscan Fire God Sun God of Heaven - Hittite Solar Deity Asteria - Starry Gems of Myth & Magic

Ullikummi of ancient near Eastern mythology is a towering creature of stone. It's born of the union of Underworld creator god Kumarbi and daughter of the Sea God , or a female cliff. Its half-brother Teshub (Teššub) the weather god is a bitter enemy of Kumarbi. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Bull of Heaven - Inanna vs Gilgamesh Hattusa Green Stone - Mystic Secrets Ancient Rocks Kumarbi tries various ways of killing Teshub, due a prophecy this son will usurp him. For the same reason the later Titan Saturn of Rome devours his children. Teshub is responsible for banishing the Old Gods to the Hurrian Underworld, domain of Goddess Ereshkigal . The 14th century BCE Song of Ullikummi  exists only in fragments, originally in Hurrian . A later Hittite translation is more substantial. Here mythology crosses borders, for Hittites and Hurrians are often enemies. Lotan - Chaos Sea Dragon of Ugarit Bes: Household Protector God of Egypt Industry & the Age of Monsters Ullikummi is still small, but it grows quickly However, in the 13th century BCE, the Hittite king-to-be weds a priestess , whose mother is Hurrian. She brings much of the Hurrian mythology into the Hittite corpus, organizing the translation of many religious and literary works. The story of Ullikummi describes the creation of the Rock Monster and the conflict between Kumarbi and Teshub. It's part of a larger work of stories and songs centered around Kumarbi and his battles with his offspring. A stone gargantuan made of volcanic diorite rock, Ullikummi is genderless, deaf and blind, yet sentient. Kumarbi hides the new-born Ullikummi in the Underworld. Puduhepa - Queen of the Hittites Wild Women and Winter Tales Hattusilis III - Great Hittite Kings denizens of the Underworld Young Ullikummi needs a place to grow. The monster must stay out of sight of his father's enemies and allies of Teshub, such as Šimige (Shimige) , the Hurrian Sun God, and the Great Goddess Shaushka . The Irširra, servants of Kumarbi, place Ullikummi on the shoulder of the primordial giant Upelluri. A group of Goddess deities of nursing and midwives, the Irširra are similar to the Ugaritic Kotharat and the Šassūrātu of Babylon. Gods of Ugarit c. 1800 - 1200 BCE Goddess Nisaba - First Lady of Writing The Igigi - Why Humans are Created goddess x 2 Deep in meditation, Upelluri doesn't notice the small rock monster upon his shoulder. As Ullikummi grows and becomes heavier, Upelluri feels vague discomfort, and soon staggers with the weight of his burden. In this way he's been compared to Atlas of the Greeks. Ullikummi also reflects characteristics of the Aufhocker of later German myth, undead creatures who leap on a person's back and become slowly heavier. Mušḫuššu - Snake Dragon Animal of Marduk Sukkals - Mythic Viziers to the Gods German Myth: Lindwyrm, Mare & Pig Demons Aufhocker statue in Germany - this spirit punishes an apple thief Soon the rock monster is so big it reaches the firmament. When Teshub sees it growing up to the heavens, he thunders and rains on Ullikummi but has no effect. He enlists the help of his brother the Warrior God Tasmisu. Their combined might cannot vanquish Ullikummi. In desperation Teshub abdicates the throne and goes to Ea (Sumerian Enki , primordial God of water, creation, knowledge and crafts) for help. Ea lives in the Apsu (Abzu) , underground source of primal waters and life. Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea Asray: Ugaritic Underworld Goddess Kotharat - Bronze Age Birth Goddesses Ea (Enki) dwells in a place of groundwater Ea procures the toothed cutting tool which cut heaven and earth apart soon after creation. As the gods cannot prevail, only this tool will disable Ullikummi. Ea goes to visit the giant Upelluri, who by now is in some discomfort. Ea asks Upelluri if he notices the monster Ullikummi on his shoulders. Upelluri is taken by surprise. He thought it was just a bout of bad back pain. With the cutting tool, Ea hacks into the stone monster. He cuts off the feet of Ullikummi and topples it with a tremendous crash causing tremors, tidal waves and earthquakes in the mortal realm. Ullikummi shatters into a rain of rocks and pebbles, and sinks back into the earth. Purulli: Hittite New Year & Spring Fest Warrior Portal Gods Lugal-irra & Meslamta-ea Chaoskampf: Order & Chaos Battle Out pebbles on the beach Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Underworld goddess Lelwani of the Bronze Age Hittites (c. 1600-1180 BCE) originates as a male god, called 'lord' and 'king'. He's a god of the Hatti , who are assimilated by Hittites in Anatolia. He becomes a woman for political reasons. Ereshkigal Goddess of Underworld & Night Primeval Deities: Goddess of the Dawn Cult of the Bull - Prehistoric Aurochs The Hatti and Hittite cultures phase into one, and gods are passed around for debate. The Hittites are an emerging power and know the value of compromise, especially surrounded by dominant forces. They're also eager to learn what they can from their assimilated people. It's part of the reason they reign as a formidable force for almost five hundred years. The Hittites adopt Underworld god Lelwani into their vast pantheon. At a sanctuary in Hattusa, the capital of the Hittite Empire, twelve gods appear carved in relief on a wall. They are thought to be the Anunnaki, the oldest generation of gods. Zircon - the Primordial Gemstone Bronze Age Cultures - the Hittites Ancient Cultures: Yamnaya Steppe People The Old Gods have left the building According to legend they're banished by the younger gods to the Underworld, where they are ruled by Lelwani. As the Goddess Ereshkigal reigns over the dead in Mesopotamia, and Goddess Allani rules the Hurrian Underworld, and Asray holds dominion in Ugarit , the queens must be seen as equals in the eyes of the people. Hittites, Hatti , Hurrians , Luwians and Arzawans are among the major powers in Anatolia in the Bronze Age. Territories overlap and so do the gods. When the Hittites move in, they make an effort fo accommodate the religions of others, at the same time running a parallel with their own. Asteria - Starry Gems of Myth & Magic Before the Vikings - Únětice Culture Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Ereshkigal, goddess queen of the Mesopotamian Underworld Lelwani carves out her own niche in the hierarchy of the Underworld cosmology. She rules her Land of the Dead, populated with Old Gods and spirits once mortal. She has dominion over volcanic flames, thus the power of the Earth. As times change so does Lelwani. When she changes from a god to a goddess is hard to pinpoint. Local Hattians, Hittites and their neighbors the Hurrians and Ugaritic try to adapt local myths to a broader spectrum, synching Gods and making adjustments. Before the Vikings - Early Northern Cultures Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King in synch Lelwani isn't the first sex-changing deity, though her motivations are political rather than matronly. Gods changing sex include Zeus who acts as a female or mother, giving birth to Dionysus from his thigh, and goddess Athena through his head. In the legend of the Hurrian storm god and prime divinity, Teshub (Teššop) is born from the split skull of Kumarbi. While Kumarbi assumes the mother figure role, he's usually depicted as a male god, the lord of the Underworld. Rhytons - Animal Vessels of the Ancients Mercury (Quicksilver): Miracle Metal of Alchemy Warrior Queen: Kriemhild of the Burgundians Male Gods can make babies too In later Norse myths, the trickster god Loki can change sex at will. In Australia, the Labarindja , blue-skinned wild women or "demon women" with hair the color of smoke hate sexual activity with men. If any man forces himself on them he'll die horribly due to the "evil magic in their vaginas". They're sometimes depicted with both penis and vagina. Another significant sex-change figure is Mesopotamian Lisin . She's a medicine goddess who later becomes a fire god. Her husband becomes a goddess. Ancient Deities: Proto Indo European Gods Bronze Age Europe - The Amber Road German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root evil blue skinned woman Lelwani's primary function in mythology is Queen or Goddess of the Underworld.   She helps determine human lifespans with the fate goddesses. In this way her duty is analogous to that of Hurrian Underworld Goddess Allani and goddesses of fate Hutena and Hutellura . Lelwani has secondary duties. She's one of the deities who accompanies rulers on military campaigns. Prayers dedicated to Lelwani show she has the ability to grant good health and longevity. Officials of the palace swear oaths in her name, promising to do their jobs properly. Bronze Age Afterlife & Burial Beliefs Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Fate goddesses Ištuštaya and Papaya Lelwani is worshiped during festivals such as purulli   of Hattic origin. A feast relating to spring and the renewal of life, the deities invoked are Underworld entities. Besides Lelwani they include: Šiwat - Hittite (or Izzištanu in Hattic), representing "Propitious Day," a euphemism for the last day of a person's life fate goddesses Ištuštaya and Papaya Urunzimu , Sun Goddess of the Earth; chthonic aspect of Sun goddess of Arinna Cress, Watercress: Natural Health of Ancients Disease Demons & Doctors: Ancient Mesopotamia Earth Mother - Goddess of Life Underworld Caverns, a fertile Earth womb In rituals of royal palace construction, Lelwani is invoked along with Hašamili , the blacksmith of the gods. The influential Hittite Queen Puduḫepa (13th century BCE) prays to Lelwani to secure long, healthy lives for her family members. Sylvia Rose Books READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top