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Aqua regia, Latin for “royal water,” is a powerful acidic solution known to dissolve noble metals like gold and platinum. It's used in ancient and medieval alchemy, and is still popular in modern chemistry for various applications. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Copperas Green & Red Pigment Process Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Sylvia Rose Books While the creation of aqua regia is relatively straightforward, it demands strict adherence to safety protocols. During the process of making aqua regia, due to its corrosive nature, precautions must be taken. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History What Is Aqua Regia? Aqua regia is a mix of two strong acids: hydrochloric acid (HCl) and nitric acid (HNO3). In a typical composition, aqua regia is one part nitric acid to three parts hydrochloric acid. These two acids form a corrosive solution able to dissolve gold, platinum and other refractory metals. Status & Rights of Women in Imperial Rome Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Sylvia Rose Books Composition: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl): The primary acid used for metal dissolution. Nitric Acid (HNO3): Adds oxidizing power to the solution. How to Make Aqua Regia Materials Needed: Hydrochloric Acid (HCl) : Concentrated form (usually around 37%). Nitric Acid (HNO3) : Concentrated form (usually around 68%). Glass container : A beaker or a glass flask resistant to corrosion. Pipette or measuring cylinder : For accurate measurement of acids. Safety gear : Gloves, goggles, and a lab coat. This is a fuming liquid and penetrates disposable face masks. Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sylvia Rose Books Step-by-Step Instructions: Prepare the Workspace: Work in a well-ventilated area, preferably under a fume hood. Place all materials on a stable surface away from any flammable materials. Wear Proper Safety Gear: Always wear gloves, goggles, and a lab coat to protect your skin and eyes from splashes. Measure the Acids: Carefully measure the nitric acid (1 part) and hydrochloric acid (3 parts) using a pipette or measuring cylinder. Mix the Acids: Always add acid to water, never the other way around. In this case, you will combine the two concentrated acids carefully. Slowly pour the nitric acid into the hydrochloric acid in the glass container. The reaction produces heat and releases toxic fumes, so do this step cautiously. Observe the Mixture: The solution will typically turn yellow, indicating the formation of aqua regia. This is due to the formation of various nitrogen oxides. Storage: Aqua regia should be used immediately and not stored, as it loses effectiveness over time. Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Sylvia Rose Books Uses of Aqua Regia The applications of aqua regia are extensive, including: Gold Recovery : Separating gold from electronic waste and refining gold to remove impurities. It's often used in achemy in this capacity. Analytical Chemistry : Dissolving samples for analysis in various scientific studies. Metal Etching : Used in microfabrication for etching metals. Cleaning Glassware : Removing stubborn metal residues from laboratory glassware. Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Chalcanthite: Crystal Blue Explosion Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Sylvia Rose Books Safety Precautions Aqua regia is extremely hazardous, and proper safety measures should always be followed: Ventilation : Always work under a fume hood to eliminate toxic fumes. Equipment : Use only glass or certain plastics; do not use metal containers as aqua regia is highly corrosive. In Case of Spills : Neutralize spills with a suitable agent and follow chemical waste disposal protocols. First Aid : In case of skin or eye contact, wash the affected area with copious amounts of water and seek medical attention immediately. Labeling : Clearly label containers to avoid accidental misuse. Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Aqua regia is a remarkable chemical solution with a range of applications in chemistry and metallurgy. Its ability to dissolve noble metals makes it a practical tool for scientists and jewelers alike, and one of the most important preparations from the alchemical laboratory. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Caput mortuum (Latin "dead head") is a purple hematite iron oxide pigment, used in oil paints and dyes. Due to cultural significance of the purple color, it's popular for painting robes of religious figures and patrons. Creation of caput mortuum is achieved by only the wisest sages. Easy Alchemy: Caput Mortuum Purple Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Sylvia Rose Books In art and painting, caput mortuum dominates as a purple hematite iron oxide pigment. The earthy hue of this pigment attracts artisans and crafters but it's the alchemists who first explore its potential. Purple is a color of authority, power, success, confidence, wealth and mystique. Purple is the hottest flame of the fire. Its rarity makes it desirable. In artworks of religious figures or patrons, caput mortuum isa pigment of choice. Its regal and alluring color implies spiritual reverence and transcendence in the robes and adornments of the wealthy and holy. Plant Lore: Stinking Nightshade, Henbane Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Sylvia Rose Books Mary the Jewess (Maria Prophetissa) in 1st - 2nd century Alexandria is one of the first people acknowledged as having the ability to produce caput mortuum. The popularity of this color dominates painters' palettes from ancient Egypt until the 18th and 19th centuries. Caput mortuum conjures visions of death and decay. In Latin caput is head while in German kaput is broken, finished. The sign for caput mortuum is a stylized skull, or circle with three black spots. Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sylvia Rose Books A term steeped in the tradition of alchemical study, caput mortuum embodies the essence of decay and remnants of transformation. In the alchemical process "dead head" describes the leftover byproducts: the impurities, grains, slag or dross. This residue corresponds to a part of the cycle of life, death, rebirth. The nigredo stage is a crucial step in the color phase therapy theory of alchemical practice. Within every transformation is the potential for decline and decay. Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Alchemy & Renaissance Glass: Antonio Neri Sylvia Rose Books Decomposition is the end and beginning of alchemical cycles. Residue can break down to desiccated burnt black sludge from which other components might be extracted. If the residue is rust, the alchemist might extract the coveted caput mortuum . The term is occasionally used to refer to specific brownish-red metallic compounds such as crocus martis  (ferrous sulfate) and crocus veneris  (copper oxide). An alchemical phenomenon during the nigredo stage is the Tail of the Peacock . Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books Historically, this pigment finds a broader niche in the 17th and 18th centuries, when it emerges as a byproduct of sulfuric acid manufacture. During this era, various chemical processes are developed. Notably, the early copperas (ferrous sulfate) process is invented. This facilitates the production of vibrant shades like Venetian red and copperas red, sharing a connection with the development of caput mortuum. Alchemy: Red King & White Queen Hematite: Magnetic Iron Oxide Red Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Iron is the last of three Metal Ages of history, after Copper (Chalcolithic) and Bronze Ages. The Iron Age arises c. 1200 BCE. Dates vary by region. Iron has a higher melt point than other metals, even the hard alloy bronze. Use of iron opens the doors of modern civilization. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Nature Spirits of German Mythology Before the Vikings - Nordic Bronze Age Sylvia Rose Books Extracting metal from iron ores needs kilns or furnaces able to reach c. 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) or higher. During the Copper and Bronze Ages, humans learn a thing or two about metals. Adaptations to equipment or process help create furnaces capable of higher temperatures. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Iron is one of the most common elements on planet Earth. It's the reason humans have red blood. The body of an adult human contains about 4 grams (0.005% body weight) of iron, mostly in hemoglobin and myoglobin. Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Sylvia Rose Books The main form of natural iron on the Earth's surface comes from meteorites. About 99.9% of meteorites or meteorite fragments are magnetic. Iron-bearing rocks on Earth are magnetic, the most common being magnetite. Iron is the most abundant element in the Earth's crust. Meteoric iron is well known to early people. First use of iron appear is in India and the near East, followed by Greece and quickly Egypt. Metal workers hammer and pound the metal to create tools and weapons. Even without heat, iron can deform under pressure. Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Sylvia Rose Books The Iron Age is defined by iron ore smelting and iron alloys. On average it begins about 1200 BCE in the south and 550 BCE in the Scandinavian, North Sea and Baltic realms. The earliest signs of industrial scale iron work appear in Anatolia by c. 1800 BCE. The Iron Age offers opportunities like never before. Blacksmiths live a higher standard of life, as those of the previous Bronze Age sometimes used arsenic in copper alloys, which forms a harder type of bronze, but with predictable, sometimes fatal health effects to the metal worker. Herbology & Lore: Death Cap Mushrooms Famous Women of Ancient Rome Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Sylvia Rose Books Even before the beginning of the Iron Age , some industrious metallurgists were already playing with steel. The first steelworks opened in Anatolia (Turkey) in 1800 BCE. To make steel, iron has to be separated from oxygen, then infused with a small amount of carbon. This is accomplished by melting iron ore at extremely high temperatures (1,700° C or over 3,000° F) with coke, a type of coal commonly used for blacksmithing. It's made by heating coal or oil in absence of air. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor The Mystic Victorian - Fortune Telling German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root Sylvia Rose Books Iron and smelted steel alloys made the first mass production of tools and weapons possible and desirable. With the production of carbon steel, advances in ferrous metallurgy result in tools or weapons harder and lighter than bronze. Iron Ages developed differently across the world, but this period is a time of idea exchange, experimentation, heightened production and specialized work. It's the beginning of mass manufacturing. Strong iron cultures develop in the ancient Near East, Asia, Europe and Africa. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Ancient Astrology: New Perspectives Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Sylvia Rose Books In folklore, iron has magical qualities. It's said to keep evil elf magic away. An iron knife buried beneath the hearth stone protects the home from malevolent entities such as witches and demons. An iron knife can also stop harvest weather spirits in the form of whirlwinds such as the German Windsbraut . Iron horseshoes hung over the door protect and bring luck to the home. An element of Fire and Earth, iron is equated with qualities of strength and determination. Ancient Greece - the Mycenean Invasion Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alchemy, a fusion of science, philosophy and mysticism, emerges in practice from the 1st century AD. Among the power civilizations of antiquity, ancient Rome is unequalled for political and military prowess, administration and engineering. But did Romans do alchemy? READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Famous Women of Ancient Rome Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants What is the Philosopher's Stone? Sylvia Rose Books One of the lesser known aspects of ancient Roman culture is alchemy. Overshadowed by other practices of the time in the Roman Empire, alchemy is a complex brew of influences and ideals. The practice of ancient alchemy leads to modern concepts of chemistry and medicine. A Historical Framework Alchemy has roots in earlier traditions, primarily those of Ancient Egypt and Greece. Early Egyptian alchemy begins in mummification practices. Republican and Imperial Romans encounter ideas through conquests and cultural exchange. Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Status & Rights of Women in Imperial Rome Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The Ptolemaic rulers of Egypt smooth the way. The first Ptolemy is a Macedonian Greek general of Alexander the Great. After the death of Alexander in 323 BCE his generals divide the holdings amongst themselves. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History The Ptolemies support art, literature and the sciences. They build and patronize the Great Library of Alexandria . A glass industry thrives. Greeks like Hippocrates come to Egypt to study medicine. Alexandria grows into the alchemical and innovation center of the world. Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books Later Ptolemies have lost interest in the academic scene and expel all intellectuals c. 145 BCE. The Romans conquer Egypt c. 30 BCE. Due to Roman neglect the Library falls into further ruin, having already been damaged in 48 BCE when Julius Caesar accidently sets it on fire. The head librarian quits and exiles himself to Cyprus. Alexandria loses its sparkling reputation as politics get rough. Nonetheless it becomes the largest city in the world until c. 270 AD, when it's eclipsed by Rome. Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sylvia Rose Books Brewing, winemaking and metallurgy involve alchemical processes. The Romans show alchemical process in methods of gold-plating by the 3rd century AD. Molten gold is mixed with mercury. The mixture is brushed on a substrate, then heated so the mercury evaporates. The gold is beautiful but the invisible fumes are deadly toxic. Most mercury in ancient times is mined and processed at the Almadén cinnabar mine in Spain. Slaves and convicted criminals are condemned to the mines. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Tanning Hides - the Ancient Process Sylvia Rose Books It's a slow painful death from mercury poisoning, which includes tremors, seizures and madness. Yet mercury or quicksilver is an element of life in alchemy, and later of the spirit Mercurius . This duality is inherent in the concept of alchemy. Latin language is widespread after the 7th century AD. Greek medical texts are translated, often by educated slaves, into Latin. The Latin Mercurius meaning spirit comes to indicate the spirit of alchemy and later, the divine light inside a person. Mercury is used in medicine. Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Wolfsbane (Aconitum) Ancient Poisons Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Sylvia Rose Books Prominent figures in early alchemy include Gnostic philosopher and chemist Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 AD), whose writings influence later alchemical thought. Zosimos is Greek, born in Upper Egypt, which at the time is a Roman holding. Thus he's likely to pop up in Egyptian, Greek or Roman alchemy documents. Much of his work is translated into Arabic after the Islamic conquest in 642 AD. Zosimos is a voice for alchemy and contemporary thought in a time when few texts exist, or survive. Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Ebers Papyrus Sylvia Rose Books At this time in history, Rome has a keen interest in divination. Romans use methods such as astragalomancy (casting bones or dice), ornithomancy (making prophecies by bird flight or movement); oracles of Apollo; astrology ; haruspicy (reading animal entrails) and more. Philosophical Foundations: The Four Elements Central to early alchemical thought is the philosophical framework of the four classical elements: earth, air, fire, and water. This doctrine, derived from earlier Greek philosophy, posits everything in the universe is composed of these elements in various combinations. Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Classic Elements & Concept of the One Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Sylvia Rose Books Ancient alchemists and philosophers believe that through understanding and manipulating these elements, they can transform matter and achieve greater wisdom about the universe. The people exploring these facets are often priests or physicians. Rome has conquered most of the Mediterranean lands by c. 300 AD. Although alchemy may be practiced by some individuals, it's a low-key enterprise. Much of the ancient Roman contribution to alchemy comes from Egypt . Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Khet, the Body: Death Rites of Ancient Egypt Sylvia Rose Books Experimentation and Empiricism Roman alchemists, if they are to be found outside Greco-Egypt, would be required to make empirical observations. Alchemists conduct practical experiments with metals, minerals, and other substances to understand their properties and interactions. Pliny the Elder bases his scientific experience on empirical observation. He asserts rock crystal or clear quartz is water frozen so long it's turned to stone. However, he's also the first to identify amber as a resin, based on its smell when burned. Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine Sylvia Rose Books Craftspeople, including potters, smiths, healers and dyers, contribute to alchemical knowledge as they experiment with materials. While alchemical processes are seen at work in ancient Rome, they are practical in nature, as in brightening pigments or refining alloys. Alchemy, Medicine, and the Quest for Healing Alchemy's ties to medicine are noteworthy. Roman physicians, influenced by Greek medical knowledge, borrow ideas which later progress through the Renaissance and into the 19th century. Galen promotes the Four Humors theory which stagnates medicine for centuries. Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Sylvia Rose Books Alchemy provides a framework for understanding the body itself. The notion that human beings are microcosms of the universe, an idea originating among the Greek philosophers, allows for a holistic perspective on health, disease, and the means of healing. In Imperial Rome, alchemy and medicine combine as Roman monarchs seek poisons and antidotes. Poisoning in ancient Rome is so widespread among the elite it becomes an automatic conclusion for sudden death or sickness. Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books Antidotes are also prepared to counteract accidental poisoning, snake bite and scorpion venom. Ancient Egyptians use onions, natron, wound incision and bandaging to treat venomous bites or stings. This connection between alchemy and medicine comes from early origins of natural healing. Eventually distinctions blur and science fuses knowledge into the foundations of a new age. Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books Hermes Trismegistus In Greco-Roman Egypt, the Greek god Hermes and the Egyptian Thoth combine in the prophet Hermes Trismegistus, the legendary alchemist and founder of Hermeticism. In the Roman world, Hermes is Mercury, with the same attributes. Writings about Hermes Trismegistus are found in both Greek and Latin, the latter being the official language for medicine and literature. Mercurius meaning "spirit" is a Latin translation along with anima (soul) and corpus (body), found in Renaissance alchemy. Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus Sylvia Rose Books By this time many different influences shape the course of alchemical history. The alchemy of the Renaissance is steeped in Christianity, the official religion of Rome since c. 380 AD. The Rise of Roman Alchemy After the fall of Rome c. 476 AD and the Islamic conquest of Egypt c. 642 AD, much alchemical knowledge is preserved by Islamic scholars. The fusion of Greek, Latin and Islamic alchemy texts leads to the next step in alchemical history, the early Medieval. Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The  first known mention  of planet Mercury in association to hydrargyros is found in a list by Stephanus of Alexandria  from the 7th century AD: Sun - gold Moon - silver Mercury - quicksilver Venus - copper Mars - iron Jupiter - tin Saturn - lead In early alchemical recipes the term Mars is often used to mean iron and Venus is copper, all part of the cryptic language of the alchemists. The metals adopt the symbols of the planets . As time goes on alchemical language and meanings become ever more complex. Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Stephanus of Alexandria: the Last Intellectual Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Sylvia Rose Books Roman alchemy takes off in independent practice during the Italian Renaissance c. 1350 - 1550 AD. Alchemists include Caterina Sforza and Giambattista della Porta . Alchemy finds a home in the medieval convents of cities like Naples , and from there disperses. The Medici are especially known as patrons of alchemy. In Florence, Duke Cosimo I (1519 - 1574) creates two enormous laboratories. One is in the Uffizi, then a pioneering complex of Medici administration and law offices. Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Dragon is a powerful symbol in alchemy. Dragon is one of many names for the prima materia or Philosopher's Stone in the West. In China the Dragon signifies the Emperor and the number nine . The alchemical dragon relates to Mercurius and powers of creation. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The dragon in alchemical symbolism is an ancient mystic creature who embodies balance between opposing forces. The winged dragon is a metaphor for ascension, transcendence of earthly limitations and fusion of material and spiritual worlds. Fire, often around or breathed by the dragon, is a potent symbol of purification and metamorphosis. It signifies the intense process of inner change and personal growth required to achieve the Magnum Opus. Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Screaming Swiss Spirit: Pfaffenkellnerin Alchemy Colors: Color Phase Therapy Sylvia Rose Books Mentioning Mercurius, the alchemist may seem to refer to quicksilver (mercury) , but truthfully means the world-creating spirit concealed or imprisoned in matter. Mercurius can appear as dragon in the birth of the Magnum Opus; he can be the Divine Hermaphrodite himself. The dragon is among the oldest pictorial symbols in alchemy with documentary evidence. It appears as the Ouroboros , the tail-eater, with the legend All is One (One is All). Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books German chemist August Kekulé visualizes the ring structure of benzene in 1865 after experiencing a waking dream of an ouroboros. The snake itself is a primal form of dragon . " One becomes two, two becomes three, and out of the third comes the one as the fourth. " Axiom of Maria ( Mary the Jewess ) Time and again the alchemists reiterate the opus proceeds from the one and leads back to the one, that it is a sort of circle like a dragon biting its own tail. For this reason the opus is often called circulare (circular) or rota (the wheel). Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books For psychologist Carl Jung (1875 - 1961) the chthonic spirit Mercurius of medieval alchemy has a deep influence on his personal and intellectual life. While preparing lectures about Mercurius in 1942, he writes of being “dissolved almost.” READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History He can metaphorically be shown flowing out of three pipes in the form of lac uirginls (virgin milk), acetum fontis (spring vinegar) and aqua vitae (water of life). These are also three of the many synonyms for Mercurius. Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Tria Prima (Three Primes): Meanings Women Scientists of the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books He can also be symbolized by a night raven, roaring lion, cloud, eagle, shadow, fish, stone, unicorn, rhinoceros, water, fire, man encompassed by a woman. Mercury is bisexual, translated as engendering both sexes. He may be shown as masculine with a feminine soul. " ... Outwardly Mercurius corresponds to quicksilver but inside he is anima mundi (world soul)." Carl Jung, Collected Works Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Alchemy Symbols in Psychology Sylvia Rose Books Mercurius stands at the beginning and end of the work: it is the prima materia , the caput corvi (raven's head), the nigredo or blackening. Nigredo processes such as purification and decomposition help to free the spirit of Mercurius. Thus a guiding inner moon-light shines brightly as the next phase approaches. As dragon it devours itself and as dragon dies, to rise again in the lapis philosophorum , the Philosopher's Stone. Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess Sylvia Rose Books It is the play of colors in the cauda pavonis , the Tail of the Peacock , and that which can give life and take it away. Mercurius is a divine protector, creator and destroyer. In the beginning it's the divine hermaphrodite. It splits into the classical female-male duality to be reunited in the coniunctio or Unity of Opposites . It appears again at the end in the radiant form of the lumen novum (a New Light), the stone. Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Anima Animus Archetypes & Sexuality Psychology: the Personal Unconscious Sylvia Rose Books Mercurius the spirit or essence of the metal also assumes its qualities. It is metallic yet liquid, matter yet spirit, cold yet fiery, poison and yet healing. Mercurius flows as a symbol uniting all opposites. Mercurius in alchemy is described as "a world-creating spirit," blending light and dark, positive and negative, male and female. It's both the start and the conclusion of the alchemist's journey. Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Psychology: the Conscious Ego (Self) Sylvia Rose Books It is a life-giving essence , a crucial energy. Mercurius is the Dragon and also the divine hermaphrodite. Mercurius is a shining light of wisdom and guidance. As central to the process, Mercurius may be indicated by its planetary / alchemical sign ☿ . Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Cult of the Fire God - Bronze Age Quest Adventure READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The status and rights of women in ancient Rome are complex and evolve significantly over time. This societal structure is influenced by various factors including class, wealth, and regional customs. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Famous Women of Ancient Rome Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Poppaea Sabina: Child Bride to Roman Empress Sylvia Rose Books To understand the position of women in ancient Roman civilization, it's important to explore the various aspects of life ranging from legal rights and social obligations to property ownership and family dynamics. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History From foundation of the Roman Republic (509 BCE) to the zenith of the Empire, women's roles reflect broader socio-political changes. Imperial women in leadership roles, even those disliked, help illuminate a woman's view of her own rights and capacities in Imperial Rome. Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Slaves Unchained: Freedmen of Ancient Rome Messalina: Death & Desire in Ancient Rome Sylvia Rose Books Legal Status In ancient Rome, women are categorized as legal minors, which means they were not afforded the same legal autonomy as men. The Roman legal system primarily recognizes males as heads of households and decision-makers. The paternal authority ( patria potestas ) rules the women, granting fathers or husbands significant control over female relatives. Despite this, women can own property, run businesses, and manage estates, especially in the later periods of the Roman Empire. Brunhilde: Tragic Germanic Warrior Queen Visigoths, King Alaric & the Ruin of Rome Narcissus the Freedman Imperial Rome Sylvia Rose Books Types of Marriage Most marriages are arranged, prioritizing family alliances and property over romantic love. There are two types of marriages: cum manu and sine manu . These determine a woman's legal status. In a cum manu marriage, a woman transfers her allegiance from her father to her husband and lives under his authority. In contrast, sine manu or free marriage allows women to maintain a level of independence. Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Slavic River Spirits & Roman Gods Sylvia Rose Books As a result, many women in ancient Rome must navigate a system of both restriction and opportunity. During the Empire “free marriage,” becomes prevalent. The wife is not part of her husband's power or property regime, but remains in that of her father. Upon her father's death she becomes independent, with rights to own and dispose of property. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Baltic Ancient Mythology & Folklore Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Sylvia Rose Books Women can initiate divorce, especially in sine manu marriages, which grants them a certain degree of autonomy. Still, societal norms often discouraged this, as divorce can carry a social stigma. Children, especially sons, are privileged in inheritance laws. Daughters can inherit property, with limitations regarding management. Cleopatra the Physician of Greece Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Sylvia Rose Books Social Expectations and Roles The rib of Roman society is its family structure, and women are central to domestic life. They were expected to manage the household and raise children, often primarily encouraging the cultivation of virtues such as obedience, fidelity, and moral rectitude. Women from elite classes sometimes wield significant influence behind the scenes, shaping public opinion and assisting in political maneuvers through familial ties. However, social expectations also confined women to specific roles. Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine The ideal woman in Roman society is a devoted wife and mother, and a woman who deviates from this stereotype may be socially ostracized. Women who became known for excessive public engagement or who defy these norms are criticized, and slightly envied. Socially, a Roman woman holds an ambivalent position. Women of higher social status often participate in religious ceremonies and could exert influence through their roles as priestesses or matronae. Their social contributions are vital for maintaining family honor and lineage. Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Sylvia Rose Books Education and Intellectual Life Education for women in ancient Rome is variable and dependent on social class. While elite girls receive education akin to boys, particularly in areas like literature, philosophy and the arts, the majority of women are primarily trained in domestic skills. Agrarian and plebeian women have limited access to formal education and are often excluded from intellectual circles. Nonetheless, the works of female poets and philosophers indicate some women do participate in the literary and intellectual life of Rome. Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Sweet Wormwood: Malaria Miracle Cure Ge Hong: Teachings Alchemy Medicine Sylvia Rose Books In burials, writing materials appear in graves of women as often as they're found in graves of men. Only between 10-15% of the entire Imperial Roman population can read, most of elite status. The notion of the ideal Roman woman is often embodied in the concept of pudicitia  (chastity), subservience and modesty. Despite societal constraints, women occasionally break through. Figures like Sulpicia (69 - 14 BCE), an Augustan poet, highlight the perspectives of women. Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health Sylvia Rose Books Property and Economic Rights Over the centuries, women in Rome gain significant rights concerning property and financial management. Augustus's legislation reforms inheritance laws, allowing women to inherit property and engage in financial dealings, provided they meet certain criteria. Wealthy women can leverage their economic autonomy to exert influence over their social and political circumstances. Some distinguished women, like Empresses Livia and Agrippina, amass considerable wealth and power through their family connections. Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Sylvia Rose Books However, financial control varied widely across classes; while upper-class women could maneuver within the economic system, lower-class women often had to work to support their families, thus experiencing a different set of economic liberties and burdens. Scholars of female experiences in ancient Rome highlight women as active participants in society, shaping cultural narratives and influencing gender roles and rights throughout history. It's an uphill climb but the view from the top is amazing. Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy John Dee - Talking to Angels Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Women are second class citizens in ancient Rome, but a few bright stars shine through this mutable civilization. Renowned for art, politics and military prowess, ancient Rome is home to famous femmes through history. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love Sylvia Rose Books 1. Cornelia, Mother of the Gracchi (c. 190 - 100 BCE) Cornelia is the epitome of Roman matronhood, celebrated for her virtue, education, and dedication to her family. As the mother of the Gracchi brothers, Tiberius and Gaius, who become notable reformers, Cornelia is instrumental in shaping their ideals and ambitions. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Her famous response to a wealthy nobleman who displayed his riches—claiming her sons were her greatest treasures—symbolizes her commitment to her children’s political missions, as well as the high regard for motherhood in Roman society. Herbology & Lore: Poison Hemlock Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Sylvia Rose Books 2. Fulvia (circa 83 - 40 BCE) Fulvia is a politically savvy woman known for her part in power struggles of her time. She marries three influential men - Publius Clodius Pulcher, Gaius Scribonius Curio, and Marcus Antonius (Mark Antony). She pursues her political passions with power and influence. Fulvia's determination is evident in her actions during the turbulent period after Julius Caesar's assassination. She takes charge of a rebellion against Octavian to back Antony. She's also the first non-mythological Roman woman to be featured on Roman coins. Baltic Aetsi & the Roman Amber Texts Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Status & Rights of Women in Imperial Rome Sylvia Rose Books 3. Cleopatra VII (69 - 30 BCE) Not Roman by birth, Cleopatra VII of Egypt is an integral part of Roman history through her alliances with pivotal leaders Julius Caesar and Mark Antony. Known for her intellect, political savvy and charisma, Cleopatra shields her kingdom from Roman dominance She creates strategic relationships. Her tragic love affair with Mark Antony and the subsequent war with Octavian (later Augustus) marks the end of the Ptolemaic Kingdom, but Cleopatra's legacy as a powerful female figure in a male-dominated world endures. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Poppaea Sabina: Child Bride to Roman Empress Romanesque - Magic of Light and Ston e Sylvia Rose Books 4. Sulpicia (69 - 14 BCE) Sulpicia is author of six short poems written in Latin . They're published as part of the corpus of Latin poet Albius Tibullus's literature. She's one of the few female poets of ancient Rome whose work survives. The six poems of Sulpicia are 10, 8, 4, 6, 6, and 6 lines in order. They tell the complete story of a love-affair with all the usual hazards and passions: falling in love, temporary separation, the unfaithfulness of one partner, the illness of the other, and reassertion of love. Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books 5. Livia Drusilla (58 BCE - AD 29) One of the most influential women in Roman history, Livia Drusilla is wife of Augustus, the first Roman emperor. Livia has considerable influence over her husband and is instrumental in his rise to power. She's known for her intelligence, political acumen, and loyalty. She often advises Augustus on various matters of state. After his death, Livia continues to exert influence in the political arena, promoting her sons, Tiberius and Drusus. Livia's legacy extends beyond her lifetime. She is deified, and revered as a model of Roman womanhood. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Pentagram: Drudenfuß, Five Point Star Sylvia Rose Books 6. Agrippina the Younger (AD 15 – 59) Agrippina the Younger is a formidable player in the imperial court, known for her fierce ambition and ruthless political maneuvers. As the niece of Emperor Tiberius, wife to Emperor Claudius, and mother to Emperor Nero, Agrippina dwells in a world of lies and betrayal. She poisons husband Emperor Claudius to secure her son Nero's ascent to the throne and wields considerable influence during his reign, driving him to plot her death. Despite her downfall and assassination, Agrippina's impact on the Julio-Claudian dynasty is significant. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Chinese Alchemical Elixir Poisoning Sylvia Rose Books 7. Hypatia of Alexandria (c. 360 - 415 AD) Although Hypatia is after the peak of ancient Roman civilization, her impact as a scholarly figure is legendary. Philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer, Hypatia becomes the head of the Neoplatonic school in Alexandria. She teaches and writes on scientific and philosophy. Hypatia’s intellectual contributions and representation of women in the field of academia highlight the potential for female scholars in cities like Alexandria, where progressive minds mingle. She is brutally murdered by a Christian Parabalani mob. Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Women Scientists of the Ancient World Asteria - Starry Gems of Myth & Magic Many famous women of ancient Rome defy societal norms, navigating patriarchal structures to leave inspiring legacies. The stories highlight their influence in shaping the future of Rome. 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In 300 AD, the Roman Empire is falling apart. Under the rule of Emperor Diocletian, who wants to restore the grandeur of Rome, the empire undergoes significant transformations aimed at stabilizing and strengthening its administrative structure. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Sylvia Rose Books Diocletian implements the Tetrarchy, a system where two senior emperors (Augusti) and two junior emperors (Caesares) manage different regions of the empire. This innovation comes in response to the Empire’s economic difficulties, military threats and sloppy administration. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History By dividing power and responsibility, Diocletian wants to improve governance and enhance military readiness. Later, this fragmentation leads to more internal conflicts. Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Casting the Bones - Astragalomancy Fänggen (Fangga): Man-Eaters of Tyrol Sylvia Rose Books The situation of women in the Roman Empire 300 AD is varied. A woman has limited citizenship. She cannot vote or hold office. Famous women at this time include Mary the Jewess and Cleopatra the Alchemist , both in Roman-held Alexandria. Roman girls marry at about twelve. Women are expected to have children and raise them, assuming the role of mother and housekeeper. However, both men and women have powers of divorce. Many single women own property and conduct their own financial affairs. Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Religious Persecutions of Diocletian Poppaea Sabina: Child Bride to Roman Empress Sylvia Rose Books In the Late Roman Empire regional governance district is known as the Roman or civil diocese (diocesis). It's composed of a group of provinces. Each province is headed by a Vicarius. The Vicarius is a representative of the Praetorian Prefect, who governs the diocese. The Praetorian Prefect is originally the leader of Praetorian Guard, the Emperor's bodyguard. The post is a military one. As time goes by the title takes on more responsibility of civil affairs and during the reign of Constantine in the 4th century it becomes a purely legislative office. Lapis Lazuli & Gold: Jungian Alchemy Symbolism Alchemy & New Thought in Ancient Alexandria Shamhat: Sacred Prostitute & the Wild Man Sylvia Rose Books Roman soldiers receive 900 sestertii (225 denarii) at the time of Augustus c. 1st century AD. They also get salt, thus the word "saldare" (give salt), which is the origin of the word, salary. 200 sestertii (or 50 denarii) is a subsistence wage per year for adults. By the time of Caracalla in the 3rd century, soldiers receive 675 denarii annually. There are three to four pay days per year. Inflation continues to rise. Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Women Scientists of the Ancient World Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books Trade goods exported by the Romans include olives, fish, meat, cereals, salt, prepared foods such as fish sauce, olive oil, wine and beer; animal products such as leather and hides; objects made of wood, glass, or metals. Textiles and pottery are in demand by buyers. Artisan trade goods include materials for manufacturing and construction, such as glass, marble, wood, wool, bricks, gold, silver, copper and tin. A substantial slave trade is conducted throughout the Mediterranean. Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Alchemy & Seven Hermetic Principles Stymphalian Birds & Greek Heroics Sylvia Rose Books Between 300 and 400 AD, several wars pit the entire military manpower of the Eastern Empire against that of the West. Tens of thousands of Roman soldiers die in bloody battle. The Roman wars of the 4th century AD are: Perso-Roman wars of 337–361 344 – Battle of Singara – Emperor Constantius II fights an indecisive battle against King Shapur II of Persia 359 – Siege of Amida – Sassanids capture Amida from Romans Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Sylvia Rose Books Julian's Persian expedition (March–July 363) 363, 29 May – Battle of Ctesiphon – Emperor Julian defeats Shapur II of Persia outside the walls of the Persian capital, but is unable to take the city. 363, June – Battle of Samarra (363) – Julian fights the Sassanids and is subsequently killed in battle. Though indecisive, the battle leads to massive losses for the Roman Empire through a forced peace treaty. Wars with Alemanni (356–378) 356 – Battle of Reims – Caesar Julian is defeated by the Alamanni 357 – Battle of Strasbourg – Julian expels the Alamanni from the Rhineland 368 – Battle of Solicinium – Romans under Emperor Valentinian I defeat yet another Alamanni incursion. 378 – May – Battle of Argentovaria – Western Emperor Gratianus is victorious over the Alamanni, yet again. Visigoths, King Alaric & the Ruin of Rome Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Sylvia Rose Books Gothic War (376–382) 377 – Battle of the Willows – Roman troops fight an inconclusive battle against the Goths Summer -Battle of Dibaltum –Goths, Alans and Huns defeat Romans. 378 – 9 August – Battle of Adrianople – Thervings under Fritigern defeat and kill the Eastern Emperor Valens 380 – Battle of Thessalonica – The new Eastern Emperor, Theodosius I, is also defeated by the Thervings under Fritigern. Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books 391 – Battle somewhere in Thrace: a band of Goths led Alaric I is defeated by Romans under Stilicho 395-398 Gothic revolt of Alaric I - Revolt of the Goths in the Eastern part of the Roman Empire Stilicho's Pictish War – 398 The period c. 300 AD also sees the empire grappling with the spread of Christianity, a significant force. Although it remains illegal and Christians face persecution under Diocletian, the growing popularity of Christianity challenges Roman polytheism. Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Sylvia Rose Books In 300 AD Christians number over six million in the Empire. By 400 AD the population is 25 - 30 million. Legal status of the religion fluctuates. Bishops take office. Parabalani , shady units of Christians, are first implemented c. 250 AD. They're disbanded by Justinian due to their penchant for mercenary work, riots and acts of violence. Other rising groups such as Gnostics strive to incorporate Christian and Hebrew thought. Yahweh: Warrior Origins, Name & Lore Seduction of Hedammu, Father of Snakes Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Sylvia Rose Books In 313 AD, Emperor Constantine issues the Edict of Milan, accepting Christianity. Ten years later, Christianity is the official religion of the Roman Empire. In 354, the Romans invent Christmas. Tension culminates in major changes to religious balance over the decades. The cultural reach of Rome, from the Mediterranean coasts to parts of North Africa and into the hinterlands of Europe, creates a mix of local traditions and Roman influence. Easy Alchemy: Caput Mortuum Purple Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Sylvia Rose Books Malaria or Roman Fever begins to show up c. first century AD, after spending time in Greece. By 300 AD it's taken a toll despite earlier attempts to drain the swamps, as Romans believe malaria comes from swamp vapors. Close. Malaria is one of the causes of the fall of Rome. By the end of the 3rd century, the Roman Empire faces external pressures from groups such as the Sassanid Persians in the East and Germanic tribes to the North. Internal strife compounds the situation. Economic difficulties grow due to inflation and over-reliance on slave labor. Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Still the Roman Empire in 300 AD is a formidable power, with impressive military strategies and an extensive network of roads facilitating trade and communication. It keeps going until 476 AD. 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Among the showy flowering plants, perennial Asphodelus is an elegant and adaptable beauty. A genus of the Asphodelaceae or aloe family, Asphodelus is known for bright spike flowers, ancient underworld connections, herbal and practical uses. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy The Great Library of Alexandria Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Sylvia Rose Books Asphodelus, flowers of Persophone, are indigenous to regions of the Mediterranean, although some genus members can be traced to parts of Africa and Asia. The name is from Ancient Greek "asphodelos," meaning these particular plants in Greek myth and culture. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History A sphodelus fistulosus is the yellow version. Asphodelus ramosus is the branched asphode. P erennial flowering plants, they enjoy well-drained soils, rocky hillsides or open grasslands, where they can adapt to survive in harsh conditions. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Opium Poppy ( Papaver somnifum ) Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Sylvia Rose Books Leaves are typically long, strap-like, and vary from glaucous green to silvery-grey. In ancient and medieval times, Asphodelus is used in purple dye. Purple Dye: From Leyden / Stockholm texts c. 250 - 400 AD "Boil asphodel and natron , put the wool in it 8 drachmas at a time, and rinse it out. Then take and bruise 1 mina of grape skins, mix these with vinegar and let stand 6 hours. Then boil the mixture and put the wool in." 1 Drachma = 4.3 g (0.15 oz) 1 Mina = 623.7 g (22.00 oz) Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love Plant Lore: Stinking Nightshade, Henbane Sylvia Rose Books Blooming in spring and early summer, flowers often appear in clusters of star-shaped, tubular blossoms from white to yellow or pink, depending on species. Flowers attract pollinators like bees and butterflies. Some plants form ground cover. Others grow up to 0.9 m (3 feet) tall. Asphodel roots or plants, or the preparations they compose, are valued trade items. According to poet Hesiod: "Children! They know not how much more the half is than the whole, nor how great is the profit in mallow and asphodel." Alchemy & Renaissance Glass: Antonio Neri Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Sylvia Rose Books Medicinal Uses of Asphodel Anti-inflammatory Properties : Extracts from the asphodel plant are traditionally used to treat inflammation. Ancient healers use the plant's properties to treat conditions such as arthritis and muscle pain. Its soothing qualities help reduce swelling and discomfort. Wound Healing : Asphodel is used in wound healing. The sap applied topically may promote skin regeneration, reduce scarring, and prevent infection. The antiseptic properties of asphodel could be beneficial in treating cuts, burns, and abrasions. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Caraway Spice - Herbology & Folklore Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Sylvia Rose Books Digestive Aid : The digestive benefits of asphodel are well-documented. It's used as a natural remedy for gastrointestinal ailments, such as indigestion and diarrhea. Drinking infusions made from the dried leaves may help soothe the stomach lining and promote digestive health. Respiratory Health : In herbal medicine, asphodel is used to support respiratory conditions. Its properties may help in coughing relief and soothing irritation in the throat. Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Sylvia Rose Books Diuretic Effects : Asphodel is also recognized for its diuretic properties, promoting urination and helping the body purge excess fluids. This can be particularly useful for conditions related to kidney health or hypertension. Yellow asphodel such as the Bog Asphodel is among the beauty secrets of the ancients, used to dye hair blonde. Dyeing compounds of asphodel species are found primarily in the root, but the whole plant has benefits. Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Weld Yellow: Ancient Nature Pigments Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Sylvia Rose Books The leaves are used to wrap burrata, an Italian cheese. Leaves and the cheese age about the same rate, three or four days. Fresh leaves are a sign of a fresh cheese. Asphodelus plants are ecologically significant as they support a variety of pollinators, contributing to ecosystem health. Their resilience to drought makes them a choice for xeriscaping, an increasingly popular landscaping method focused on water conservation. Tooth Worms of Ancient Mesopotamia Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Sylvia Rose Books Folk usages of the plant include making a glue from the plant's root. A remedy against warts is also derived from the root. According to Dioscorides , a concoction made from its roots (mixed with wine) induces vomiting. The entire plant is used to treat venomous snake bites. It can be used in: Infusions and Teas: Dried asphodel leaves can be steeped in hot water to make an infusion, which can be consumed to aid digestion or alleviate mild respiratory issues. Topical Applications: The sap or oil extracted from the leaves can be applied directly to minor wounds or skin irritations. Supplements: Asphodel is also available in supplement form, but it is crucial to choose high-quality products from reputable sources. Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Sylvia Rose Books In Greek legend the asphodel is one of the most famous of plants connected with the dead and the underworld. Homer describes it as covering the great meadow, the haunt of the deceased. Asphodel is planted on graves, and often considered the flower of Underworld Queen Persephone, who may appear crowned with asphodels. Eaten by the poorer Greeks, the roots are considered food of the dead or the shades. Asphodel is also a charm against sorcery. Arcadia - Greek Lands of Ancient Gods Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Sylvia Rose Books To prepare the root for eating: Asphodel root is part of the diet of lower-status Greeks. People roasted the roots like potatoes and eat them with salt and oil, or mashed them with figs or other ingredients. The roots are abundant with a mild nutty taste. From the cures of Dioscorides: "Leaves are applied to help those bitten by snakes. Boiled, they are good for burns, and preserved in vinegar they are good for wounds. The juice from the leaves (mixed with vinegar or honey and boiled in a brass jar) is a liquid medicine for old ulcers and new wounds." Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Grayanotoxins: the Madness of Honey Sylvia Rose Books "The root, roasted and pounded into small pieces with rosaceum cures and soothes the womb, expels the menstrual flow, and heals ulcers, making new skin. Ground into small pieces with honey it cures nerve distress. It cleans leprosy, dandruff, clears the face and removes wrinkles. Pounded to small pieces with vinegar it soothes inflammation from stones [urinary, kidney]. A decoction of the seed is an antidote for snakebite. Both the seed and the leaves (pounded into small pieces) are a poultice with wine for erysipela, a serious rash-like skin infection." Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Ottoman-Venetian Wars are seven major conflicts between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice from the late 14th to the 18th century. Strife revolves around control of trade routes and territories in the Eastern Mediterranean. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Sylvia Rose Books Although Venice itself flowers into a Renaissance garden of delights beneath local peace, the grandeur is affected by the waves of war. The Venetians and Ottoman particularly contest the rich islands and coastal regions vital for commerce. The strategic importance of the region is heightened by Venice's extensive trading network and the Ottomans' ambitions to expand their empire. A few skirmishes beforehand set the stage for the seven Ottoman - Venetian Renaissance Wars. Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books First Ottoman - Venetian War 1463 - 1479 AD The first significant conflict begins in the late 15th century, marked by Venice's attempts to maintain dominance in the Adriatic Sea, battling the rising Ottoman power. The Ottoman -Venetian War is a struggle for dominance over trade routes. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Routes and territories in the eastern Mediterranean are at the base of the conflict. It begins in 1463 when Venice wants to expand influence in the region, aiming to reclaim territories lost to the Ottomans and to secure its commercial interests in the Aegean Sea. Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites Alchemy & Renaissance Glass: Antonio Neri Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Sylvia Rose Books The Ottomans, led by Sultan Mehmed II, know controlling Venetian trade routes is crucial for their imperial ambitions. They launched a series of military campaigns against Venetian holdings in Greece and the islands of the Aegean. During battles and sieges the Ottomans capture crucial coastal cities, such as Negroponte (Euboea) in 1470. Venetian forces, despite their maritime abilities, are on the defensive, struggling to withstand the superior land forces and naval power of the Ottoman. Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Women Scientists of the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books The protracted conflict wreaks havoc on local populations and economies, worsening the situation for civilians. The war comes to a close with the 1479 Treaty of Constantinople. The Treaty affirms Ottoman authority over former Venetian territories, including much of Greece. Although Venice retained some key possessions, such as the city of Crete, the war marked the decline of Venetian power in the eastern Mediterranean and solidifies the Ottomans’ dominance in the region. Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books This conflict set the course for the later Ottoman expansion into Europe and the eventual transformation of the Mediterranean trade networks. Second Ottoman - Venetian War 1499 - 1503 AD The Second Ottoman–Venetian War continues the long-standing conflict between the powerful Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic. The conflict is driven primarily by Venice's economic interests in the eastern Mediterranean amid the Ottomans' expanding influence. Rabbit Fever Plague & Warfare: Hittites Disease Demons & Doctors: Ancient Mesopotamia Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Sylvia Rose Books War erupts in 1499 when the Ottomans launch a coordinated military campaign against Venice, seeking to capture strategic territories along the Adriatic Sea. The Venetians, known for their naval strength, defend their vast trade networks and hold onto key coastal cities. As the war progresses, the Ottomans achieve several crucial victories. Notably, the capture of the Venetian stronghold of Modon 1500 exemplifies the Ottoman military's effectiveness and strategic prowess. Naval engagements are crucial to success. Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Sylvia Rose Books The Ottoman want control of maritime trade routes, leading to fierce naval confrontations. The war ends in 1503 with the Treaty of Nymphaeum, which resulted in the recognition of Ottomans' territorial gains while allowing Venice to retain some of its territories. Third Ottoman - Venetian War 1537 - 1540 AD Third Ottoman - Venetian War is another a significant conflict between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire. Venetians seek to maintain control over their maritime trade routes and territories, particularly in the eastern Mediterranean. Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Sylvia Rose Books Under Suleiman the Magnificent the Ottoman Empire wants to expand its might. Tensions escalate when the Ottoman try to impose authority over the islands and coastal areas long held by Venice . The war sees a series of naval battles and skirmishes, with each side attempting to assert superiority. The conflict begins in earnest when the Ottoman launch a campaign against Venetian-held territories in the Aegean and Adriatic seas. Alchemy & Seven Hermetic Principles Stymphalian Birds & Greek Heroics Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Sylvia Rose Books Despite initial success, including Ottoman victory at the Battle of Preveza in 1538, securing their maritime dominance, the war also reveals the complexities of alliances in the region, as various states, including the Papal States and Spain, maneuvered for their own interests. Ultimately, the war concludes with the Treaty of Constantinople in 1540. The Treaty reaffirms the Ottoman Empire's control over the majority of the disputed territories while allowing Venice to retain some of its possessions. Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Cosimo de' Medici & the Italian Renaissance Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books While Venice loses territory, the treaty helps stabilize the region and establish temporary peace. The Third Ottoman - Venetian War displays the ongoing rivalry between Ottoman and Venetian powers, with neither ready to give way. Fourth Ottoman - Venetian War 1570 -1573 AD The Fourth Ottoman-Venetian War renews the long-standing conflict between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. The war is triggered by Venice's ambitions in the Eastern Mediterranean and attempts to expand influence over Cyprus, an Ottoman territory. Cypriot Copper & Ancient Cyprus Enkomi: Bronze Age Trade of Cyprus Cyprus: Prehistoric Humans & Pygmy Hippos Sylvia Rose Books The war starts with a surprise Ottoman invasion of Cyprus in 1570, with Venetian defenders off guard. Despite Venice's resistance, the Ottoman employ superior military tactics. They capture the capital Nicosia in 1570, and Famagusta in 1571. Then, the pivotal Battle of Lepanto occurs October 1571, where a coalition of Christian powers, including Venice, Spain, and the Papal States, achieve a significant victory over the Ottoman fleet, momentarily halt Ottoman naval expansion and boost Venetian morale. Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Romanesque - Magic of Light and Stone Nature Spirits of German Mythology Sylvia Rose Books However, the conflict continues until the Treaty of Constantinople in 1573, which formalized Venetian losses, ceding Cyprus to the Ottomans. This war reshaped the balance of power in the Eastern Mediterranean. Fifth Ottoman - Venetian War or the Cretan War 1645 - 1669 AD The Fifth Ottoman - Venetian War is a significant conflict between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire centered around the island of Crete. The island is under Venetian control. Religious Persecutions of Diocletian Writing Inside Eggs Italian Renaissance Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Sylvia Rose Books Sparked by longstanding territorial ambitions and the strategic importance of Crete, the war starts when Ottoman forces launch a massive invasion, capturing key cities Canea and Heraklion. This incursion begins a long and brutal struggle. As the war progresses, Venetian forces, bolstered by local resistance and foreign mercenaries, mount a series of counterattacks, making temporary gains to persevere despite overwhelming odds. The Ottomans regroup and reinforce military presence on the island. Bernard Trevisan: Legends of Alchemy Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Sylvia Rose Books This leads to eventual capture of major Venetian strongholds. The war ends in 1669 with the Treaty of Candia, which formalizes Ottoman control over Crete, marking the island’s transition from Venetian to Ottoman rule after more than two centuries of Venetian governance. Sixth Ottoman - Venetian War 1684 - 1699 Commonly called the Morean War, it spans from 1684 to 1699 between the Ottoman Empire and the Republic of Venice. Venice tries to reclaim territories lost in previous conflicts, as in Morea (Peloponnese peninsula), under Ottoman control since the late 17th century. Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Victorian Trends - Stripes to Taxidermy Sylvia Rose Books The Venetians, with coalition of European powers formed to curb Ottoman expansion, launch a series of military campaigns to recapture Morea and other locations in the Balkans. The Venetian navy gains sea victories at sea, such as the siege of Navarino in 1686. The protracted conflict leads to significant military and civilian hardship and devastation. The war concludes with the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, formalizing territorial gains made by Venice. This signaled the beginning of a gradual decline in Ottoman influence in the region. Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Medieval Alchemy: Jean de Roquetaillade Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books Seventh Ottoman - Venetian War 1714 - 1718 Another war arises from the long-standing rivalry between the Ottoman Empire and the Venetian Republic. This is ignited by Venice's desire to regain territories lost in previous conflicts, particularly in the Peloponnese. The war starts in 1714 when Ottoman forces, under command of Grand Vizier Baltacı Mehmed Pasha, lay siege to the Venetian stronghold of Morea, leading to a long and brutal campaign. Phosphorus, Uroscopy & Power of Pee Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Sylvia Rose Books A series of notable battles occur in the regions of Greece and the Adriatic Sea. The Ottomans employ superior troop numbers and logistics to assert dominance, capturing key territories such as the city of Corinth and other significant locations in the Peloponnese. Venetian military efforts, led by notable commanders like Francesco Morosini, are hampered by logistical challenges and lack of coordinated support from European allies. Despite some early successes, the Venetian forces are unable to withstand the sustained assault. Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The conflict concludes with the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718, which solidifies Ottoman territorial gains while marking a decline in Venetian influence in the region. The balance of power shifts in Southeastern Europe, as Venice has to cede much of its territory in the Morea. This war is a time of revitalization for the Ottoman Empire, seeking to reassert dominance in the Balkans and Mediterranean. The Seventh Ottoman-Venetian War represents another chapter in the history of Ottoman-Venetian relations. Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta George Ripley: Alchemist of Augustine The fighting contributes to the eventual decline of both empires, signaling the end of Venice as a dominant maritime force while establishing the Ottomans as a formidable power in Europe and the Mediterranean basin. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Venice during the Renaissance emerges as a vibrant center of art, culture and commerce, influencing the broader European scope. The city's strategic position in trade allows an economic flowering and proliferation of art. Venice is a major glassmaking center. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Sylvia Rose Books Wealthy merchant families such as the Gritti and Vendramin became patrons of the arts, commissioning works of artists like Titian and Tintoretto. Architecture of Venice has Gothic and Byzantine influences, a unique blend of styles, due to merchant diversity and prosperity. In addition to its remarkable visual arts, Venice is a focal point for ideas in literature, philosophy, and science. The city's universities and printing houses disseminate humanist thought, allowing ideas of figures like Erasmus and Machiavelli to reach a broader audience. Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites Sylvia Rose Books The famous canals of Venice come into existence c. 400 AD when Venice is founded on a lagoon. The creative culture of Renaissance Venice grows through the region's waterways. Venice is considered the most important city of the Renaissance. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Titian (d. 1578 Venice) is most celebrated of Venetian artists. Recognized by contemporaries as "The Sun Amidst Small Stars" - the final line of Dante's Paradiso - his style and colors influence others. Titan red, named after him, is a process of layering several shades of red. Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sylvia Rose Books The city-state of Venice is considered the first real international financial center. As such Venice emerges in the 9th century and reaches its height of power in the 14th century. Symbols of alchemy are found at Palazzo da Lezze. Below: The Rebis or Divine Hermaphrodite of Medieval and Renaissance alchemy, holding two wheat sheaves. In other depictions he holds two caucuses or rods entwined with snakes, Mercury's symbol of office. Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Fairy Rings, Magic and Mushrooms Wolfsbane (Aconitum) Ancient Poisons Sylvia Rose Books The Venetian Republic's relative political stability provides an environment where intellectuals can freely exchange ideas, contributing to the Renaissance's spirit of inquiry and exploration. Patronage of libraries and book collecting is a common hobby among the idle rich. When Cosimo de' Medici is exiled from Florence he ends up in Venice. Florence authorities won't let him return, and he founds a library. The intellectual scene turns to Venice. Money flows out of Florence to Venice. Authorities beg him to come back. He graciously accepts. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Cosimo de' Medici & the Italian Renaissance Rudolf II: Alchemy, Occult & Erotica Sylvia Rose Books In the convents, friars experiment with the principles of alchemy. Folk medicines such as bitters and infused wines come from their work, and understanding of herbology grows. During the Renaissance, Venice emerges as a center for glassmaking, renowned for exquisite artistry and advanced techniques. The craft is kept primarily to the island of Murano, where artisans are not permitted to share the secrets of Venetian glass. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The Venetian glassmakers blend traditional methods with newfound creativity, producing items that from delicate chandeliers to glass beads, vases and goblets. The vibrant colors and unique designs use techniques such as filigree and enameling. Filigree glass describes a style of glass with white threads incorporated into a clear body. The technique is introduced 1527 by the Venetian glass-blowers of Murano. The threads may be straight or spiraling, or a combination of the two. Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books The glass produced in Venice not only catered to local demand but also became a coveted export, drawing the attention of European nobility and affluent merchants. This demand propels the glass industry into a prosperous era. Venetian glassmakers establish guilds regulating production and quality, ensuring the preservation of their craft's reputation. The luxurious aesthetic of Venetian glass is emblematic of the broader cultural flourishing of the Renaissance. Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Venice is a port of all trades during the Renaissance. Gems, mineral dyes, peacock feathers, spices, textiles such as silk, cotton and brocade from Egypt and the East pass through the ports of Venice to be taken on by Venetian merchants to Europe. Venice's annual events, such as the famous Carnival, celebrate both the city’s cultural heritage and its collective identity. The masked festivities attract visitors from across Europe, enchanting them with elaborate costumes, music, and theatrical performances. Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone This vibrant atmosphere helps solidify Venice's reputation as important Renaissance cultural capital. In art, commerce and intellectual circles, Venice conveys the ideals of Renaissance beauty. In 1678, Baroque musician Antonio Vivaldi is born in Venice to carry on the legacy. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Antonio Neri is a Renaissance Florentine priest, well known for contributions to alchemy and glassmaking. As a youth Neri is drawn to the study of alchemical principles and herbology. Glassmaking, herbology and alchemy are perfect partners. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Sylvia Rose Books Alchemy thrives in Greco-Roman Alexandria (c. 30 BCE - 640 AD) because the city is both a glass making center and pioneer in medicine. Alchemists can view their experiments at work in flasks of glass. They use herbal compounds, making alchemy part of the study of herbology. The purpose is to separate, mix, melt, condense, purify, roast or otherwise process products including plants and plant poisons, for instance henbane or monk's hood. In the quest for the immortality elixir, alchemists expand on medical knowledge. Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Sylvia Rose Books The flask above is for repeated distillation or cohobation in order to purify the contents and break them down into essential components. Experiments such as these prosper in the medieval convents of Italy, as in medicine. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Physicians can peer into the archetypal stomach of the flask. In alchemy the flask is also the womb, source of creation. In China, the primordial god Shennong teaches humans about herbs. He eats up to 70 poisons a day and sees their reactions in his transparent stomach. Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Is Cherry Laurel Poisonous? Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore Sylvia Rose Books As a container or vessel, glass is resistant to toxic metals such as mercury, which previously is shipped in lead flasks. In medicine and alchemy, and the creation of medical mixtures in herbology, glass is a leap of progress. By the Renaissance it's a commerce. Born in 1566 Florence, Neri develops a fascination with the natural world and transformative powers. He explores the enigmatic art of alchemy. The height of the Renaissance Golden Age is a cycle of change like that of the Golden Age of Alchemy in Alexandria. Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Cosimo de' Medici & the Italian Renaissance Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books By 1525, Florence is well established as a glassmaking center. Importation of outside glass is forbidden. In 1567, Cosimo de' Medici (1519-1574), the greatest arts patron of his era, negotiates with the Venetian government, to establish a Venetian-style glasshouse in Florence. Venetian glass (Italian: vetro veneziano ) is glassware created in Venice, especially on the nearby island of Murano. It's traditionally made with a soda–lime treatment of dolomite, often elaborate with "hot" glass-forming techniques, as well as gilding, enamel, or engraving. Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Messalina: Death & Desire in Ancient Rome Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books In the Renaissance, Italy is the center of glass making. Neri works in glassmaking factories of the Medici to learn the trade. He's considered the first to document glass production techniques systematically. He experiments with different compositions and methods. This leads to the creation of vibrant colors and intricate glass forms highly sought after in Europe. Beyond technical innovations, Neri’s work reflects the broader philosophical currents of his time. Archetypes - Personality & the Persona Mad Honey - What's the Buzz? Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Sylvia Rose Books Neri's groundbreaking work culminates in "L'Arte Vetraria" of1612, seen as the first comprehensive treatise on glassmaking. This seminal text documents techniques and recipes for creating various types of glass. The chapter contents of L'Arte Vetriaria are Basic glass colours and preparation Chalcedony glass Advanced colours Lead glass and colours Artificial gemstones Vitreous enamel Paints and transparent red glass Gnosticism: Five Essential Gnostic Principles Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Sylvia Rose Books He sees the processes of L'Arte Vetraria in creating various types of glass as similar to philosophical concepts and processes of alchemy. He introduces innovative methods for colored glass and glassware. In  L'Arte Vetraria , Neri describes the process of making crocus martis . He explains:  Crocus Martis is nothing other that a refinement and calcination of iron. A means by which its pigment, that in glass is a deep rutty red, is opened and imparted to the glass. It not only manifests itself but makes all the other metallic colors as well, which ordinarily hide and are dead in the glass, dance in resplendent apparition. Alkahest: Alchemy Panacea & Solvent Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Pseudo-Geber: Medieval Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top