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Iron is abundant in Earth's crust and one of the seven metals of antiquity . Essential for life, iron can form various oxides and change its state through specific processes. Three primary oxides of iron are: iron(II) oxide (FeO), iron(III) oxide (Fe2O3), and iron(II,III) oxide (Fe3O4). Seven Metals of Antiquity - Metallurgy How to Make Iron(II) Oxide Pigment at Home Jungian Numerology & Number Meanings Sylvia Rose Books 1. Iron(II) Oxide (FeO) Characteristics : Iron(II) oxide or wüstite , commonly referred to as ferrous oxide, consists of iron in the +2 oxidation state. It appears as a black or gray powder and is known for its anti-corrosive properties and ability to absorb moisture from the air. Formation : FeO is primarily formed through the smelting of iron ores, particularly under reducing conditions. This oxide can also be produced by thermal decomposition of certain iron compounds at high temperatures. Black Hellebore: Toxins, Health & Lore How Sulfuric Acid is Made (*Corrosive*) Planetary Name Symbolism in Ancient Astrology Sylvia Rose Books Uses : Industrially, FeO is used in various applications including: Pigmentation : It is a key ingredient in certain paints and coatings due to its opacity and durability. Ceramics : Ferrous oxide is often integrated into ceramic materials to enhance their properties. Steel Production : While not as common as other oxides, it can still play a role in the steelmaking process, particularly in the purification of iron from its ores. Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Women Scientists of the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books 2. Iron(III) Oxide (Fe2O3) - Hematite, Ferric Oxide Red, Rust Characteristics : Iron(III) oxide, also known as ferric oxide, is a reddish-brown powder. It is the most stable of the iron oxides at room temperature and has several crystal forms, including hematite, which is the primary form found in nature. This iron compound is non-magnetic. Formation : Fe2O3 forms when iron reacts with oxygen at elevated temperatures or when iron is subjected to oxidizing conditions. It is commonly found in mineral deposits and is the main component of rust. Hues can vary. Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus Egyptian Blue Faience - Ceramic Glass Sylvia Rose Books Uses : Fe2O3 has a wide range of applications: Pigments : Ferric oxide is a popular pigment in the manufacturing of paints, coatings, and plastics. Because it can be produced in a warm array of tones it's a pleasing pigment for artisans. Iron Production : Hematite is one of the most common ores used in the production of iron and steel. Bronze Age Europe - The Amber Roads Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Sylvia Rose Books 3. Iron(II,III) Oxide (Fe3O4) - magnetite Characteristics : Iron(II,III) oxide, also known as magnetite, is a mixed oxide containing both ferrous and ferric iron. It appears as a black powder and is magnetic, which distinguishes it from the other two oxides. Formation : Fe3O4 can form naturally in igneous and metamorphic rocks or can be synthesized through a range of chemical processes, including the reduction of iron ores in a blast furnace. Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Ebony - Precious Wood of Ancients Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Sylvia Rose Books Uses : The unique properties of magnetite lead to diverse applications: Magnetic Materials : Its strong magnetic properties are harnessed in applications such as magnetic storage media and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Catalysts : Magnetite is used in various catalytic processes, including the Haber process for ammonia synthesis. Water Treatment : It is utilized in wastewater treatment processes due to its ability to adsorb impurities. It's also used as a black oxide pigment in colors for floors, ovens and chimneys. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Humbaba: Giant Mountain Forest Man Difference Between Astrology & Astronomy in the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books The three primary oxides of iron—FeO, Fe2O3, and Fe3O4—play vital roles in both industry and nature. From their unique properties to their varied applications, understanding these oxides is crucial for anyone interested in materials science, geology, or manufacturing. Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Numerology, the mystical study of numbers and their meanings, empowers people for centuries. A prominent figure in psychology and mysticism is Carl Jung. Exploring Carl Jung’s influence on numerology and the meaning of numbers raises awareness of the Self. Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Numerology: Number Meanings & Personality Sylvia Rose Books Jung's interpretations of symbols, archetypes , and the collective unconscious have profound implications for how we understand numbers. In this post, we will explore the relationship between Jung’s theories and numerology, and delve into the meanings of various numbers. Carl Jung: Pioneer of Analytical Psychology Carl Jung (1875 - 1961) is a Swiss psychiatrist and psychoanalyst, the founder of analytical psychology. He introduces several concepts, including the collective unconscious, archetypes, and synchronicity, which have had lasting impacts on psychology, art and spirituality. Spiritual Magic - Numbers Three & Nine Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Psychology: Understanding Archetypes Sylvia Rose Books Jung's work emphasizes symbols in human psychology. He asserts symbols hold significant universal meanings, transcending culture and individual experience. This perspective aligns with numerology, as numbers are imbued with symbolic significance across various cultures. Jung and Numbers: A Symbolic Interpretation In Jungian psychology, numbers can be seen as symbols connecting to the deeper layers of the psyche. Jung himself is interested in the symbolic and archetypal meanings found in dreams, myths, and religious texts. He explores how numbers function as archetypal symbols. Magic Numbers: Numerology Origins Alchemy & Seven Hermetic Principles Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Sylvia Rose Books Consider the number three, for example. In many cultures, three is seen as a powerful number. It represents concepts such as the Holy Trinity in Christianity, the three phases of life (birth, life, death/rebirth), or the triad of mind, body, and spirit. Jung’s exploration of the number three is connected to his broader theories about individuation . Individuation is self-realization - the process of becoming a unique person; and becoming the person one is meant to be. Common Archetypes & Spiritual Ascension Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Colors of Alchemy: Citrinitas Solar Yellow Sylvia Rose Books Number Meanings in Numerology Numerology assigns specific meanings to numbers, often based on their vibration, characteristics, and historical significance. Here are a few key numbers and their interpretations through a Jungian lens: 1. The Number One Number one relates to unity, individuality and new beginnings. In Jungian terms, it symbolizes the ego and the self. It reflects initiation of consciousness and the journey to awareness. If number one appears frequently, it suggests focus on individuality and realization of potential. Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Individuation: Process and Philosophy Sylvia Rose Books 2. The Number Two Two embodies duality, partnership, and balance. In Jung's work, this can be interpreted as the tension between opposites, such as the conscious and the unconscious mind. The number two often emphasizes relationships, diplomacy, and harmony in self or others. 3. The Number Three Three symbolizes creativity, expression, and the synthesis of ideas. In Jungian philosophy, it often represents the process of individuation—the creative act of bringing forth one's unique identity. This number encourages exploration and the development of one's talents. Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Golden Ages of Alchemy: Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books 4. The Number Four Four connects to stability, structure, and practicality. In Jung's view, it relates to the four functions of consciousness: thinking, feeling, sensing and intuiting. This number may suggest the importance of grounding in reality and establishing a solid foundation for growth. 5. The Number Five Five represents change, freedom, and adventure. In Jung's theory, this number could symbolize the transformative aspects of life and the quest for personal growth. It encourages embracing new experiences and stepping outside of comfort zones. Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Sylvia Rose Books 6. The Number Six The number six embodies harmony, family, and service. Jung might interpret it as a reminder of the interconnection of relationships and the importance of nurturing bonds with others. This number often calls for balance in personal and professional life. 7. The Number Seven Seven is a spiritually significant number, relating to introspection and spiritual awakening. Jung explores the collective unconscious, making connections between personal experiences and universal symbols. Number seven may invoke a journey into the depths of the psyche. Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Sylvia Rose Books 8. The Number Eight Eight is linked to power, material success, and transformation. In Jungian terms, it may represent the integration of personal strength and ambition with a sense of responsibility to others. Eight urges recognizing one’s power while nurturing collaboration and community. 9. The Number Nine Nine often symbolizes completion, wisdom, and humanitarianism. In a Jungian framework, it can represent the culmination of experiences and the willingness to share knowledge and insight with others. It signifies the importance of giving back to the community. Iron Age - Metallurgy & Metal Magic Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy The Mystical Interplay of Numbers and the Psyche Carl Jung’s exploration of symbols and archetypes provides a fascinating look at numerology. By considering numbers as rich, symbolic representations of human experience, it's possible to deepen insights into the Self and relationships. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Copperas, known chemically as ferrous sulfate (FeSO₄), has been a vital compound across various industries for centuries. Although created green it makes an earthy red pigment. Its importance spans from agriculture to manufacturing, pigment making and medicine. Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Sylvia Rose Books What is Copperas? Copperas refers specifically to ferrous sulfate, a greenish crystalline salt soluble in water. In alchemy it's known as green vitriol . Historically, it has been used in a variety of applications, including: As a mordant in dyeing processes - mordants help the dye adhere better on fabrics, stones , more In the production of inks In agriculture as a fertilizer and soil additive For water purification The term "copperas" comes from the Latin "cupric acid," initially referring to various sulfur compounds of iron, which infuse the substance with earthy red tones. The raw sulfur source below is an active mine, but conditions are dangerous. Otherwise, sulfur benefits the skin. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Sylvia Rose Books In Britain and elsewhere, the copperas industry is a major player in the economy especially in eighteenth-century Essex. Pyrite nodules ( fools' gold or copperas stones ) are gathered from local beaches. The nodules are oxidized in a heated aqueous solution in open vats for several months. This transforms nodules into ferrous sulphate, commonly known as green vitriol, a crucial chemical used in the production of dyes, ink, and various industrial chemicals like sulfuric acid. Ancient Astrology: New Perspectives Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Sylvia Rose Books This process is considered to be the world's earliest industrial chemical process, predating the Industrial Revolution by more than a century. The Early Methods of Production The early copperas process dates back to the medieval period and evolves significantly during the Industrial Revolution. The production of copperas is labor-intensive and often characterized by a few rudimentary methods. Iron-rich sulfur ores include pyrite pyrrhotite galena sphalerite chalcopyrite Natural Sources : The earliest copperas is typically derived from the iron ores containing sulfur. Early ironworkers discover adding substances such as sulfuric acid to iron-rich ores can result in formation of ferrous sulfate. This method is relatively straightforward but not always efficient. Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Sylvia Rose Books Pyrite Method : The most notable early process for producing copperas involved the use of iron pyrite (FeS₂), also known as fool's gold. When iron pyrite is subjected to siliceous materials and heat, it yields combined sulfur dioxide and ferrous sulfate after a series of reactions. The process usually involves the steps of roasting pyrite to convert it into iron oxide and sulfurous compounds. This can be further synthesized into ferrous sulfate by adding sulfuric acid. Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Folk Magic: Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Sylvia Rose Books Carbonate Method: Another early approach uses iron carbonate (FeCO₃). Treating iron carbonate with sulfuric acid produces copperas with carbon dioxide as a byproduct. This method is prevalent in regions high in limestone, worked to generate ferrous sulfate crystals. Laboratory Synthesis: As chemists explore the properties of chemicals in the 18th and 19th centuries, more refined methods emerge. Synthesis of ferrous sulfate in laboratory settings allowed for a better understanding of its properties, catalyzing its use in various industries. Spiritual Alchemy: Fixatio (Fixation) Mystique of Nous: Awareness & Perception Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Sylvia Rose Books Most practitioners recommend ferrous sulfate for iron deficiency. Ferrous sulfates are commercially available in tablet or liquid form. 3-4 weeks is the average time needed for the magic metals to take effect. Side effects can include heartburn and indigestion. The process becomes industrialized, resulting in more efficient mass-production methods to replace traditional operations. As the processes evolves, economic viability of copperas production rises dramatically. Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books With the introduction of new technologies and chemical methods, industries begin to rely heavily on ferrous sulfate for various applications. This has a lasting influence on both chemical engineering and manufacturing practices. Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Copperas, iron(II) sulfate or green ferrous sulfate, is a versatile compound in various applications, from agriculture to water treatment. A unique aspect of copperas is its ability to change color through a simple chemical process. Here are the basics of making copperas red. Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Sylvia Rose Books Understanding Copperas Copperas is typically found in a greenish crystalline form known as green vitriol in alchemy. It's added to soil to improve plant growth. It provides essential iron, the "ferrous" part of its name, a crucial nutrient for many plants. It's even given to treat iron deficiency in humans. It's used in dyeing fabrics, making ink, and as a mordant in the textile industry. The red hue of copperas is often associated with its oxidized form, while the green color is typically seen when it is in its hydrated state. Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Sylvia Rose Books The pigment derived from copperas is significant in art, architecture, and traditional crafts, adding vibrance and depth to creations throughout history. Its unique properties and color variations make copperas a valuable material in aesthetic and practical uses. The Science Behind Color Change The color change in copperas comes from the oxidation of iron ions, causing rust. In its ferrous (Fe2+) state, it looks greenish. On heating, ferrous sulphate crystals lose water and anhydrous ferrous sulphate FeSO4 is formed. How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides The color changes from light green to off-white. On further heating, anhydrous ferrous sulfate decomposes to form ferric oxide (Fe2O3), and sulfur compounds. When iron is oxidized or exposed to oxygen to reach its ferric (Fe3+) state, it takes on a reddish hue. At this point the rust pigment copperas red is made. Cool and grind or sift as desired. The pigment can go down to a very fine grain. It doesn't dissolve in water, or binders like linseed oil. The tiny particles reflect light bringing an extra shimmer to the glaze or other artwork. Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Women Scientists of the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books Hematite is often responsible for the red color of earth, rocks and clay pigments, owes its intense color to magnetic interactions. Oxidized iron (Fe3+) is most associated with the red color of soils, sedimentary rocks and weathering products. The oxidation process can happen over time. It can be sped up through several methods. Methods to Make Copperas Red Oxidation with Air Exposure It's suggested to buy the green copperas or ferrous sulfate, because making it involves sulfuric acid and dangerous processes. Here's the link . Materials Needed: Copperas (iron(II) sulfate) Open container How to Make Copperas Green Process Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Sylvia Rose Books Procedure: Place your copperas in an open container in a dry area. Allow it to be exposed to air for several days. Over time, the copperas will oxidize and gradually turn from green to a reddish-brown as iron ions are oxidized to ferric form. Using Hydrogen Peroxide Materials Needed: Copperas Hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂, a 3% solution is commonly used) Procedure: In a glass or plastic container, take a solution of copperas and dilute it with some water. Slowly add hydrogen peroxide to the solution while stirring gently. The oxidative reaction will cause the color of the solution to change, resulting in a red hue almost immediately. Mystique of Nous: Awareness & Perception Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Heat Treatment Materials Needed: Copperas Heat source (like an oven, Bunsen burner or hot plate) Procedure: Place the copperas in a heat-resistant container. Apply heat carefully and gradually until the copperas is fully dried (around 200°C or 392°F). As the moisture evaporates from the copperas, it will oxidize and should turn a reddish color. Planetary Name Symbolism in Ancient Astrology Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Fortune Telling - The Mystic Victorian Sylvia Rose Books Safety Precautions This is a non-toxic substance. However, when working with any chemicals wear gloves, safety goggles, and a lab coat or apron. Make sure the working area is well-ventilated, particularly when using hydrogen peroxide or heat. Properly dispose of any leftover chemicals. Applications of Red Copperas The transformation of copperas into its red form has practical applications. Red ferric sulfate has uses in various industries: Pigments: The reddish hue can be used as a pigment in paints and coatings. Water Treatment: It can be used in certain water purification processes. Agriculture: Like green copperas, the oxidized version also provides iron to plants, aiding their growth. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books Copperas Red can be filtered down until only the finest color remains, the "bullion" of the rust. The color is often added to paint. Water soluble, it's a good mordant and/or dye. It's has antiseptic properties, and no known toxicity. Use as is, or add other natural colors like ocher . Making copperas red is a fascinating process illustrating the transformative power of nature. By using simple methods like exposure to air, hydrogen peroxide, or heat treatment, it's an entertaining adventure to achieve this color change. Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Impact on Industry The early modern copperas processes coincide with industrial advancements in Europe, particularly in Britain. By the 19th century, the increasing demand for dyes and inks coupled with the agricultural revolution create a booming market for copperas. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Dyers, coloring professionals, metal workers and gemologists seek vibrant colors and tones since early civilization. The first use of woad, a natural blue sometimes mixed to make purple, is found in a Neolithic cave burial 10,000 ya. Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books Purple has long held a unique significance, symbolizing royalty, wealth, and power. Gem dyes also have a niche in history, sometimes sparkling, sometimes shady. Dyes to make quartz into gemstones are recorded in Pliny's time. "Nay, even more than this, there are books in existence, the authors of which I forbear to name, which give instructions how to stain crystal in such a way as to imitate smaragdus (emerald) and other transparent stones, how to make sardonyx of sarda (banded onyx), and other gems in a similar manner. Indeed, there is no other kind of fraud practiced by which larger profits are made." Pliny the Elder (c 23 - 79 AD) Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Sylvia Rose Books The rarity of purple in nature makes this a coveted shade, used sparingly and reserved for the elite. Below are a few natural purple dyes used by ancient and medieval dyers. Sources of Natural Purple Dyes Several natural sources provided the exquisite purple hues coveted by dyers in ancient and medieval times. Below are some of the most notable: 1. Tyrian Purple The most famous purple dye of antiquity is Tyrian purple, named after the ancient Phoenician city of Tyre. This dye, derived from secretions of the Murex snail, produce a rich, vibrant color highly sought after by royalty. Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients The process of creating Tyrian purple is labor-intensive. Collection and deaths of thousands of snails produce just enough dye to trim the bottom of one toga. Due to price it's a luxury good in ancient Rome and other civilizations. The dye varies in shade, from deep violet to bright crimson, depending on the snail species and preparation process. 2. Woad Copperas Green & Red Pigment Process Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Sylvia Rose Books While not a direct source of purple, woad ( Isatis tinctoria ) has a long history in dyeing practices, especially in Europe. Woad produces a vibrant blue hue, which when mixed with madder root ( Rubia tinctorum ), could create shades of purple. The use of woad and madder in tandem was a common practice among medieval dyers, giving rise to various gradients of purple that adorned garments across the continent. These colors also find their ways into the palettes of medieval painters. Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Sylvia Rose Books 3. Logwood Logwood ( Haematoxylum campechianum ), a tree native to Central America, is naturalized throughout the temperate world. The tree is of economic importance from the 17th to 19th centuries, when it's commonly logged and exported to Europe for dyeing fabrics. It rises to prominence in the dyeing industry during the 17th century. The heartwood of the logwood tree yields a dark purple dye, popular in Europe. Its rich tone is favored for textiles, providing a more accessible alternative to Tyrian purple, especially as trade expanded. 4. Purple Sweet Potato & Yam Fairy Rings, Magic and Mushrooms Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Anthocyanins, a class of water-soluble flavonoids found in plants, have a wide range of use. Blue, red, and purple colored pigments extracted from flowers, fruits, and vegetables are traditionally used as dye and food colorant. The purple sweet potato ( Ipomoea batatas ) is also used as a dye source. In South America, a dye for cloth is made by combining the juice of red sweet potatoes with lime juice. Magic Numbers: Numerology Origins Golden Ages of Alchemy: Renaissance Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Sylvia Rose Books Dioscorea alata or purple yam is unmistakably purple. By a djusting the amounts of the juices, a range of colors from pink to black can be achieved. Purple sweet potato color is also used as a natural food coloring. These colors are completely non-toxic and can be used to dye fabric, paint, food, drinks, yarn or artisan inks. As it's a vegetable dye it's suitable for vegans. Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment How to Extract Red from Hematite: A Step-by-Step Guide Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Sylvia Rose Books 5. Elderberry Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Dark ripe elderberries are used to make purple dye. Elderberry leaves or bark can also be used. Leaves create a soft earthy gold and bark is a warm pale beige. The berries produce rich purple. Elderberry is one of the primary choices for those who can't afford Tyrian purple. Some boil berries in vinegar for a richer color or better color adhesion. There's usually a waiting time while the dye is extracted and left to steep or settle overnight, Elderberry flowers make a dreamy sedative tea. Elderberry wine gives one the ability to see pixies. Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Vermilion - Scarlet Pigment of Death Sylvia Rose Books Other Natural Purple Sources: Red Cabbage aka Purple Cabbage - boiling releases bright purple color Grape Skins - ripe and juicy Alkanet - the root of this plant gives a reddish-purple dye Mulberry - berries yield purple and the leaves give earthy green The Process of Dyeing Typically, dyers harvest the dyeing materials, prepare them through processes such as boiling, drying or fermenting, and then immerse the textiles in the resulting dye bath. To achieve the desired shade, dyers experiment with different mordants (substances to fix dye to fabric). Little Elder Tree Mother: A Fairy Tale Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Sylvia Rose Books Alum is a common mordant used for achieving bright hues, while tannins might be employed for darker shades. Tannin is used to assist the mordants of cellulose fibers and fabrics. It can be bought as tannic acid or extract from various tree barks; avocado pits, coffee or black tea. Alum doesn't bond well with cellulose fibers. However, tannin bonds well with cellulose and once treated with tannin, alum will combine with the tannin-fiber complex. Th e combination of dye source, mordant, and fabric type creates an endless array of potential colors. Alum: Tanning, Dye & Beauty Salts Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Lake Van: Fate of a Primeval Salt Lake Sylvia Rose Books Purple-Making Techniques c. 300 AD - 3 Recipes 1. "Grind some walnuts with some alkanet of good quality. This done, place them in some strong vinegar; grind again; add some pomegranate bark to this; lay aside three days; and after this, plunge the wool in it and it will be dyed cold .... It is said that there is a certain acanthus which furnishes the purple color; moistened with some natron of Berenice in place of nuts, it produces the same effect." 2. "Take the juice of the upper part of the alkanet and a solid gall-nut roasted in the oven. Having ground it with the addition of a little copperas, mix with the juice, boil, and make the purple dye." Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Animal Archetype: Mysteries of the Unconscious 3. "Boil asphodel and natron, put the wool in it 8 drachmas at a time, and rinse it out. Then take and bruise 1 mina of grape skins, mix these with vinegar and let stand 6 hours. Then boil the mixture and put the wool in." Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The practice of naming planets comes from the work of the Babylonians. The concept passes into the Greek, and from there, Romans begin the practice of naming planets. Adaptation of celestial names evolves from one civilization to another. Difference Between Astrology & Astronomy in the Ancient World Renaissance Astrology: Power of Stars & Planets Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books Only five planets are known up to 1781, with discovery of Uranus. It's quickly followed in 1795 by Neptune. Planetary charts until then include the celestial bodies sun and moon, planets Mercury, Mars, Venus, Saturn and Jupiter. They can all be seen with the naked eye. The symbolism of planets finds its way into the metal-oriented discipline of alchemy. Commonly in alchemy texts iron is called "Mars" or copper "Venus". Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Fortune Telling - The Mystic Victorian Sylvia Rose Books The familiar cosmic rings are conceived by Aristotle, further developed and promoted by Ptolemy. The outer sphere has its own intellect, or nous . Authorities laud the work of Ptolemy as it's the only geo-centric theory of the time to make sense. With widespread use of astrology, natural science, medicine and alchemy the planetary names and symbols becomes standardized. Diodorus Siculus, first century BCE Greek historian, records the early Babylonian study of the five planets. Babylonians: The First Astronomers Babylonians call these planets "Interpreters" and by individual names such as Cronus (Saturn), Helius (Sun), Ares (Mars), Aphrodite (Venus), Hermes (Mercury), and Zeus (Jupiter). The Greeks modify the Babylonian tradition by substituting their own gods, and the Romans follow. Renaissance Astrology: Power of Stars & Planets Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books The roots of planet names go back to the Babylonians, among the first to systematically study the night sky. Between 1800 - 500 BCE, Babylonian astronomers chart celestial phenomena and identify five visible planets: Mercury, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, and Saturn. These planets and the celestial bodies sun and moon rule over the destiny of humankind. Astrology is used in ancient engineering, as the stars must be consulted before a new building is erected. Early astronomers record observations on clay tablets. Scribes & Writing - Ancient Egypt Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Diodorus Siculus, the Greek historian of first century BCE, provides a historical link regarding the Babylonian astral tradition. In his works, he notes studies conducted by Babylonians, who are proficient in observational astronomy and ascribe divine influence to the celestial bodies. The Greek Transmission As the Greeks encounter Babylonian knowledge during conquest and trade, they absorb and transformed this wisdom. Greek philosophers and astronomers like Ptolemy adapt Babylonian records to harmonize their findings with the Hellenic cosmic understanding. Mercurius: Mystical Essence of Alchemy Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books The Greek pantheon, rich with deities embodying various aspects of life, is the creative soil for the interpretation of planets as divine beings. Planets were renamed in honor of Greek gods. Planet Venus is identified with Aphrodite, the goddess of love; while Mars is associated with Ares, god of war. This personification helps explain the planets' movements in a manner aligned with their cultural narratives. Ancient Astrology: New Perspectives Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Lucifer, Venus & Anti-Gods of Mythology Sylvia Rose Books Roman Adoption and Cultural Synthesis With the rise of the Roman Empire, Greek culture and traditions heavily influence Roman society. The Romans adopted Greek names of the planets, further integrating these celestial bodies into their own mythological and religious framework. Unlike Sun and Moon, which can be directly associated with deities like Apollo/Sol and Diana/Luna in Roman beliefs, the five planets are generally viewed as celestial bodies. For instance, famed Roman architect Vitruvius describes the movement of the planet Venus. Zodiac & Rise of Horoscopic Astrology Babylonian Astrology: Destiny in the Stars Ammit - Eater of the Heavy Heart Sylvia Rose Books He describes in mechanical terms its transit through the Zodiac signs, and completion of its orbit in a specified number of days. Roman names parallel Greek counterparts, preserving the divine associations tied to each planet. Vetruvius is the inspiration of da Vinci's Vetruvian Man. Greek Ares becomes Mars, and Aphrodite transforms into Venus. The decision to maintain the planetary names tied to deities illustrates how the Romans define their identity. In later antiquity, a shift occurs towards henotheism and pantheism in pagan philosophy, and more direct identification of planets with gods in intellectual circles. Fourth century author Firmicus Maternus invokes Saturn, Jupiter, Mars, Venus, and Mercury as celestial beings. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Astrology and astronomy blur boundaries in the ancient world. Similar at a glance, the two serve different needs in society and progress. At first, astrology is taught in schools of medicine, while astronomy is considered amateur practice. Renaissance Astrology: Power of Stars & Planets Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Sylvia Rose Books The astrology signs first appear under Persian rule between 409 - 398 BCE. Each sign contains 30° of celestial longitude, thus creating the first known celestial coordinate system. Thrasyllus of Mendes (Egypt) is one of the pioneering astrologers to introduce Hermetic astrology to Rome during the first century AD, as personal astrologer to Emperor Tiberius. He's a personal friend of Tiberius, as attested by Tacitus and Suetonius. Ancient Astrology: New Perspectives Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Sylvia Rose Books Tiberius is the first emperor to employ a court astrologer, though his predecessor Augustus uses astrology as a propaganda tool to reinforce Imperial authority. Emperor Nero banishes astrologers from Rome and makes divining one's death date, especially his, a criminal offense. Astrology: The Cosmic Guide Astrology, derives from the Greek words 'astro' (star) and 'logia' (study), is based on the belief the positions and movements of celestial bodies can influence human affairs and natural phenomena. In the ancient world, astrology is an integral part of daily life. Bosporus: Black Sea Nature & Greek Myth Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Sylvia Rose Books Astrologers in civilizations like Babylon, Egypt, and Greece view the cosmos as a living entity, where celestial alignments correlate with events on Earth. Planets, stars, unseen chaos all have influence. Kings consult astrologers before making critical decisions. Battles are timed according to astrological forecasts, and people use horoscopes to determine auspicious times for marriage, harvests, and other life events. The Babylonians are pioneers of astrology, recording celestial movements as early as the third millennium BCE. Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Iah: Cryptic Ancient Moon God Egypt Sylvia Rose Books Their work invokes the mystique and complexity of astrological systems, seeking patterns in the heavens to predict earthly outcomes. When the Greeks inherit this system, notable figures like Ptolemy contribute to the synthesis of knowledge and proliferation of horoscopic astrology. Astronomy: The Science of the Heavens In contrast, astronomy emerges as a scientific discipline, focused on understanding celestial bodies and the laws governing their motion. Astrology derives meaning and influence from the stars and planets. Astronomy explains their physical properties and movements. Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Guido Bonatti: Medieval Astrology Star Sylvia Rose Books Ancient astronomers, such as the Babylonians, Greeks, and later, the Islamic scholars keep meticulous records. They catalogue stars, planets, and other celestial objects, developing techniques to measure time and establish calendars based on lunar and solar cycles. Greeks such as Hipparchus and Ptolemy purvey the geocentric or earth centered models of the universe. These concepts dominate natural sciences and perspectives until the 1543 AD demise of Copernicus, who dares not publish his heliocentric theory until he's on his deathbed. Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine ' Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Sylvia Rose Books Astronomy in the ancient world is often practiced alongside astrology. Many astronomers begin their studies by observing celestial events of astrological significance. Diverging Paths: Science and Belief As ancient civilizations progressed, the distinction between astrology and astronomy begins to sharpen. By the time of the Renaissance, the scientific revolution brings a critical shift. Figures like Copernicus, Galileo, and Kepler propose daring theories opposing the geocentric view. Renaissance Astrology: Power of Stars & Planets Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Sylvia Rose Books Rather than seeing the stars as symbolic forces that dictated human fate, humans adopt a more empirical approach. Astronomy transforms into a discipline governed by mathematics, physics, and observations, seeking to uncover the fundamental laws of the universe. Astrology continues to thrive but becomes more spiritual and personalized. With the rise of the Enlightenment, astrology faces skepticism from scientists, eventually being relegated to the realm of pseudoscience. Astronomy prevails, rooted in rigorous scientific methodology. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History The ancient world is a crucible for development of astrology and astronomy. While astrology becomes as a mystical interpretive practice, aligning celestial movements with human affairs, astronomy explores the universe to discover the mechanics of celestial phenomena. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The ancient Greeks are celebrated for their contributions to various fields such as philosophy, mathematics, and medicine. Among their many inquiries into the natural world is the discovery and use of mercury, or quicksilver. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Colors of Alchemy: Rubedo Magnum Opus Sylvia Rose Books While the exact timeline of their discovery is obscure, mercury is a dominant element in ancient Greek philosophy, natural philosophy and medicine. The Discovery of Mercury Mercury, known in antiquity as hydrargyrum or quicksilver (from the Greek words "hydr-" meaning water and "argyros" meaning silver), is recognized by ancients for its unique properties. Fairy Rings, Magic and Mushrooms Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Quicksilver doesn't receive the name mercury until c. 7th century AD. The metal mercury is named for the planet. Greek philosopher and scientist Empedocles (c. 495–435 BCE) is one of the first to describe properties of mercury. Then he jumps into Mount Etna. By the time of Aristotle (384–322 BCE) and Theophrastus (c. 371–287 BCE), mercury has become more widely acknowledged. Theophrastus, in his work "On Stones," provides insights into a variety of minerals, including those containing mercury. Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment How to Extract Red from Hematite: A Step-by-Step Guide Sylvia Rose Books Ancient Uses of Mercury The Greeks observe mercury's silvery liquid form, its unique ability to amalgamate with other metals, and its high density. The amalgamation characteristic leads to an early form of mercury metallurgy, allowing them to create various gold and silver alloys. Mercury is instrumental in mining processes, particularly extraction of gold and silver from ores. Amalgamation involves mixing crushed ore with mercury to separate precious metals, a technique persisting through the ages. Many perish due to mercury greed. John Dee - Talking to Angels Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Sylvia Rose Books In medicine, mercury finds a growing niche. In the Hippocratic Corpus and later Greco-Roman texts, references are made to using mercury to treat various ailments. The Greeks ascribe it therapeutic properties, including as treatment for skin diseases and syphilis. The toxic effects of mercury are not fully understood at the time. The ancient Romans know the effects of mercury toxicity when they staff their mines at Almadén, Spain with convicts and slaves. According to Roman authorities, death by mercury poisoning is a type of divine justice. Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Vermilion - Scarlet Pigment of Death Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Sylvia Rose Books Some symptoms of mercury poisoning include: Shaking Loss of peripheral vision "Pins and needles" feelings, especially hands, feet, around mouth Lack of coordination Mental confusion Speech, hearing or mobility impairment Muscle weakness Spasms, seizures, convulsions Death Poisoning comes from handling or ingesting mercury. Mercury fumes are invisible; mercury evaporates at room temperature. Poisoning causes are often industrial. Pescatarians can get it from mercury levels in fish. Shark and orange roughy are higher in mercury and salmon is low. Rudolf II: Alchemy, Occult & Erotica Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Nāgārjuna: Buddhist Mystic & Alchemist Sylvia Rose Books Alchemical Significance As time progresses into the Hellenistic period, the Greeks’ fascination with mercury deepens, particularly through the influence of alchemy. Alchemists explore the symbolic and mystical properties of mercury, often associated with transformation and change. It represents the fluidity of the material world and potential for transition from one form to another. The alchemical texts of figures like Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 AD) discuss mercury as a fundamental component in the quest for the so-called Philosopher's Stone. Mercury’s unique properties make it a central substance in early Alexandrian alchemy and later medieval and Renaissance traditions. The spirit of Mercury, known through medieval times, visits psychoanalyst Carl Jung as Mercurius in later alchemy. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Mercurius among the most important figures of the alchemical storybook A vast array of symbols and archetypes populate the path to enlightenment. Enigmatic, often contradictory, Mercurius is spirit of Creation and moon light of the soul. There are many shades of Mercurius. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Women Scientists of the Ancient World Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Sylvia Rose Books The Nature of Mercurius At its core, Mercurius represents transformation and fluidity between material and spiritual worlds. It relates to Roman god Mercury, god of communication, commerce and the swift movement of messages. Mercurius represents the quintessence of life, that which never dies. The god Mercury is also a psychopomp, like his predecessor Hermes, guiding souls down to the land of the dead. Both gods are openly bisexual, relating to the Divine Hermaphrodite in Renaissance alchemy. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Sylvia Rose Books In Latin alchemical works Mercurius represents the spirit, with Anima the Soul and Corpus the Body. Reference to Mercurius first appears in the 7th century AD, just at the fall of Alexandria from the alchemical throne, and the Golden Age of the Islamic Empire . Carl Jung establishes the importance of Mercurius and the soul connection through this symbol. Mercurius Magazine, named after the alchemical concept, is established May 2020 to bring together writers, artists and thinkers around broad concepts of "transformation" and "vitality." Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Lapis Lazuli & Gold: Jungian Alchemy Symbolism Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Mercurius embodies a chthonic energy facilitating change, heralding a deeper understanding of the universe's mysteries. In alchemical texts, Mercurius is often depicted as a substance able to combine with other elements or compounds to bring about metamorphosis. It is both a physical substance—sometimes equated with mercury (the metal)—and an archetypal figure representing the alchemical process itself. In this dual role, Mercurius serves as a mediator, bridging opposites and harmonizing disparate forces. Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Medieval Astrology of Islam Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books Mercurius as a Symbol of Unity The alchemical journey is one of unity. Finding the Philosopher's Stone or achieving the Greak Work, the Magnum Opus, is the ultimate goal in achieving enlightenment and wholeness. Mercurius epitomizes this quest as a symbol of the prima materia , in both potential and chaos. In alchemical writings Mercurius is referred to as the "Mercury of the Sages," representing the transformative power needed to raise the human spirit to divine consciousness. In the concept of Solve et Coagula (dissolve and coalesce), Mercurius is an essential component. Iron Age - Metallurgy & Metal Magic Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Copperas Green & Red Pigment Process Sylvia Rose Books Mercury the metal dissolves silver, gold and other metals with the exception of iron. Copper and zinc are resistant, but eventually give in. Mercury is once shipped in iron flasks with the planetary symbol ☿. The proliferation of glass c. 100 AD, which compounds the spread of alchemy, is due to its resistance to mercury and other caustic elements. Peering into the chambers of creation as the alchemical process proceeds is a divine gift. It's like looking into the stomach, or the womb. Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Sylvia Rose Books The Spirit of Mercurius dissolves material, allowing the alchemist to break down existing forms ( Solve ) and recombine them into a higher state of being ( Coagula ). It can be a metaphor for transformation. The alchemist seeks to purify the substance and transcend its limitations. The Duality of Mercurius Alchemical texts mention inherent duality. Mercurius is the fluid, volatile aspect of the alchemical process; on the other, it can symbolize the fixed and inert. This duality mirrors the balance of opposites, such as hot and cold, dry and wet, or masculine and feminine. Seven Metals of Antiquity - Metallurgy   Blacksmiths: Iron, Metal, Gods & Myth Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Sylvia Rose Books Mercurius represents the dynamic interplay of these forces, emphasizing the need for harmony in both the laboratory and the soul. Another essential aspect of this duality is the idea of the Trickster. Mercurius can be a mischievous figure who challenges the alchemist to confront limitations and preconceived ideas. This spirit can cause mistakes or accidents. Yet this aspect is critical, for transformation cannot occur without first breaking through barriers of understanding. Spiritual Alchemy: the Tria Prima Colors of Alchemy: Black Nigredo Putrefaction Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Sylvia Rose Books Mercurius and the Quest for Enlightenment For many alchemists, the figure of Mercurius transcends chemical processes. It becomes a powerful symbol of spiritual enlightenment and self-realization. The journey of the alchemist closely mirrors the journey of the soul, representing the trials and insights gained . The spiritual Mercurius, or "Mercury of the Wisdom," is the essence of divine intelligence, guiding the seeker towards self-knowledge and unity with the cosmos. This understanding aligns with mystical traditions emphasizing pursuit of inner truth and essence of the eternal. Steam & Style - Agrippina of the Rhine Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books In the alchemical color phase journey Mercurius appears during the nigredo stage when all is lost and hopeless. He is the moon light of the soul, a guide through the fathomless night. He is a creator, in some stories an intermediary shaping the divine Rebis, or the Rebis itself. Mercurius is a vital element of alchemical philosophy. Understanding the symbolism of Mercurius is the key to unlocking deeper secrets. While the alchemical laboratory may be ancient, the quest for self-knowledge and the melding of opposites is a never ending story. The Great Library of Alexandria Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Alchemy: Ancient Purification of Tin Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Hematite, an iron oxide mineral, is well-known for its striking metallic luster and deep red to black colorations. Appearing in various geologic formations, this mineral occur in multiple forms with different properties. Two of these are earthy hematite and mineral hematite. Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment How to Extract Red from Hematite: A Step-by-Step Guide Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books While they share the same chemical composition, the differences in their appearance, formation processes, and applications are significant. Hematite used by the painter may be unsuitable for the potter, and that of the potter doesn't fulfill the needs of the carver. Hematite ranges in hardness from soft to moderately hard (about 1 to 6 on the Mohs Hardness Scale). Whatever the specimen’s color, hardness or luster, hematite will always leave a brick red-colored streak, a distinctive diagnostic property. Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Sylvia Rose Books What is Hematite? Chemically, hematite is composed of iron (III) oxide, with the formula Fe₂O₃. This mineral is a primary ore of iron. Its properties and versatility attract the attention of geologists and mineralogists, artisans, jewelers, and collectors. Earthy Hematite Characteristics Earthy hematite is characterized by dull luster and rough texture. This hematite appears in shades of brown, reddish-brown, or dark gray. It often has a powdery appearance, like soil or clay. The earthy texture can be caused by breakdown due to weathering. Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Sylvia Rose Books Formation Earthy hematite forms through a process of weathering and oxidation of iron-bearing minerals. It's commonly found in sedimentary environments, where iron is leached from parent rocks and precipitated in soils or sediments. This form often retains moisture, found within sedimentary rocks, soil or iron-rich clays. Earthy hematite is in more superficial deposits compared to its mineral counterpart. There are many shades of red often in balance with yellow ocher limonite or purple-red manganese. Iron Age - Metallurgy & Metal Magic Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Copperas Green & Red Pigment Process Sylvia Rose Books Uses Due to its powdery texture and coloration, earthy hematite finds its applications in various sectors, including: Pigment Production : Ground earthy hematite is used as a pigment in paints, cosmetics, and ceramics, providing a warm hue and opacity. Soils and Landscaping : It is often used in gardening and landscaping as a soil amendment or decorative aggregate. Jewelry : Although less common than its more lustrous counterpart, earthy hematite beads are sometimes used in jewelry. Mineral Hematite Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Sylvia Rose Books Characteristics In contrast, mineral hematite is known for its metallic, shiny appearance, often having a brilliant mirror-like luster when polished. This form tends to be found in distinct crystal shapes, often occurring as tabular crystals or in masses. It ranges in color from striking red to silvery black, making it highly sought after for its aesthetic value. Mineral Hematite hovers at 5.5 - 6 on the Mohs hardness scale, making this a fine stone for carvers but a unnecessary difficulty for rustic pigment grinders. Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Jet Black - Ancient World Gemstones Hattusa Green Stone - Mystic Secrets Sylvia Rose Books Formation Mineral hematite typically forms in igneous and metamorphic rocks, through igneous processes or the metamorphism of iron-rich minerals. During these processes, iron is precipitated from hot hydrothermal fluids, allowing for the formation of well-defined crystals. Uses The uses of mineral hematite include: Iron Ore : Given its high iron content, mineral hematite is a significant source of iron, crucial for steel production and other industrial applications. Jewelry : Its shinier finish and ability to take a high polish make it a popular choice in jewelry design. Decorative Stones : The beautiful aesthetics lead to its use in decorative stones and sculptures. Garnets - Gemstones of Blood and Life Carnelian - Gems of the Ancient World Lapis Lazuli: Vibrant Blue Gem of Ancients Sylvia Rose Books Key Differences at a Glance Aspect Earthy Hematite Mineral Hematite Appearance Dull, powdery; often brown or reddish Shiny, metallic; red to black Texture Rough, earthy Smooth, often crystalline Formation Process Weathering of iron-rich minerals High-temperature hydrothermal processes Common Uses Pigments, soil amendments, jewelry (less common) Iron ore, jewelry, decorative stones Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Because hematite is so variable in color, crystallization and hardness, unravelling the secrets of this rock can keep the hobbyist busy at least until lunch time. Unlike sister stone magnetite, hematite is not magnetic. Magnetized hematite is generally synthetic. Pretty, though. 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This post has been update and moved here . Thanks! "Hematite" comes from the ancient Greek for blood. The stone creates red dust when cut and polished. The red color is often not immediately visible. On processing or grinding the stone bleeds red dust. Hematite is the pigment responsible for the wide range of ocher colors. Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore

Hematite, an iron oxide mineral with the chemical formula Fe2O3, is prevalent around the world. Known for metallic luster and red earth color, hematite is popular as a pigment from ancient times. The rich, red hue of hematite can be extracted for art, cosmetics, and more. Calcination Process: Alchemy at High Heat How to Make Hematite Powder: A Step-by-Step Guide Hematite: Magnetic Iron Oxide Red Sylvia Rose Books Understanding Hematite Hematite is primarily composed of iron, making it a critical resource. Its reddish coloring comes from high iron content, which produces rich red pigment. This non-toxic pigment can be used as natural dye in paintings, makeup, glazes and even an iron supplement. The shiny hematite below is from Africa is mineral or crystalline hematite, growing together with baryte (white). These dazzling mirror-like configurations are prized by collectors and pigment-crushers. Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Tooth Worms of Ancient Mesopotamia Sylvia Rose Books On the Mohs scale the mineral is 5.5 - 6, about as hard as glass. Earthy hematite is better used for powers and pigments. It ranges down to a 1 on the Mohs scale meaning it easily falls to pieces. On the other end of the scale hematite forms the reds of ocher (ochre). The silvery stone can be hard as glass (mineral hematite) or soft enough to scratch with a (finger)nail. These earthy tones appear in shades of silver, grey, brown, red and black. Sylvia Rose Books Hematite can be present in igneous and metamorphic rocks but is usually found in sedimentary beds. This rock forms from direct precipitation out of marine waters, or as a concentration and enrichment deposit from groundwater. Hematite can appear in various consistencies, compositions and colors. It can be a vivid red stone, the familiar metallic silver hue, deep glossy black or in specular form, below. Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books Specular or micaceous hematite has a metallic sheen and seems composed of thousands of super shiny mica flakes. Hematite (iron oxide), also known as Alaska Black Diamond has a high sheen when polished and is once used for mirrors. Materials Needed To extract red pigment from hematite, gather together the following: Hematite Powder : buy powdered hematite from mineral supply stores or online. Alternately make it from scratch here . Mortar and Pestle : To grind the hematite into a finer powder. Water : For creating a paste or slurry. Sieve or Filter Paper : To separate the pigment from the impurities. Bowl : For mixing and storing the extracted pigment. Heat Source : Optional, to dry the pigment if desired. Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Sylvia Rose Books Step-by-Step Extraction Process Step 1: Prepare the Workspace Before beginning, ensure the workspace is clean and well-ventilated. Hematite dust can be harmful if inhaled, so wear a mask and protective eyewear as always when grinding pigment stones. Step 2: Grind the Hematite Using a mortar and pestle, grind the hematite into a fine powder. The finer the powder, the better the color extraction. This can take time, so be patient and ensure the texture is consistent, without large chunks. For some, grinding pigment is a meditative exercise. Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books Step 3: Create a Paste In a bowl, add ground hematite powder and a little water to create a thick paste. The amount of water can vary depending on the desired consistency. For painting pigments, a slightly thicker paste is better. Step 4: Separate the Pigment Next, remove any impurities from the paste. Using a sieve or filter paper, strain the mixture. This step is crucial as it will allow the smaller, colored particles of hematite to pass through while filtering out the larger, unwanted materials. Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Cupellation: Alchemy Process of Metals Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Sylvia Rose Books Step 5: Dry the Pigment Once impurities are separated, the extracted pigment can be dried. With a heat source, carefully heat the filtered liquid until the water evaporates, leaving behind a fine red pigment. Air drying is also an option. Spread pigment on a flat surface and allow it to sit until fully dry. Step 6: Store the Pigment After drying it, store the extracted red pigment in an airtight container. Remember to label it for future use! This pigment can be used in various applications, from art pieces to homemade cosmetics. The Great Library of Alexandria Sublime Vision of Hermes Trismegistus Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Sylvia Rose Books Applications of Hematite Pigment The extracted red pigment from hematite can be used in several creative ways: Art : Use it as a natural paint medium for adding red hues to artistic works Cosmetics : Incorporate it into makeup products for a natural color. Crafts : Use the pigment in resin art, pottery, or other crafts for vibrant finishes. Textiles : The pigment can be used to dye fabrics or create prints. Hematite with lower calcined (heating) temperature tends to generate red. Higher calcined temperatures have dark red to purple color. Alchemy & Renaissance Glass: Antonio Neri Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Extracting red pigment from hematite opens up a world of creative possibilities with natural materials. This process is not only satisfying but also environmentally friendly. Remember to take all necessary safety precautions, and enjoy experimenting with hematite pigment. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top