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In Greek mythology, Panacea is a healing goddess with a large family. Her father is Asclepius , god of medicine and son of visionary god Apollo. Her mother, the goddess Epione is the personification of soothing of pain for healing. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Reishi or Lingzhi - Mushroom Magic   Sylvia Rose Books Panacea might have been an independent goddess before her association with Asclepian deities. Asclepius himself is half-mortal, until Zeus kills him with a thunderbolt and makes him a full god in compensation, as Apollo cries amber tears at the death of his son. Zeus kills him because Asclepius is bringing people back from the dead, and becomes so skilled he can render a person immortal. This upsets the cosmological balance, leading to complexes of human superiority and the death of gods. Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Psychology: the Conscious Ego of Self   Sylvia Rose Books Epione and Asclepius have nine children. They are: Panacea, the goddess of universal health Hygieia, "Hygiene", the goddess/personification of health, cleanliness, and sanitation Iaso the goddess of recuperation from illness Aceso the goddess of the healing process Aegle the goddess of radiant good health Podaleirus, one of the two kings of Tricca, skilled in diagnostics Machaon, the other king of Tricca, a master surgeon; in the Trojan War Machaon is killed by Penthesilea, queen of the Amazons Telesphoros, who devotes his life to serving Asclepius Aratus, Panacea's half-brother, a Greek hero and patron/liberator of Sicyon Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Women Scientists of the Ancient World Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg   Sylvia Rose Books Goddess Panacea uses a poultice or potion to heal the sick, leading to the idea of a panacea in medicine - a substance believed to cure all illnesses. Over time, the term "panacea" is also used figuratively to describe a solution for all problems. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History A panacea is a remedy claimed to cure all diseases and prolong life indefinitely. It's sought in history by alchemists as an elixir of immortality. It might be created through the philosopher's stone, a substance enabling transmutation of common metals into gold, and illness into health. Robert Fludd & Renaissance Medicine Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy   Sylvia Rose Books Ancient Greek and Roman scholars describe various kinds of plants that called panacea  or panaces , such as resinous Opopanax  sp., Centaurea  (knapweed) sp., Levisticum officinale (lovage), Achillea millefolium  ( yarrow ) and Echinophora tenuifolia (tarhana herb). Beginning in the late 17th century, cure-alls become known as patent medicines, available without a prescription. Some attract royal favor, and authorize use of the royal endorsement in advertising. Yarrow (Achillea) Magic & Medicine Is Cherry Laurel Poisonous? Opium Poppy ( Papaver somnifum )   Sylvia Rose Books "Panacea" becomes a major trend in the 18th and 19th centuries. Many patent medicines are claimed to be panaceas. The term is used in a negative way to describe overuse of any one solution to solve different problems, especially in medicine. Patent medicines do not fully disclose their ingredients, which may consist of antiseptics, analgesics, sedatives, laxatives, antacids, cold and cough remedies or various skin products. The term "snake oil" is based on use of mildly venomous water snakes in Chinese medicine. Natural Magic of the Renaissance Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books From the 18th century to the 20th, patent medicines purporting to be universal remedies are widespread. Addictive substances like cocaine, amphetamine, alcohol, and opium-based mixtures or potions are added, or perhaps a little axle grease to make it taste like medicine. After the deaths of several people from accidental overdose of pills, in the 19th century the law comes down on false marketing and dangerous ingredients in Europe and America. Pharmaceutical societies are established. Miracle cures are still sold today. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides What is the Philosopher's Stone? Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Robert Fludd (1574 - 1637) is an influential figure of the European Renaissance. He's known as a cosmologist, astrologer, mathematician and physician. He advocates a blend of contemporary science and ancient wisdom in medicine, defending the Rosicrucians. Natural Magic of the Renaissance Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books Between 1598 and 1604, Fludd studies medicine, chemistry and hermeticism on the European mainland. On his own account he spends a winter in the Pyrenees studying theurgy (the practice of rituals) with Jesuits. He travels throughout Spain, Italy and Germany. When he returns he attends Christ Church in Oxford, defending three theses according to the traditions of contemporary medicine, to graduate in 1605. After graduating, Fludd moves to London. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides What is the Philosopher's Stone? Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Sylvia Rose Books Attempts to enter the College of Physicians end in rejection, due more to attitude than intellect. His contempt for traditional medical authorities and medicine is inspired by the teachings of Paracelsus. In Renaissance medicine the theory of the four humors prevails, based on the work of Greek physician Hippocrates (c. 460 - 370 BCE). The four humors are blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. These influence the health of the body and its emotions. Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire Olympiodorus: the Last Neoplatonist Numinous: Beholding the Divine Sylvia Rose Books In the four humors theory, phlegm represents apathy, and yellow bile (choleric) anger.  Blood (sanguine) represents cheer and courage, and black bile corresponds to melancholy. According to the theory an imbalance of humors causes mental and physical sickness. Paracelsus rants against this tradition and many more. He openly burns the books of Galen, prestigious 2nd century physician. The concept of humors is almost 2000 years old. Despite some opposition, it remains the medical standard until 1850, when germs are discovered. Herbology & Lore: Stinging Nettle Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Sylvia Rose Books Fludd finally succeeds in his efforts to enter the College of Physicians in 1609 and becomes a prestigious London doctor, serving as Censor of the College four times. He's also instrumental in an inspection of London apothecaries put on by the College in 1614. He co-authors the Pharmacopoeia Londinensis , a directory of standardized pharmaceutical preparations given by the London College of Physicians. He's among the first to support William Harvey's theory of the circulation of blood, though it's a vague premise at the time. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books Rosicrucianism Fludd is frequently associated with the Rosicrucians due to strong support for their beliefs and ideas. He champions their principles as outlined in various manifestos and pamphlets circulating at the time. His intellectual pursuits are entwined with the mystical and esoteric teachings of Rosicrucians, which emerge in the early 17th century in Germany. His writings often reflect an interest in alchemy, astrology, and spiritual enlightenment, themes resonating with the core tenets. Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books While Fludd may not have been a member of the Rosicrucian fraternity (and by some accounts, no one is), his philosophical alignment with their doctrines is unmistakable. He's significant in popularizing their beliefs. His works serve as a bridge between the esoteric teachings of the Rosicrucians and the broader intellectual community of his time. The Rosicrucian order is the talk of the town along with their emphasis on hidden knowledge, secrecy and mysticism. Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Psychology: Archetype of the Self Sylvia Rose Books Medicine & Theory Fludd believes in a combination of scientific medical knowledge and the ancient wisdom of natural magicians, especially the realm of mathematics. Like Pythagoras he believes numbers contain access to hidden secrets. Fludd's writings and his understanding of disease focus on the connections among nature and humans, Earth and the divine. Although influenced by the tria prima  of Paracelsus ( mercury - sulfur - salt ), Fludd proposes a different origin theory. Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Tria Prima of Paracelsus: Three Primes Sylvia Rose Books All beings and substances originate from an initial state of dark Chaos, followed by divine Light acting on the Chaos, resulting in the emergence of water. The water, also called Spirit of the Lord, constitutes passive material from which arise all other substances. Fludd's tripartite theory asserts the tria prima comes from the interaction of chaos and light. From this formless condition arise various forms of water or Spirit. In some beliefs the Spirit is Mercurius . Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Sylvia Rose Books Fludd is known for his unique approach to integrating mystical concepts with scientific and medical theories. One of his ideas is the tripartite theory, which he uses in various aspects of his work, particularly in the realms of medicine and science. At the core of Fludd's philosophy is the concept of macrocosm and microcosm, influenced by Paracelsus, from earlier Greek or Egyptian thought. The relationship between larger universe (macrocosm) and the individual human being (microcosm), is essential. Spiritual Alchemy: Cupellation Process Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Unus Mundus One World: Psychology Sylvia Rose Books Through exploration of the macrocosm and microcosm relationship, Fludd bridge the gap between the spiritual and material, the mystical and scientific. He sees the human body as a microcosm reflecting the greater macrocosm of the universe. Christianity Fludd asserts the divine light is the active agent responsible for creation. This forms the development of the world and the Sun. Inspired by Psalm 19:4 - "In them hath he set a tabernacle for the sun," Fludd believes the Spirit of the Lord is contained within the Sun. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology The Pauli Effect - Quarks or Quacks? Sylvia Rose Books This gives it a central place in Fludd's model of the macrocosm. As the Sun was to the Earth, so is the heart to mankind. The Sun conveys Spirit to the Earth through its rays, which circulate in and about the Earth giving it life. Macrocosm / Microcosm According to Fludd, human blood contains the Spirit of the Lord (the same Spirit provided by the Sun) and flows through the human body. The relationship of microcosm and macrocosm is influenced by blood. Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Myrrh - Mystique, Death & Divinity Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Sylvia Rose Books Interaction of blood and the circulating Spirit with the Spirit of the macrocosm is crucial. The macrocosmic Spirit, carried by the Sun, is subject to the influence of astral bodies and undergoes changes in composition. Similarly, the astral impact on the macrocosmic Spirit can be transmitted to the microcosmic Spirit in the blood. This happens through the interaction between the macrocosm and the microcosm. Poison Hemlock: Herbology & Lore Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth Stymphalian Birds & Greek Heroics Fludd expands this to his understanding of illness: the movement of Spirit between the macrocosm and microcosm can become corrupted and infiltrate the microcosm as a disease. Like Paracelsus, Fludd sees disease as an external intruder rather than a humor imbalance. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Yliaster or Iliaster is a concept attributed to Renaissance alchemist and physician Paracelsus. This term arises from alchemy, where it embodies the fundamental essence of existence as the prima materia , the starting principle for the Magnum Opus or Great Work. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books According to Paracelsus, Yliaster represents the union of body and soul, encapsulating the very core of being. It embodies the raw, primal material from which all creation emanates, making it a pivotal concept in the alchemical tradition. In alchemical philosophy, Yliaster is the starting point of transformation, and the source of all subsequent manifestations in the material world. It is believed to hold immense potential for transmutation and spiritual growth, arcing between physical and metaphysical realms. Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Psychology: Archetype of the Self Sylvia Rose Books The duality of body and soul within Yliaster reflects the universal connection and balance between the tangible and the intangible. Yliaster explores the concept of prime matter. As a symbolic key to unlocking the secrets of alchemy it reveals the fundamental elements of being. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Paracelsus refers to the Iliaster as the "fully healed individual who has purged all impurities from the lower self and is now liberated to soar like the Phoenix." Yliaster or Iliaster presumably combines Greek "hyle" (matter) and Latin word "astrum" (star). Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Catherine de' Medici & the Occult What is the Philosopher's Stone? Sylvia Rose Books In Paracelsus' view, the Iliaster symbolizes the fundamental elements of the universe, with matter the earthly realm and stars the celestial. Paracelsus describes how fossils are made: Accordingly, the first body, the Yliaster, was nothing but a clod which contained all the chaos, all the waters, all minerals, all herbs, all stones, all gems. Only the supreme Master could release them and form them with tender solicitude, so that other things could be created from the rest. Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books In alchemical philosophy, the concept of Yliaster is equivalent to the idea of Prima Materia. Yliaster, like Prima Materia, represents the fundamental substance from which all matter originates. This mysterious and formless essence is believed to be the building block of the universe, the essence underlying all physical existence. Alchemists view Yliaster as the primal source, the purest form of matter. It's the starting point for the transformative processes of the Great Work. Psychology: the Conscious Ego of Self Fortune Telling - The Mystic Victorian Herbs & Natural Remedies - Ancient Egypt Sylvia Rose Books The Prima Materia, often symbolized as a chaotic and undifferentiated substance is the unrefined, unstructured material. It holds within it the potential for transmutation and evolution. As alchemists engage in the Great Work, they seek to refine and purify this raw material. Through the alchemical processes of purification, distillation, and transformation, the Prima Materia is believed to undergo a profound metamorphosis. Ultimately it leads to the creation of the Philosopher's Stone aka Elixir of Life, Dragon, Fiery Water or Angel of Violet Light. Pseudo-Geber: Medieval Alchemy Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Sylvia Rose Books During the Renaissance, the Philosopher's Stone also finds itself on a list o the many names for the prima materia . This spiritual and physical transmutation is the ultimate goal of the alchemical journey, where the base and mundane are elevated to the sublime and eternal. In essence, the Yliaster and the prima materia are symbolic representations of the alchemist's quest for enlightenment, perfection, and the divine. Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Natural Magic of the Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Quintessence relates to the cosmic life force or pure essence of an element, and is common to all living things. It's also compared to aether , the air breathed by gods. Quintessence is a shared but unique part of mortal existence. Booklet:  World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchem y Booklet: World of Alchemy: A Little History Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books Ancient Greek philosophy examines fundamental understanding of the universe through identification of natural elements. Thinkers conclude the world is made of five essential elements: earth, water, air and fire. A mysterious fifth element is thought to exist in celestial bodies. Scholars call this elusive fifth element quintessence. A vital nerve in the cosmology of existence, quintessence transcends the realm of mortals. Numinous: Beholding the Divine Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books In the 4th century BCE , Greek philosopher Aristotle names this element “aether”. Also written as ether, it composes multiple worlds of the hypothetical outer celestial spheres surrounding that of humans. Aether is above and around the classical elements. It's both form and formless. Aether is a Greek god, and also the air breathed by the gods. Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Sylvia Rose Books Quintessence encapsulates the idea of a pure and transcendent form epitomizing the essence of a particular entity or concept. It represents the ultimate essence or perfect embodiment of a subject; an ideal example or archetype . The concept itself is a symbol of purity and perfection. From aether or ether comes the term "ethereal" to describe otherworldly beauty and grace. Ethereality conveys a quality of being so delicate and light it rises above the physical realm. Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Sylvia Rose Books The ethereal evokes a holistic sense of purity and perfection which does not exist in the mundane world. This ethereal essence is often associated with the divine. In the ethereal realm, boundaries between the material and the spiritual blur. A person catch a glimpse into sublime beauty and tranquility, a momentary vision into the sphere of ineffable divinity. For a brief instant all is clear, and then the mind blurs, and one wonders if it ever happened at all. Nonetheless it can cause profound changes. Anima & Animus: Gender Archetypes Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Unus Mundus One World: Psychology Sylvia Rose Books One is immersed in a world of paradox and possibility, where events defy the laws of nature. The ethereal produces a sense of enchantment and wonder, inviting contemplation of the boundless possibilities beyond the tangible and mundane. It serves as a reminder of profound mysteries beyond comprehension. As quintessence, the ethereal infuses all life, and thus itself receives life. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Sylvia Rose Books Seek beauty and transcendence in everyday living, even amidst the chaos and imperfections of the world. Awareness of quintessence gives a deeper understanding of interconnectedness and the pursuit of ultimate truth. Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Catherine de' Medici is the Queen of France 1547 - 1563 AD. She's been characterized as a "sinister Queen" with notable interest in the occult arts. Some say she casts Satanic spells and instructs her son in the powers of evil. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Witches & Witchcraft: Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books For the first ten years of their marriage, King Henry II and Queen Catherine are unable to produce an heir. This sparks rumors of witchcraft, a flame fueled by prevailing beliefs about mystical powers of certain women. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Public opinion considers witches unable to give life, contrasting with the ideological view of women as life-givers. Infertility in a Queen is bad for the kingdom. Catherine herself is not well liked, called "the Italian woman" and worse, by the people. Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books In the 16th century witch hunts in Europe stoke fears and superstition Usually a woman not well liked, suspected of the black arts, is perfect fodder for the witch-burning fires ... even a Queen. The King would rather keep company with his mistress, but he does his royal duty. Finally, in 1544, Catherine conceives. She has ten children in all, seven of whom survive to influence history. Agathodaemon: Fire, Silver & Alchemy Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books Her problems conceiving an heir are now attributed to Henry II's penile deformity. Perhaps it's due to witchcraft. She's thought to be behind the Huguenot persecutions during her sons' reigns, such as the St. Bartholomew's massacre of 1572, in which thousands are killed. Catherine de Medici is taught by Cosimo Ruggeri, known in France as Côme Ruggieri. He's an Italian astrologer, alchemist, diviner from animal entrails (haruspex) and influential adviser of Catherine de Medici during her regency. Spiritual Alchemy: Fixatio (Fixation) Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Sylvia Rose Books Cosimo is prominent in the folklore of Catherine de Medici. He's reputed as a master of the occult, black magic, and witchcraft. He schools Catherine in astrology and astronomy, which are closely linked in her day as academic activities. They take on an ominous meaning. The dark background of Cosimo and his status as a favorite of the Queen give rise to ever more sinister rumors. It's said Catherine educates her son, Henry III, in the dark arts, and "the two devote themselves to sorceries scandalous of the age". Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Some believe Catherine to be the creator of the Black Mass, a Satanic inversion of the traditional Catholic Mass. The idea is suggested in demonologist Jean Bodin's account in his book De la démonomanie des sorciers (1580). The rest of Catherine's reputation falls to ashes. Bodin believes he has a reason for literary sniping. He supports the wrong candidate for King. When he shifts alliance to Catherine's son King Henry III, he's snubbed. Henry depends on Catherine's advice, and Bodin's rejection could be blamed on Catherine - or Cosimo. Psychology: the Conscious Ego (Self) Fortune Telling - The Mystic Victorian Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Either way, Bodin paints them all with the same Satanic brush. His widely read book stirs superstitious gossip and, despite her many contributions to cuisine, arts and culture, her French conflicts prevail and she is yet associated with the demonic realm. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alkanet ( Alkanna tinctoria ) is a plant related to borage, also a popular medicinal herb. Alkanet is used in folk magic, alchemy, natural health, cuisine and practical dyeing. The root produces earthy red soluble in oil or alcohol. Alkanet is known by the ancients. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Women Scientists of the Ancient World Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Sylvia Rose Books A. tinctoria  has vibrant blue flowers. Despite its blackish external appearance, the plant's root is blue-red internally with a whitish core. This root yields a high-quality dark red dye used as a coloring agent in the Mediterranean area for centuries. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History In nature magic the root is burned as incense to protect the practitioner especially from being cheated, swindled or robbed. Alkanet is thought to attract gambling luck. It drives off harmful energy in one's personal space. In concoctions it acts as a thickening agent. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Psychology: Archetype of the Self Sylvia Rose Books Associated with Venus, the plant or its flowers are taken in a calming tea, but this later is found to have harmful effects on the liver. Alkanet helps heal the bites of venomous creatures, according to Greek physician Dioscorides (40 - 90 AD). The name alkanet is from Arabic, al khenna (henna), from the root color. Alkanet appears in ancient texts on dyeing, especially wool. The roots can create an earthy purple or red. By 250 AD it's used to make imitation precious stones such as rubies from crystal quartz. Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire Olympiodorus: the Last Neoplatonist Numinous: Beholding the Divine Sylvia Rose Books The dyeing of metals and stones is part of the alchemist's art. Recipes / Techniques from the Leyden & Stockholm Papyri c. 250 AD: Boiling of Stones (Making Rubies ) If you wish to make ruby from crystal, which is worked to any desired end, take and put it in the pan and stir up turpentine balsam and a little pulverized alkanet there until the dye liquid rises; and then take care of the stone. Preparation of Sunstone Boil liquid pitch and alkanet, put the stone in it and it will thence become sunstone; or in the juice of mulberries , or in ground kermes with vinegar; or in Armenian blue [lapis armenus or azurite] with calves’ gall. Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Sylvia Rose Books Purple Fabric Dye "Keep this as a secret matter because the purple has an extremely beautiful luster. Take scum of woad from the dyer, and a sufficient portion of foreign alkanet of about the same weight as the scum – the scum is very light – and grind it in the mortar. Thus dissolve the alkanet by grinding in the scum and it will give off its essence. Then take the brilliant color prepared by the dyer – if from kermes it is better, or else from krimnos – heat, and put this liquor into half of the scum in the mortar. Then put the wool in and color it unmordanted and you will find it beyond all description." Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Prussian Blue - Delight of Artists & Poisoners Sylvia Rose Books "The dye extracted from its roots dissolves in alcohol, ether, and oils, but remains insoluble in water. It is utilized to impart color to wines, alcoholic tinctures, vegetable oils, and varnishes." Alkanet is valued for medicinal properties. In traditional medicine it's used to: treat inflammation speed healing of wounds induce sweating to treat fevers maintain health of skin treat ulcers relieve back pain (infused in wine) Sylvia Rose Books Alkanna tinctoria  is also used in cosmetics. A hardy plant,  it enjoys warm climates and well-drained soils. It appears in Indian cuisine under the name ratan jot , and the red color brightens curries. In Australia, alkanet is approved for use as a food coloring. In gardens, alkanet's bright blue flowers attract butterflies. The plant's ability to adapt to different environments makes it a versatile and resilient species, capable of surviving in diverse conditions. Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Complexes: Psychology of the Psyche Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Pope John Paul XII bans the practice of alchemy for the falsification of metals in 1317. In the Middle Ages, alchemy is a mysterious esoteric discipline. Alchemists apply secrets of nature magic in pursuit of enlightenment, including metal manipulation and chemical reaction. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Calcination Process: Alchemy at High Heat Galena: Silver Lead Ore of Metallurgy Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books Most courts have resident alchemists, along with astrologers and other followers of arcane arts. Alchemy arises from metallurgy and ancient medicine. Part of the alchemical arts of gold-making and silver-making include recipes to color metals. Recipe for Silver Making (Leyden Papyrus, c. 250 AD, Greek): Manufacture of Silver Plunge Cyprian copper, which is well worked and shingled for use, into dyer’s vinegar and alum and let soak for three days. Then for every mina of copper mix in 6 drachmas each of, earth of Chios, salt of Cappadocia and lamellose alum, and cast. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books "... Cast skillfully, however, and it will prove to be regular silver. Place in it not more than 20 drachmas of good, unfalsified, proof silver, which the whole mixture retains and (this) will make it imperishable." These are found in the Alexandrian school of the early years AD, and in Islamic alchemy. Coloring metals is one of the links alchemy has to metallurgy. Recipes include how to make copper look like silver or gold , or turn lead into silver, which might be done with galena . Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Galena: Silver Lead Ore of Metallurgy Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Sylvia Rose Books Gilding - To Give the Appearance of Gold "... Lamellose arsenic, copperas, golden sandarach, mercury, gum tragacanth, pith of arum, equal parts; dilute the whole with the bile of a goat. It is applied upon copper objects, upon silver objects, upon figures (in metal) and small shields. The copper should not have a rough surface..." READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Such practices as gilding can provide cheaper jewelry or decor, but are also used to deceive the customer. Under the Pope's decree, even gilding innocently may be unlawful. Spiritual Alchemy: Cupellation Process Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Sylvia Rose Books A medieval Islamic text describes " use of a liquid mordant which quickly and permanently colors lesser metals for more lucrative sale and profit." Terms such as "gold-making" can refer to gold coloring. Eventually it turns to flat-out counterfeiting, with metal merchants selling fake gold as real gold, and alchemists discussing ways to make fake look real. France especially is known for counterfeit coins. Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Psychology: Archetype of the Self Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Sylvia Rose Books At the time of Pope John Paul XII, the Papal residence is at Avignon, France instead of Rome, due to political disruption. In 1317, the Pope bans the practice of alchemy for falsification purposes. He issues the Spondent quas non exhibent,  literally "they guarantee what they do not present." Misrepresentation of metals is officially called "The Crime of Falsification." It so happens the Pope studies chemistry (metallurgy, dyeing, ceramics) before becoming Pope. Complexes: Psychology of the Psyche Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Spiritual Alchemy: Alchemical History Sylvia Rose Books The Crime of Falsification targets individuals engaging in the illicit production, distribution, or sale of counterfeit alchemic metals. This proclamation comes with strict financial penalties. Offenders must pay fines based on the weight of the forged metal, with the equivalent value to be paid in genuine gold or silver. For those unable to meet the fines, harsher consequences include imprisonment, a severe beating or gouging out the debtor's eyes. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sylvia Rose Books In Florence the debtor's prison, built in the 1300s AD, is Stinche. Before that, cells beneath an old amphitheater are used. Gamblers, debtors, servants, slaves and rude children are sent to prison. Rich and poor alike are incarcerated for crimes such as sodomy or unwise politics. The alchemical edict extends to those who use fake metals to mint coins, with more repercussions reserved for clerics. They receive the harshest penalties, including forfeiture of all clerical privileges without any chance of reinstatement. Agathodaemon: Fire, Silver & Alchemy Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Sylvia Rose Books This leads to a climate of caution among alchemists, some of whom operate covertly to avoid repercussions by the papal decree. The alchemists seek patronage to continue working in peace. Many already have wealthy sponsors due to the incredible cost of diverse alchemical equipment. Supplies range from chemicals such as alum, zinc and soda ash to flasks and specialized glassware, to a staggering array of tools and utensils. A working forge is crucial. Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Spiritual Alchemy: Fixatio (Fixation) Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Sylvia Rose Books The successful alchemist takes students or assistants who perform the most lowly of labors, such as keeping a fire going at an even temperature for six hours, or grinding cinnabar to get mercury. Collecting dung for experiments is also the work of the budding alchemist. By c.1400 the witch hunts begin in the Holy Roman Empire and spread through Europe. Alchemists could be a target, but alchemy is considered a branch of natural philosophy. Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Any magic involved is "nature magic", not "witchcraft", even as academic talk focuses on human soul transfer and raising the dead. After the Papal decree of 1317, other authorities put versions of the ban in place. But they come and are gone and alchemy carries on. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Democritus, an ancient Greek philosopher, makes a groundbreaking conclusion: matter is fundamentally indivisible. He introduces the concept of "atoms," describing them as the smallest fragments of matter. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Psychology: Archetype of the Self Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books Ancient Greek philosopher Democritus, has a revolutionary vision of atoms as tiny, indivisible particles. They behave like inert solids, repelling other bodies and interacting purely through mechanical means. Democritus and his mentor call them "atomos" or "indivisible". "... Now his principal doctrines were these. That atoms and the vacuum were the beginning of the universe; and that everything else existed only in opinion." ~ Diogenes Laërtius Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books These atoms, according to Democritus, possess specific sizes and shapes but are so tiny that they cannot be detected by human senses. Atoms are infinite in number, exist for eternity and exhibit a wide variety of forms. Atoms are in constant motion in the vast emptiness of space. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Democritus and his mentor Leucippus collaborate closely on developing the concept of atoms, laying the foundation for modern atomic theories. Their partnership is crucial in shaping today's understanding of the fundamental building blocks of matter. Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Sylvia Rose Books Inspired by his mentor's teachings, Democritus explains the properties of materials are determined by shapes of their constituent atoms. His vivid descriptions of atoms draws parallels with everyday experiences. Democritus proposes everyday objects are formed through random collisions of atoms, causing a diversity of materials. Each object's unique properties are determined by the specific atoms of its composition. What is the Philosopher's Stone? Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Sylvia Rose Books The only true elements of existence are atoms and the void in which they move. Democritus dismisses the conventional understanding of elements like water, fire, plants, and humans as mere combinations of atoms in the void. He portrays them as distinct entities characterized by varying shapes, sizes, and arrangements. Democritus and Leucippus propose atoms are held together by material connections, similar to familiar objects like hooks and eyes or balls and sockets. Individuation: Process and Philosophy Archetypes - Personality & the Persona Common Archetypes & Spiritual Ascension Sylvia Rose Books This perspective provides a framework for explaining the cohesion and structure of matter at a microscopic level. By exploring these intricate relationships between atoms, Democritus and Leucippus illuminate the way for future advancements in chemistry and physics. Democritus challenges the notion of sensory qualities as genuine. Perception of sensory attributes is subjective and not an accurate reflection of reality. Psychology: the Conscious Ego of Self The Pauli Effect - Quarks or Quacks? Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Sylvia Rose Books Democritus' concept of atoms as solid, indivisible particles capable of repelling other bodies lays the foundation for modern understanding of matter. Quantum mechanics reveals a deeper, more nuanced reality where particles exhibit behaviors contrary to classical notions. In modern physics, while the concept of atoms has evolved significantly, it bears intriguing parallels to Democritus' ideas. In quantum mechanics (c. 1900 AD), atoms are no longer seen as simple spheres but complex structures composed of protons, neutrons, and electrons. Complexes: Psychology of the Psyche Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Spiritual Alchemy: Alchemical History Sylvia Rose Books These elementary particles, much like Democritean atoms, possess the quality of indivisibility at their core. Their behavior is now understood through quantum physics. Moreover, he speculates the weight of an indivisible atom corresponds to its mass, suggesting a correlation between atomic weight and physical properties. Exact details of his stance on atomic weight are still a topic of debate among scholars. Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Sylvia Rose Books Fermions, a class of particles including the protons, neutrons, and electrons making up the atom, adhere to the Pauli exclusion principle, that no two identical fermions can occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. This echoes the idea of exclusion seen in Democritean atoms, repulsion of other bodies. On the other hand, bosons, another category of elementary particles that includes photons, do not abide by the principle. Numinous: Beholding the Divine Psychology: Understanding Archetypes Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Sylvia Rose Books In the 20th century Carl Jung's symbol for the Self is a cross-section of the atom at its most basic. The Self is composed of the ego, or conscious self; the personal unconscious; and the collective unconscious. The conscious self is the middle dot, surrounded by the unconscious. This is also the symbol for Sun in Egyptian hieroglyphs, infused with qualities of divinity. The exploration of quantum phenomena continues to captivate scientists and laypersons. Atomic discoveries deepen our understanding of the fundamental building blocks of the universe. Spiritual Alchemy - Attuning the Self Archetypes - Personality & the Persona Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In Jungian psychology, the Self archetype is the deepest core of a person's being, including conscious and unconscious aspects and the collective unconscious shared by all humanity. Archetypes of the collective unconscious can influence human behavior and experiences. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Women Scientists of the Ancient World Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Sylvia Rose Books The process of individuation involves recognizing and integrating these archetypal elements into the consciousness. A dynamic force, the Self continues to evolve throughout a person's life. The Self archetype is wholeness. It regulates the psyche, transcending ego and persona. As such, the Self is a guiding principle towards self-realization and wholeness. The journey towards wholeness involves confronting and integrating the shadow aspects of one's personality, embracing both the light and dark sides to achieve balance and harmony. Spiritual Alchemy: Cupellation Process Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Unus Mundus One World: Psychology Sylvia Rose Books Symbolically, the Self is often depicted as a mandala. This symbol reflects the intricate and interconnected nature of the Self, incorporating various archetypal energies and personal experiences into a harmonious whole. The Self also contains archetypes. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Archetypes of the Self are Shadow, Anima/Animus and possibly the Psychoid. The concept of Self is crucial in understanding depths of the human psyche. Distinction between ego and Self is a complex interplay of conscious and unconscious elements. Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold What is the Philosopher's Stone? Sylvia Rose Books The ego, as traditionally perceived, acts as the focal point of consciousness, the part of the psyche that navigates the external world and interacts with it. It is the seat of individual identity and personal experiences. The Self also represents a deeper aspect of the personality, extending to the unconscious realms. The Self is the core of the complete personality, integrating all aspects of the psyche into a unified whole. It embodies the totality of an individual's being, transcending the ego. Archetypes - Personality & the Persona Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Sylvia Rose Books In this framework, the ego is a small circle within the larger encompassing circle of the Self. While the ego operates within the boundaries of conscious awareness, the Self reaches beyond, connecting with the deeper layers of the unconscious mind. The Self symbolizes wholeness, balance, and harmony, within the psyche, of the known and unknown aspects of the self. Understanding the relationship between the ego and the Self is essential for personal growth and psychological development. Animal Archetype: Mysteries of the Unconscious Psychology: the Conscious Ego of Self Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Sylvia Rose Books By recognizing the interdependence of these two centers of the personality, individuals can move closer to self-realization and inner balance. Embracing the wisdom of the Self allows for a deeper exploration of the unconscious, leading to a realization of true nature and potential. Jung's concept of the Self as an innate sense of wholeness within each individual is a cornerstone of his psychological theories. According to Jung, this innate wholeness is present from birth but becomes overshadowed as the ego develops and gains prominence. Archetypes, Stereotypes & Prototypes Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Psychoid: Secrets of the Unconscious Sylvia Rose Books The process of ego-differentiation, where the individual forms a distinct sense of self and identity, is crucial for navigating the external world and society. However, an exclusive focus on ego-consciousness can lead to disconnection from the deeper aspects of the psyche. It's important to periodically reestablish a connection with the Self, to maintain or achieve psychological balance and well-being. Reconnection involves moving into the unconscious realms of the psyche. Olympiodorus: the Last Neoplatonist Numinous: Beholding the Divine Psychology: Understanding Archetypes Sylvia Rose Books Here, the archetypes and symbols of the collective unconscious reside. Media such as myth, rituals, meditation, active imagination and dreams form bridges between the conscious ego and the unconscious Self, allowing a harmonious integration of these aspects of the psyche. Reconnecting with the Self is a psychological exercise, and a spiritual journey towards wholeness. Upon achieving ego-differentiation and making a connection with the external world, one returns to conscious rediscovery of, the Self, or individuation. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Agathodaemon: Fire, Silver & Alchemy Colors of Alchemy: White Albedo Purification Sylvia Rose Books The process of individuation, or conscious acceptance of one's inner core, psychic nucleus or Self, can begin with a disruption of the personality. The ego encounters a deadlock of sorts and must seek assistance from a higher power - the Self. Under guidance of the Self, a series of archetypal images surface, progressively uniting fragmented aspects closer to wholeness. The initial image to emerge, closest to the ego, is the Shadow within the personal unconscious. Alchemy & Psychology: Hidden Meanings Unity of Opposites: Spiritual Alchemy Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus Sylvia Rose Books The Shadow is the first manifestation of the complete personality, sometimes even being confused with the Self. Following this are Anima and Animus, the soul-image, symbolizing the complete Self. Ideally, the animus or anima acts as a mediator between the ego and the Self. The third primary archetype to surface is the Mana figure of the wise old man or woman - a representative of the collective unconscious akin to the Self. Subsequently, the archetype of the Self arises and the final stage towards individuation begins. Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus Psychology: the Personal Unconscious Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books In Jung's terms, "... the Self...encompasses ego-consciousness, shadow, anima, and collective unconscious in an immeasurable extension. As a whole, the self is a coincidentia oppositorum ; it is simultaneously bright and dark, yet neither." And: "the Self is the complete, timeless human...representing the harmonious integration of conscious and unconscious." Jung identifies numerous dream symbols as representations of the self, such as a stone, the world tree, an elephant, and the Christ figure. Wandering Womb - Ancient Medicine Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Herbs & Natural Remedies - Ancient Egypt Sylvia Rose Books Marie-Louise von Franz, a prominent Swiss Jungian psychologist, is particularly focused on the concept of the Self. She emphasizes the profound influence of the dark side of the Self, highlighting its potential to become a formidable threat. The Self, being the core and most potent force within an individual's psyche, holds the power to shape one's thoughts, emotions, and behaviors. When the dark aspects of the Self are not acknowledged or integrated, they can manifest in destructive ways. Spiritual Alchemy: Concept of Tria Prima Chamomile - Herbology & Lore Pseudo-Geber: Medieval Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Von Franz warns about the dangers of succumbing to megalomania or falling prey to elaborate fantasies disconnected from reality. This disconnection can lead to a distorted perception of oneself and the world, losing touch with the true essence of existence. People often project elements of the Self onto external entities such as the state, religious figures, the cosmos, or even fate itself. These projections serve as a coping mechanism, allowing individuals to externalize and navigate complex aspects of inner worlds. Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Sylvia Rose Books However, when these projections are stripped away, individuals face the risk of personality inflation. The ego becomes inflated and overly identified with the Self. By acknowledging the interconnection of individuals in a broader societal sphere, one can maintain a healthy balance between personal identity and the larger collective consciousness. This allows harmonious integration of the Self within the constructs of human experience. The Great Library of Alexandria Stephanus of Alexandria: the Last Intellectual Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Overall, the Self in Jungian psychology is a profound and multifaceted concept requiring study, patience and experience to fully comprehend. It shows the importance of inner exploration, self-awareness and integration for personal growth and psychological well-being. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Abū Bakr al-Rāzī c. 864 - 930 AD is a Persian alchemist, philosopher and physician during the Islamic Golden Age . One of the most important figures in the history of medicine, he also documents the processes and equipment of alchemy. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Sylvia Rose Books Pioneering experimental medicine, he excels as a physician and holds prestigious positions as chief physician at two hospitals. He's famous for critiques of religion, especially ideas of prophethood and revelation. Al-Razi has a lasting impact on various fields with over 200 manuscripts documenting his contributions. He's especially renowned for his advancements in medicine, meticulous record keeping and experiments in alchemy . Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Spiritual Alchemy: the Tria Prima Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Sylvia Rose Books Renowned as a compassionate teacher, he attracts a diverse range of students and is dedicated to providing care to all patients regardless of wealth. Al-Razi is the first to differentiate between smallpox and measles, and propose effective treatments. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Al-Razi's interest in alchemy and his strong belief in the possibility of transmutation of lesser metals to silver and gold is attested after his death by Ibn an-Nadim's book, The Philosopher's Stone ( Lapis Philosophorum in Latin). What is the Philosopher's Stone? Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Bronze Age Europe - The Amber Roads Sylvia Rose Books The term "Philosopher's Stone" is used in Islamic alchemy but the concept is largely rejected by c. 9th century AD. In the West, it's still in use today. Nadim attributes a series of twelve books to al-Razi, plus an additional seven, including his refutation to al-Kindi's denial of the validity of alchemy. Al-Kindi is a philosopher and opponent of alchemy in Baghdad. Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books Al-Razi's two best-known alchemical texts are al-Asrar (The Secrets), and Sirr al-Asrar (the Secret of Secrets), which incorporates much of the previous work. "Secrets" in alchemical terms often means "experiments". In Secret of Secrets, al-Razi writes about: ...knowledge and identification of medical components within substances derived from plants, animals, and minerals, and descriptions of the best types for medical treatments. Knowledge of equipment and tools of interest to and used by either alchemists or apothecaries. Knowledge of seven alchemical procedures and techniques: sublimation and condensation of mercury , precipitation of sulfur , and arsenic calcination of minerals ( gold , silver , copper , lead , and iron ), salts, glass, talc, shells, and waxing. Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sylvia Rose Books The last category contains additional descriptions of other methods and applications used in transmutation: The added mixture and use of solvent vehicles. The amount of heat (fire) used, 'bodies and stones', ( al-ajsad and al-ahjar ) that can or cannot be transmuted into corporal substances such of metals and salts ( al-amlah ). The use of a liquid mordant which quickly and permanently colors lesser metals for more lucrative sale and profit Coloring metals is among the early arts of alchemy, and is well documented in works of other alchemists and teachers. It appears in the original alchemical works attributed to Greek philosopher Democritus (the "laughing philosopher"), known as the Four Books . Alchemists of Alexandria: Pseudo-Democritus Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books Al-Rāzī mentions the following chemical processes: distillation calcination solution evaporation crystallization sublimation filtration amalgamation ceration Several of these operations are also been practiced by the Alexandrian alchemists of the early centuries AD. The Golden Age of Alexandria is a merger of Greek, Egyptian, theological and pagan thought. With the Islamic conquest of Egypt c. 642 AD, many ideas go East. Calcination Process: Alchemy at High Heat Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Pseudo-Geber: Medieval Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books In his Secretum secretorum , Al-Rāzī mentions the following alchemical equipment: Tools for melting substances ( li-tadhwīb ): hearth ( kūr ) bellows ( minfākh or ziqq ) crucible ( bawtaqa ), ladle ( mighrafa or milʿaqa ) tongs ( māsik or kalbatān ) scissors ( miqṭaʿ ) hammer ( mukassir ) file ( mibrad ) macerator stirring rod cutter grinder (pestle) semi-cylindrical iron mold Sylvia Rose Books Tools & utensils to carry out the process of transmutation and parts of the distilling apparatus: the retort alembic shallow iron pan potter's kiln and blowers large oven cylindrical stove glass cups, phials, beakers glass funnel crucible aludel heat lamps mortar cauldron hair-cloth sand- and water-bath sieve flat stone mortar chafing-dish Sylvia Rose Books Tools for the preparation of drugs ( li-tadbīr al-ʿaqāqīr ) cucurbit and still with evacuation tube ( qarʿ or anbīq dhū khatm ) receiving matras ( qābila ) blind still (without evacuation tube) ( al-anbīq al-aʿmā ) aludel ( al-uthāl ) goblets ( qadaḥ ) flasks ( qārūra , plural quwārīr ) rosewater flasks ( mā’ wardiyya ) cauldron ( marjal or tanjīr ) earthenware pots varnished on the inside with their lids ( qudūr and makabbāt ) water bath or sand bath ( qidr ) oven ( al-tannūr ) small cylindirical oven for heating aludel ( mustawqid ) funnels, sieves, filters Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alchemy and astrology have a long history as related spiritual disciplines. Alchemy, arising from metallurgy and ancient medicine, is the forerunner of chemistry. Preceding astronomy, astrology influences the course of nations for thousands of years. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria   Sylvia Rose Books Both alchemy and astrology are intricate arts of intuition and creativity. The core shared belief is a universe where consciousness and matter are interconnected. The concept is also a basis for the collective unconscious theory of 20th century psychologist Carl Jung. Alchemy often uses astrology for guidance and interpretation. The alignment of celestial bodies is considered to have direct influence on the outcomes of alchemical experiments and the success of transmutation processes. Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets   Sylvia Rose Books Astrology provides alchemists with a framework to understand subtle energies at play in their work and the quest for transformation and enlightenment. Astrology draws inspiration from alchemical principles, based in natural events and cycles, related to the classical elements . READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Symbolic language and metaphysical concepts of alchemy appear in astrology interpretations and readings. Although astrology can stand alone as a practice, incorporation of alchemical insights deepens its meaning. Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Visigoths, King Alaric & the Ruin of Rome   Sylvia Rose Books Throughout history, the intricate relationship between alchemy and astrology has been a subject of fascination and study. Alchemists have long used astrological symbolism and imagery into their texts and practices. For centuries, alchemists have drawn parallels between the movements of the planets and the transformations sought in their experiments. The alignment of celestial events with the stages of the alchemical process has been a source of inspiration and guidance for practitioners. Jade - Jadeite, Nephrite & Jade Roads Anima Mundi: Soul of the World What is the Philosopher's Stone?   Sylvia Rose Books Each planet and zodiac sign carries its own unique energy and characteristics, which alchemists strive to harness, to ease the transmutation of base substances into higher forms. Symbolism of planets and zodiac signs in alchemical texts point to deeper meanings. According to alchemists, alignment of specific planets at particular times influences the success of alchemical operations. During the Renaissance the microcosm/macrocosm theory of Paracelsus suggests the cosmos and microcosm of the alchemist's laboratory. Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia   Sylvia Rose Books In alchemy, planetary correspondences with metals is a fundamental aspect of the mystical pursuits of alchemists. Each classical planet - the Moon, Mercury, Venus, Sun, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn - influences the seven metals recognized in the classical world. Connection between celestial bodies and earthly elements is central in importance. The Moon, associated with silver, represents femininity, intuition, and the subconscious mind. Mercury or quicksilver, linked to planet Mercury, symbolizes communication, adaptability, and intellect. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Sylvia Rose Books Venus, corresponding to copper, embodies love, beauty, and harmony. The Sun, aligned with gold, signified vitality, power, and enlightenment. Mars, connected to iron, represented strength, courage, and assertiveness. Jupiter, associated with tin, symbolized expansion, abundance, and wisdom. Saturn, linked to lead, epitomized limitation, discipline, and structure. Spiritual Alchemy: Cupellation Process Alchemy Colors: Color Phase Therapy Complexes: Psychology of the Psyche By understanding and using the cosmic connection, alchemists aim to transmute base substances into higher forms, physically and spiritually. Correspondences between planets and metals provide a framework for experimentation, meditation, and spiritual growth. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Galena (PbS) is the primary lead ore for centuries. Lead can be smelted from galena in a regular wood fire. Some galena deposits contain up to 0.5% silver , a high amount. In history these galenas are crucial sources of silver. Ancient Romans mine galena for silver and lead. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Spiritual Alchemy: Cupellation Process Women Scientists of the Ancient World Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books Pliny the Elder gives galena its name in c. 78 AD from Greek galene meaning lead ore. It's also called lead glance due to the shiny metallic luster, and is a vital mineral in the mining industry. Galena is smelted by c. 6500 BCE in Turkey. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History As a lead sulfide mineral, galena is the world's primary ore of lead. It's found in igneous and metamorphic rocks, in medium heat hydrothermal veins. Lead in galena is toxic if inhaled or ingested from dust particles. Melt point of galena is low at 327 °C (621 °F), same as lead. Baldness: 9 Natural Cures by Physician Dioscorides Agathodaemon: Fire, Silver & Alchemy Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books In alchemy, drawing silver from galena seems like metal transmutation to the observer. Galena is known for its powerful metaphysical properties. This mineral serves as a guiding light for self-evolution, helping navigate through personal growth and transformation. Its energy promotes a sense of balance and harmony within the Self, allowing a deeper connection to the spiritual realm. Galena is effective in stimulating the root chakra, essential to establishing a strong foundation in life. The root chakra (Muldhara) is at the base of the spine Egyptian Blue Lotus: Visionary Beauty Herbology & Lore - Chamomile Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine Sylvia Rose Books By activating this energy center, galena helps to instill a sense of stability and security, especially during challenging or uncertain times. This grounding effect can provide a solid anchor for individuals to stay centered and focused amidst life's ups and downs. Galena is associated with qualities such as steadiness and resilience. Its energy encourages individuals to approach life with calm and composure. Fostering a deep connection to the Earth, much like the rhizome of the lotus, galena promotes holistic health and well-being. Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Wolpertinger - German Myths & Folklore Sylvia Rose Books Galena is a versatile mineral with a wealth of benefits for spiritual growth, balance and inner peace. Its gentle yet potent energy serves as a supportive companion on the path towards self-discovery and enlightenment. Broken galena shows perfect cleavage in three directions, with a silver color and bright metallic luster. Galena tarnishes to a dull gray due to lead content. It has a Mohs hardness of 2.5+, about the same as gold, and leaves a gray to black streak. Spiritual Alchemy: Fixatio (Fixation) Mystique of Nous: Awareness & Perception Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Sylvia Rose Books Galena is abundant in nature. Widely distributed across the globe, galena is among the most prevalent sulfide minerals. Silver-rich or argentiferous galena is mainly hydrothermal in origin. Galena in lead-zinc deposits has only a small amount of silver. Common crystal shapes include cubes, octahedrons, or modifications. Typically, galena appears in hydrothermal veins alongside various minerals like sphalerite, marcasite and chalcopyrite, and can be found in low-temperature lead-zinc deposits within limestone beds. Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Sylvia Rose Books The chemical symbol for lead is Pb, from the Latin word plumbum, which is also the root of plumber. To extract silver, the galena is first reduced to metallic lead. Metallic lead is easily produced simply by heating galena in a regular fire. Zinc is added to the molten lead, making the silver more soluble. The zinc comes to the surface, bringing much of the silver with it. The silver/zinc alloy is then roasted to recover the silver. Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Olympiodorus: the Last Neoplatonist Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books Geologically, galena is commonly associated with other minerals, such as sphalerite, calcite, and fluorite. These mineral associations provide valuable insights into the formation processes and environmental conditions under which galena deposits are found. One of the oldest uses of galena is to produce kohl , an eye cosmetic now regarded as toxic due to the risk of lead poisoning. In Ancient Egypt, this was applied around the eyes to reduce the glare of the desert sun, for beauty, and to repel flies and biting insects. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Cleopatra the Physician of Greece Galena is used in ceramic glazes and industrially. Spiritually silver is associated with prosperity. The study of mineral relationships, or knowledge of metal, rock or mineral properties, enhances understanding of the beauty and depth of the natural world. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top