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Lucrezia Borgia is an enigmatic figure of the Italian Renaissance (c. 1350 - 1550 AD). This period sees revival of art, culture and philosophy, and new developments in science and industry. It's also marked by political intrigue, power struggles, and figures of notoriety. Cosimo Ruggeri: Prophecies from the Dark Titans of the Renaissance: Powerful Italian Families Hundred Years’ War: Battles & Overview Sylvia Rose Books Born into the infamous Borgia family in 1480, she remains a subject of fascination and debate, illustrating the complexities of her time. From political marriages to her rumored poisonings, Lucrezia’s story is one of ambition, power, and a relentless quest for survival. Known for her scandalous reputation, Lucrezia (Eng. Lucretia) Borgia defies easy categorization. She's a blend of beauty, intelligence, and a legacy entangled in power, scandal, and controversy. Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Alchemy in the European Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books The Borgia Family Originally from Valencia, Spain, the Borgias rise to power in the late 15th century through links to the Catholic Church and keen political maneuvering. Lucrezia's father, Rodrigo Borgia, becomes Pope Alexander VI in 1492. He uses his papacy to elevate the family's status. The Borgia name is synonymous with corruption, manipulation, and a relentless climb to power, often employing ruthless tactics to achieve their goals. These traits cast a long shadow over Lucrezia's life, condemning her as an accomplice in her family’s nefarious dealings. Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Catherine de' Medici & the Occult The Borgias, known for ambition, are highly influential during the Italian Renaissance. Lucrezia is a figure of courtly life and political machinations from a young age. Sylvia Rose Books A Lady of Learning Lucrezia Borgia receives a diverse education during under a trusted associate of her father. Instead of being educated in convents like most women of her time, Lucrezia studies in the Palazzo Pizzo de Merlo, near her father's residence, among intellectuals and family members. Her education emphasizes a strong foundation in the Humanities, a field promoted by the Catholic Church during that period. She becomes proficient in Spanish, Catalan, Italian, and French, making her a suitable match for marriage to any European royal or noble. Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books She also knows both Latin and Greek. She excels in playing the lute, composing poetry, and public speaking. Her exceptional administrative skills were evident later in life when she manages correspondence for Vatican City, and governs Ferrara. Cesare Borgia Cesare Borgia, Lucrezia’s brother, is often viewed as the architect of the Borgia family’s rise and fall. His ruthless ambition and cunning strategies led to the acquisition of substantial territories through warfare and political scheming. Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Lucrezia often finds herself in his shadow, yet she is key to his political intentions. She is a diplomat and negotiator for her family. Wealth and status grows with each husband but her marriages directly support Cesare’s ambitions. While Cesare is the aggressive force behind the Borgia name, Lucrezia has a more nuanced approach to power. Her influence is less in military might than in the softer politics of diplomacy, marriage and patronage. Puduhepa - Queen of the Hittites Nefertari Queen of Peace Ancient Egypt Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Sylvia Rose Books Marriages of Lucrezia Borgia Lucrezia's marriages are arranged by her family, each serving as a strategic alliance. Her first marriage, to Giovanni Sforza, is orchestrated to solidify the Borgia influence in the Romagna region. This is when the rumors begin. The marriage is not consummated. After political upheavals, it's annulled under dubious circumstances. Her next marriage to Alfonso of Aragon was equally laden with political implications and scandal. In 1498 she gives birth to a son, but Alfonso is not the father. Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Sylvia Rose Books Rumored fathers are a stable boy, Lucrezia's brother Cesare or her father Pope Alexander Vi. The second marriage ends tragically. Alfonso of Aragon is murdered, with Lucrezia's family alleged to be behind the plot as Alfonso has lost his usefulness. Lucrezia's next union is to Alfonso I d'Este, Duke of Ferrara. She has one child legitimately with Alfonso of Aragon and eight with Alfonso d'Este. Several go on to renown or infamy. Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Sylvia Rose Books In Ferrara, Lucrezia enjoys popularity as a cultural figure, nurturing artists and intellectuals and promoting Renaissance humanism. Her court is a center for creativity and innovation, transcending the reputation of her family. Each of her marriages highlights Lucrezia’s position in a game of power and ambitions. Historians argue she is far from a passive participant, suggesting Lucrezia wields significant influence and agency in her own right. Others maintain she is a pawn. She'll never tell. Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The Poisoning Rumors Lucretia Borgia's reputation is far from simple. While some accounts depict her as a conniving femme fatale whose beauty masks a sinister agenda, others suggest a more nuanced portrait of a woman caught in the tumultuous currents of her time. Accusations of illicit affairs swirl around her, further adding lto her already complex persona. Lucrezia Borgia is inextricably tied to rumors of her involvement in poisonings. Contemporaries call her " la venenosa " (the poisonous woman). Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Sylvia Rose Books It's said she has hinged hollow rings made to hold poisons. Plying enemies or obstructive people with food and drink she discretely adds the poison, so it's said. During the Renaissance, suspicions and myths flourish in a milieu of political treachery. The name Borgia becomes synonymous with poison and assassination. Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology How to Extract Red from Hematite: A Step-by-Step Guide Sylvia Rose Books While some of these allegations stem from rival factions seeking to vilify her, they nevertheless portray Lucrezia as a cunning and dangerous woman who can eliminate her enemies. Scholars continue to debate the validity of these claims. Some assert much of the lore sis fueled by misogynistic tropes of the time. These depict women in positions of power as manipulative seductresses, a theme also found in female rulers of ancient Egypt, such as Sobekneferu and Cleopatra VII. Sobekneferu - Queen of the Pharaohs Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment Sylvia Rose Books The Legacy of Lucretia Borgia Despite the cloud of scandal, Lucretia Borgia is also known for her patronage of the arts and her diplomatic acumen. Due to shadows of poison and deceit, her political influence is often obscured. As a woman of the Renaissance, Lucrezia navigated complex societal expectations, balancing the roles of wife, mother, and political player. Her patronage and engagement with artists like Giovanni Bellini and Titian reflect her commitment to culture. Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh John Dee - Talking to Angels Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Lucrezia Borgia remains a captivating enigma. Her story continues centuries after her time. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Powerful Medici, Borgia, Sforza, Gonzaga and Este families rise to prominence in the Renaissance. Behind the vast artistic innovations and philosophical advancements are Italian families whose wealth, influence, and patronage are highly influential at this time. Guelphs & Ghibellines: Blood of the Renaissance Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Sylvia Rose Books The Renaissance emerges in Italy, spreading through Europe during the 14th to 17th centuries. The movement is characterized by a revival of classical learning, art and culture. This transformative era primes the way into the modern world. The Medici Family: Patrons of the Arts Perhaps the most famous of all Renaissance families, the Medici dynasty originates in Florence, coming from Tuscany in the 1230 AD. The Medici rise to prominence in banking, giving them excellent leverage in moneylending as the official bank of the Church. Cosimo de' Medici & the Italian Renaissance Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections Sylvia Rose Books Cosimo de' Medici establishes his family's power. A fighter in the political arena he also builds up financial fortunes to the envy of other clans. He patronizes Donatello's David and other artworks. Four Popes are Medici family members. The family’s wealth allows them to become patrons of some of the greatest artists and architects of the era. Lorenzo de' Medici, known as "Lorenzo the Magnificent," is particularly instrumental in the cultural flowering of Florence. Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Rudolf II: Alchemy, Occult & Erotica Sylvia Rose Books He not only supports artists Leonardo da Vinci and Michelangelo but also cultivates a vibrant court, a gathering place for scholars and artists. Medici patronage allows the development of treasured works such as Michelangelo's "David" and Botticelli's "The Birth of Venus". Another famous de' Medici is Catherine, Queen of France . She reigns during the Huguenot-Catholic wars and persecutions. Her advisor and astrologer, Cosimo Ruggeri, is accused of practicing witchcraft, and Catherine along with him, with much speculation and rumor. Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Witches & Witchcraft: Ancient World Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The Sforza Family: Milan’s Power Brokers The Sforza family rise to rule in Milan and became prominent figures in Renaissance politics and culture. Francesco Sforza, originally a condottiero (a mercenary leader), claims power in the mid-15th century and establishes the family’s dominance. The Sforza are keen patrons of the arts, commissioning works Leonardo da Vinci, who creates the "Last Supper" for the Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie. The family’s mighty fortress castle, Castello Sforzesco, contains Da Vinci's works still displayed in its halls. Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Religious Persecutions of Diocletian Sylvia Rose Books One of the most striking of the Sforza ladies, Caterina Sforza carves herself a hard-won niche in history. Married at ten (the official age of consent is 14), she later rides into war when seven months pregnant, is known for her fiery nature, and rules with an iron fist. She outlives three husbands and spends much of her wealth on alchemy experiments, especially medicines, cosmetics and work with talc. Her passion inspires her grandson, Duke Cosimo de' Medici I, who builds laboratories in the Uffizi to patronize the practice of alchemy. Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books The Borgia Family: Politics and Intrigue The Borgia family has huge influence during the Renaissance. Their most prominent member, Pope Alexander VI, uses his papal authority to further the interests of the family. The Borgias are notorious for their political machinations, alliances and betrayals. César Borgia, son of Alexander VI, is a compelling figure in political strategy and ambition. His quest for power and control over the Romagna region becomes infamous as a case study for leaders aspiring to consolidate power, influencing Machiavelli’s The Prince , 1532. Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Sylvia Rose Books Beautiful blonde Lucrezia Borgia is the illegitimate daughter of Pope Alexander VI. Used as a bargaining tool, she has a rocky start to husbands, with annulments and suspected assassinations at convenient times for family machinations. Lucrezia is given the reputation as a cold-hearted poisoner clearing the way for her ambitions. On the other hand, when one is raised in such an environment, it's only natural to live within parameters considered normal. A girl has to survive, after all. Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Hundred Years’ War: Battles & Overview Sylvia Rose Books The Gonzaga Family: Patrons of the Arts in Mantua Ruling the city of Mantua, the Gonzagas are known for artistic patronage and cultural contributions. They invite luminaries like artists Andrea Mantegna and Giulio Romano to work in their court, fostering a rich creative environment. The family commissions the Palazzo Ducale and the Palazzo Te, architectural marvels reflecting the elegance and opulence of the Renaissance. Under the Gonzaga’s rule, Mantua becomes a thriving center for culture. Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Women Scientists of the Ancient World Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman Sylvia Rose Books The Este Family: Dynasties of Ferra The Este family rule Ferrara and are vital in promoting the arts and education during the Renaissance. They bring together humanists like Ludovico Ariosto and other scholars to their court, helping elevate Ferrara’s cultural status. The Este family is noted for collection of artworks and manuscripts, contributing significantly to the preservation and dissemination of Renaissance ideals. Their emphasis on humanism emphasizes the importance of education, philosophy, and the arts. Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Through patronage, political maneuvering, and cultural investments, the ruling families in Italy function at a unique time in human history. Their legacies endure in the masterpieces of art, architecture, and literature that continue to inspire and resonate today. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The ancient Greek philosopher Empedocles of Sicily is an important figure in science and metaphysics. Based on Plato's work he standardizes the four elements, later monopolized by Aristotle. Empedocles is also known for the dramatic circumstances of his death. Hundred Years’ War: Battles & Overview Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books What drives Empedocles to take such an extraordinary leap? The tale of his final plunge into the fiery mouth of Mount Etna is recounted through generations. The Philosopher and the Elemental Empedocles, born in the 5th century BCE in Akragas (Sicily), is best known for his theory of the four classical elements: earth, air, fire, and water. He sees the elements as physical substances, spiritual media and fundamental principles governing the universe. Sulfur-Mercury Theory: Alchemical Philosophy Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Ba Bird & Sacred Ram - Ancient Egypt Sylvia Rose Books His works, particularly “On Nature” and “Purifications,” explore the cycles of love and strife shaping existence. Love, according to Empedocles, unites, while strife separates. This duality resounds through nature and human experience. His philosophy combined the mystical with the scientific. Understanding the universe involves both rational thought and spiritual insight. Empedocles posits the idea of reincarnation, implying the soul has multiple lifetimes, seeking purification through various forms of existence. Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Unus Mundus One World: Psychology Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Sylvia Rose Books The Theater of the Divine By the time of his death, Empedocles has gained a reputation as a healer and prophet, attracting reverent followers. His belief in the soul's immortality reinforces his charismatic image. The act of jumping into Mount Etna can be seen as a dramatic culmination of both his teachings and his journey through life. Histories from ancient sources suggest that he desired to demonstrate his divinity or achieve a transcendental state. Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Gnosticism: Five Essential Gnostic Principles Anima & Animus: Gender Archetypes Sylvia Rose Books One theory posits that Empedocles chooses this self-immolation to escape the physical confines of his earthly existence. By immersing himself in the flames of Mount Etna, he might attempt a return to the elemental fire of transformation and rebirth. His act can be interpreted as an ultimate testament to his beliefs. Allegorically, he returns to the very element sparking life and creation. Or he could be barking mad. Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Early Fire Gods - Vulkan of Germania Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Sylvia Rose Books A Symbol of Defiance Another layer to this narrative arises from the social and political climate of ancient Greece. Empedocles faces opposition from established authorities, potentially leading him to embrace his death as a statement of defiance. His interaction with the elements, the fabric of the universe he seeks to explain, can be viewed as a rebellion against the limitations of societal norms and expectations. Rather than fading away quietly, he chooses to make an unforgettable exit. Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Alchemy Processes Invented by Islamic Alchemists Sylvia Rose Books Interpretations Through Time The legend of Empedocles has been interpreted in various ways over the centuries. Romantic poets and philosophers have turned to his story to symbolize the search for meaning in a chaotic world. The notion of self-sacrifice for the pursuit of truth has inspired countless thinkers, highlighting the struggle of individuals against overwhelming forces of nature and society. Not many jump into volcanoes, though, especially since Mihara is fenced off. Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth Sylvia Rose Books One story tells of his leap into the mouth of Etna as an attempt to prove he will be taken up as a divine immortal god. The fire throws back one of his sandals, and this in the minds of onlookers proves his attempt has failed. The poet Horace refers to the death of Empedocles in his work Ars Poetica and admits poets the right to destroy themselves. In Icaro-Menippus , a comedic dialogue written by the second-century satirist Lucian of Samosata, Empedocles' final fate is re-evaluated. Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Rather than being incinerated in the fires of Mount Etna, he's carried up into the heavens by a volcanic eruption. Although singed by the ordeal, Empedocles survives and continues his life on the Moon. He survives by feeding on dew. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Cosimo Ruggeri is an Italian astrologer , alchemist, haruspex , favorite and advisor to the queen regent of France, Catherine de Medici. Cosimo Ruggeri is the focus of numerous legends and known as a skilled practitioner of the occult, black magic, and witchcraft. Difference Between Astrology & Astronomy in the Ancient World Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Sylvia Rose Books In the volatile atmosphere of the 16th century French court, Cosimo Ruggeri stands out not for his mastery of the mystical arts and his scandalous reputation. An alchemist, haruspex, and astrologer, Ruggeri has influence over the French Queen Catherine de' Medici. Catherine herself is a powerful woman known for fierce political acumen, rumors of dark magic, and her role in the French Religious Wars of Catholics vs. Huguenots. She's especially implicated in the St Bartholomew's Massacre of 1572, in which up to 25,000 are killed. Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Guido Bonatti: Medieval Astrology Star Sylvia Rose Books Cosimo Ruggeri is born in Italy and called Côme Ruggieri in France. Alchemy, a blend of early chemistry, medicine, metallurgy, gemology, mysticism, and philosophy is a prominent pursuit especially among the wealthy Italian families such as the Medici of Florence. His charismatic, sinister charm opens doors. By the time he arrives at the French court, he has already carved a niche for himself as a trusted advisor to the rich and powerful. He is a haruspex, one who interprets omens in the entrails, especially liver, of a sacrificed animal. Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Sylvia Rose Books As an astrologer he uses the stars and planets to provide insights and innuendo into the fateful decisions made by the ruling elite. Ruggeri's presence at the French court coincides with a period marked by religious conflict and political maneuverings. Cosimo Ruggeri comes to the French court in 1571, part of Tuscan ambassador Petrucci's entourage. Renowned for academic proficiency, he instructs Queen Elisabeth of Austria in the Italian language but later loses her favor due to his occult attachments. Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books He earns the confidence of the Austrian queen mother, who consults him on political affairs based on his professed prophetic talents. Rumor has it that he even influences her through his alleged mastery of the mystical arts. Summoned by Catherine de Medici following a prophecy by Luca Gaurico, the Bishop of Civita-Ducale, that "St. Gervais shall see you [her] die," Because of his occult knowledge Ruggeri is invited by Catherine as an astrological advisor. Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Sylvia Rose Books To persuade him to remain, Catherine grants him the Abbey of St. Mahé in Brittany. It's said Ruggeri accurately foretells the monarchy of three of her sons to Catherine de Medici, along with duration of their reigns, using an enchanted mirror at Chaumont-sur-Loire. Catherine de' Medici is now a Queen regent in a time of hostility and strife. Catherine is disliked by the French who call her "the Italian woman." Her apparent involvement with the occult does nothing to improve her reputation. Planetary Name Symbolism in Ancient Astrology Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Sylvia Rose Books Cosimo makes friends with queen's favorites Concino Concini and Leonora Dori. Ruggeri’s services are invaluable amidst the complexities of court life. The French admire his apparent gift of prophecy, and his knack for making alchemical potions with fun and fizzy effects. His close ties to Catherine, a queen already under scrutiny for her unconventional methods and alliances, intensifies the gossip. The French court abounds with superstition, and Ruggeri, with his mysterious practices, becomes a target for suspicion. Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Hundred Years’ War: Battles & Overview Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore Sylvia Rose Books Some courtiers believe his astrological readings influence Catherine's policies, such as when to engage in battle or to marry off her children. His success in providing guidance through turbulent political times fuels the perception he wields an unnatural control over fate. Rumors swirl around his alchemical experiments. Many claim he dabbles in dark arts, including necromancy or communication with the dead, and witchcraft , the use of supernatural forces to harm others. How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Sylvia Rose Books The climate of an increasingly paranoid court means Ruggeri's scandalous reputation quickly builds. Accusations of sorcery and manipulation reveal the fear of many courtiers regarding the extent of his influence over the queen's decisions. Critics brand him as a charlatan trying to wield power through illusion and deceit. Others are drawn inexplicably to his charisma and inexplicable gifts. Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Sylvia Rose Books In 1574, after the death of Charles IX, he's named in a plot to assassinate Joseph Boniface de La Môle by using sorcery to kill the king. He's arrested and sentenced to the galleys. It's not enforced and he's pardoned in 1585, believed due to his connection to the queen mother. In 1589, Catherine de' Mecidi dies of complications from a lung infrection or pleursy. In 1598, Cosimo Ruggeri faces prosecution for supposedly creating a doll of Henry IV of France with the intention of using sorcery to cause harm. Ultimately, he is acquitted. Alchemy Processes Invented by Islamic Alchemists Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Women Scientists of the Ancient World Upon the death of Cosimo in Paris 1615, rumors of his involvement in magic lead to riots. The rumors are fueled by his refusal to receive the sacrament on his deathbed, which prompts people to descry Cosimo Ruggeri as a sorcerer. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Congelation is transformation of matter by freezing and crystallization. It's a straightforward process with many nuances. In spiritual alchemy, congelation embodies symbolic meanings and connection to the alchemical ideal. The process is associated with zodiac sun sign Taurus. Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Cupellation: Alchemy Process of Metals Alchemy & Renaissance Glass: Antonio Neri Sylvia Rose Books Congelation (from Latin: congelātiō , 'freezing, congealing') is a term of medieval and early modern alchemy for the process of crystallization. In the Secreta alchymiae ('The Secret of Alchemy') by Khalid ibn Yazid (c. 668 - 709), it's one of "the four principal operations". The others are Solution , Albification ('whitening'), and Rubification ('reddening'). It's one of the twelve alchemical operations involved in creation of the philosophers' stone according to George Ripley ( c.  1415–1490) in his Compound of Alchymy , as well as by Antoine-Joseph Pernety in his Dictionnaire mytho-hermétique (1758). Sylvia Rose Books Alchemy is a mystical and philosophical science seeking to transform or recompose elements, achieve immortality, and heal disease. It has a number of sources including metallurgy, ancient medicine and plant lore, gemology, pigment and dye making. The anonymously created goals of alchemy are: create an elixir of immortality create a panacea to cure all disease transform base metals and stones into precious metals and gems Chinese Alchemy: Mind Body Spirit Depth Psychology: Search for Meaning Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Sylvia Rose Books In languages and symbols and secrecy, alchemists intentionally portrayed their experiments using metaphors filled with mysterious allusions to mythology and history. The roots of alchemy can be traced back to Greek, Arabic, and ancient Egyptian words. What is Congelation? Congelation is the process of solidifying a substance by lowering its temperature, such as by freezing, resulting in formation of crystals or solids from liquids. This physical transformation is as ice forming on a lake. As time goes on congelation is broadly used to mean crystallization. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Sylvia Rose Books In alchemical terms, congelation is the process of capturing and stabilizing energies, bringing about a state of purity and material health. A scientific procedure in practical alchemy, in spiritual alchemy congelation represents a transformative journey. Just as water, when cooled, transitions to the solid state of ice, therapists believe spiritual or psychological states undergo metamorphoses. Changes ideally lead to enlightenment and realization of greater truths, as claimed in many of the world's religions. Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Cypriot Copper & Ancient Cyprus Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Sylvia Rose Books Ancient Days: How to Freeze Historically, alchemists incorporate congelation in their experiments. For many this means acquiring ice. For example average coldest temperature in Alexandria, January, is 13.8 °C (56.9 °F) . Making or acquiring ice, or chilling concoctions, isn't easy in ancient times. The Desert Cold In Egypt and India c. 500 BCE a technique develops as people place water in porous clay pots on beds of straw. Rapid evaporation under the cool night sky chills the water and, under the right conditions, creates thin layers of ice. Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Sylvia Rose Books During a dry, cloudless night in the desert, the desert surface is exposed to the cold night sky, allowing heat to escape easily from substances like water into space. As a result, water can release enough heat to freeze, even at a temperature of 5 ° Celsius (41 °F) . Lake Ice In an environment where freshwater freezes, before factories, ice is hand cut with saws from lakes and ponds. It's stacked in ice houses, usually cellars underground, and packed with straw. Glacier ice is moved the same way. Ice production becomes industrialized in the 19th century. Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Amethyst - Divine Purple Quartz Gemstone Sylvia Rose Books Practical Application of Congelation in Alchemy Freezing Water and Solvents : Early alchemists discover substances could be transformed when cooled to their freezing points, revealing new states of matter and properties. By manipulating various compounds, they use the power of congelation to isolate key elements. Crystallization Techniques : By inducing controlled congelation in certain solutions, alchemists learn to cultivate crystals thought to hold unique potencies. In mystic thought, these crystals carry inner wisdom or vibrational energy to promote healing or spiritual insight. Hematite: Magnetic Iron Oxide Red Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Sylvia Rose Books Integration of Moon Phases : Alchemists might align the process of congelation with lunar phases. The moon’s energy enhances the quality of the resultant crystals, making them more potent for their intended use. The moon is associated with silver, quicksilver, and the White Queen of Renaissance alchemy. The Symbolism of Congelation in Alchemy Congelation encompasses both physical and spiritual dimensions. It symbolizes the potential for transformation, the idea that through introspection, one can crystallize thoughts, beliefs, and emotions to achieve clarity and understanding. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Alchemy: Red King & White Queen Sylvia Rose Books Quartz manifests when magma cools. Silicon dioxide dissolves in water, but only at high temperature and pressure. When the temperature or pressure drops, the solution becomes saturated and quartz crystals form. It's interesting to note natural historian Pliny the Elder (c. 23-79 AD) considers clear quartz to be water frozen so long it's turned to stone. He's also the first to identify amber as a resin. It's hit and miss with Pliny. Sulfur-Mercury Theory: Alchemical Philosophy Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Sylvia Rose Books This process is often associated with: Stability and Resolution Just as freeze forms a stable solid, congelation represents the moment when chaotic energies are brought into order. This matured state allows for further transmutational processes to occur. Purification Congelation can signify the removal of impurities. In the alchemical context, it indicates only the essential qualities of a substance remain after cooling. In spiritual alchemy it's akin to the human journey of self-discovery, where extraneous thoughts and emotions are shed in favor of pure intention. Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Spiritual Manifestation Casually speaking, when the vapor of one’s aspirations solidifies into tangible reality, congelation comes into play. It reflects the power of defined goals and the alignment of the mind’s energies into a coherent form. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Hundred Years’ War is a series of conflicts waged from 1337 to 1453 between the Kingdom of England and the Kingdom of France. It's one of the most significant and complex wars in medieval history. Here it is in brief. Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Sylvia Rose Books Spanning over a century, this protracted struggle is a battle for land and sovereignty. Beyond this the War is was a conflict driven by dynastic claims, territorial ambitions, and the quest for national identity. Origins of the Conflict The roots of the Hundred Years' War lie in the feudal relationships and dynastic disputes of the late medieval era. By the early 14th century, the English crown hold significant territories in France, thanks to the Norman Conquest of 1066 and subsequent inheritances. Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Numinous: Beholding the Divine Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Sylvia Rose Books A crucial point of contention arose when French king Charles IV dies in 1328 without a male heir. The English king, Edward III, claims the French throne through his mother, Isabella, Charles IV's sister. On the other side, the French nobility support Philip VI, the head of the Valois dynasty, leading to rising tensions. In 1337, Edward III formally asserts his claim to the French crown, sparking off the beginning of hostilities. Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Sylvia Rose Books Key Phases of the War The Hundred Years’ War can be divided into several key phases, each characterized by distinct battles, political maneuvers, and evolving military tactics. The Edwardian War (1337-1360) This period witnesses significant English victories, most notably the Battle of Crécy in 1346 and the capture of Calais in 1347. The English longbow, a relatively new weapon on the battlefield, proved devastating against French knights, creating a shift in medieval warfare. Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books The Caroline War (1369-1389) After a brief peace, hostilities reignite. The French, under King Charles V, regain lost territories through clever military strategies and organization. This phase highlights the importance of skilled leadership and adaptability in warfare. The Lancastrian War (1415-1453) Inspired by Henry V’s famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt in 1415, this final phase sees fluctuating fortunes. English victories meet with increasing French defiance. Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Sylvia Rose Books Joan of Arc, a peasant girl claiming divine guidance, inspires troops and helps turn the war in favor of France. Her leadership and the lifting of siege at  Orléans symbolize revitalizes French resolve. The Impact of the War The Hundred Years’ War has profound effects on both England and France. National Identity In England, a sense of national identity begins to emerge as the conflict consumes the collective psyche. The war fosters a shared existence marked by struggle and pride, which was further solidified by cultural outputs, including literature and art. Roman Empire: Situation 300 AD Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Sylvia Rose Books Political Transformations In France, the war leads to significant political changes. The decline of feudalism is evident as centralized monarchy strengthens and the power of the nobility is curtailed. The realization of French unity becomes apparent, encouraging a more cohesive national identity. Military Innovations The war heralds changes in military tactics and technologies. The use of the longbow, artillery developments, and infantry strategies transform traditional medieval warfare practices. Shamhat: Sacred Prostitute & the Wild Man Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Social Consequences The war also has dire social implications. It leads to widespread devastation, economic hardship, and the loss of life across both nations. In the aftermath, England and France find themselves at crossroads, grappling with the effects of war on their societies. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Sulfur-Mercury theory, an ancient cornerstone of alchemical thought, exemplifies the duality inherent in alchemy. The relationship of sulfur and mercury evolves into that of the Red King and White Queen , and the birth of metaphysical ideas through the ages. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy Alchemy: Red King & White Queen Sylvia Rose Books Origins of Alchemical Thought Alchemy, a precursor to modern chemistry, emerges in various cultures, particularly in ancient Egypt, Greece, and the Islamic Golden Age. Alchemists seek the lapis philosophorum since the early centuries AD in Alexandria, Egypt. Central to this quest are two primary substances: sulfur and mercury, which symbolize and enact various elemental and spiritual qualities. While later writers add fluff and frills, elemental sulfur and mercury retain their quintessence for thousands of years. Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Sylvia Rose Books Remnants of mercury date to before c. 1500 BCE in Egypt but it's not often found in the alchemical closet, maybe as it's caustic. Spirituality of Egypt aims for preservation of the body. While quicksilver represents life in China, in Egypt its corrosive nature means decay. Preservatives such as natron, myrrh, rosemary, bitumen are discovered, but mercury is sparse in ancient Egyptian alchemy. However red powder of cinnabar, a mercury ore, is used in cosmetics. Sulfur has skin benefits and may be used in ointments. Anima & Animus: Gender Archetypes Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Unus Mundus One World: Psychology Sylvia Rose Books The Symbolism of Sulfur and Mercury In alchemical tradition, sulfur and mercury represent symbolic dichotomies. Sulfur (S) Often associated with qualities such as vitality, fire, and masculinity, sulfur represents the active, transformative force. In alchemical texts, sulfur is said to embody the essence of the “soul” or the “spirit” of a substance. It corresponds to the Sun, gold and the Red King. It symbolizes the volatile and dynamic nature of creation and transformation. In philosophical terms, sulfur corresponds to the processes of individualization and self-realization. Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Numinous: Beholding the Divine Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Sylvia Rose Books Mercury (Hg) Mercury symbolizes fluidity, passivity, and the feminine. She relates to silver and the moon, both of which are symbolized by the crescent. The liquid nature of mercury embodies adaptability, like the soul’s capacity to learn and mold itself in response to the external world. In alchemical practices, mercury is viewed as both a material and spiritual substance, representing the potential for transformation and action of change. Mercury is called quicksilver (Gr. hydrargyrum meaning wet silver), until the 7th century AD. Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Gnosticism: Five Essential Gnostic Principles Sylvia Rose Books The Alchemical Marriage The interplay between sulfur and mercury leads to the alchemical marriage or sacred union of opposites. This idea is central to the Sulfur-Mercury theory and represents the culmination of the alchemical process. The marriage signifies a synthesis of spirit and matter, where the volatile sulfur and the fluid mercury combine to create the philosopher's stone, or the Rebis, the Divine Hermaphrodite, depending on what century you're in. Alchemy Colors: Color Phase Therapy Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Sylvia Rose Books In contemporary thought the mercury sulfur duality is a metaphor for enlightenment, inner balance, and spiritual awakening. It's a merger of opposites into a force greater than the sum of its parts. In context of self-development, balancing the sulfurian aspects of one's character—active, assertive, and fiery - with the mercurial qualities of adaptability, intuition, and receptivity is used to achieve a harmonious and integrated sense of self. Individuation: Process and Philosophy Unity of Opposites: Spiritual Alchemy Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Implications for Modern Thought Carl Jung, the renowned psychologist, draws extensively on alchemical symbols. He interprets the alchemical process as a metaphor for psychological growth, indicating the synthesis of opposites is essential for achieving individuation and realization of the Self. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Philosophers' Stone or lapis philosophorum is a miraculous legendary substance. It holds secrets to an elixir of life, a cure for all disease and the magic of turning base metals like lead into precious ones like gold. It makes worthless stones into gems of fine luster. Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sylvia Rose Books In truth, it's an unattainable ideal yet a passionate object of quest. In legend, the stone makes the rounds since ancient Greece, mentioned by Democritus in the 5th century BCE. Mary the Jewess in c. 100 AD and Zosimos of Panopolis c. 300 AD refer to it. As translated from Islamic alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan in the 9th century it's simply called Lapis (the Stone) or noster lapis (our stone). Terms such as l apis philosophicus and lapis polisophicalis appear by 1130 AD. Albertus Magnus (1205 - 1282) calls it l apis quen philosophi laudant ubique  (the stone which the philosophers everywhere laud). Like Avicenna , Magnus is not a believer in the transmutation of metals. The term lapis philosophorum appears in the works of Raymund Lully (1234 - 1315) and also in writings of Arnoldus de Villa Nova (1240 - 1314). Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Medieval Islamic Scientist Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment Mention of a "philosophers' stone" or lapis philosophorum  emerges from Middle English poetry at the end of the 14th century. The Confessio Amantis  refers to the "parfit Elixir Of thilke philosphres Ston". Also during the late 14th century appears the first recorded the goal of alchemy: "The philosophers stoon, Elixir clept, we sechen." (The philosophers' stone, Elixir named, we seek). The stone isn't necessarily a rock or crystal. It can be a powder, liquid, oil, vapor, tincture, pill, tea or all of the above. The Philosophers' Stone enjoys its height of popularity in the Middle Ages and Renaissance. Even the 18th century brings Elixir of Life claims. How to Extract Red from Hematite: A Step-by-Step Guide Women Scientists of the Ancient World Colors of Alchemy: White Albedo Purification Sylvia Rose Books In Zosimos' writings the mention of a mystical stone appears as discussions between Aristotle and his teacher Plato. Greek philosopher Democritus is quoted as saying, " ... The stone is not formed until it has gathered all the colors that exist in the universe, and until it has been colored with all the simple and complex colors." As for Zosimos, he is credited with the riddle of a “... stone which isn't a stone, this precious thing which has no value, this polymorphous thing, which has no form, this unknown thing which is known to all.” Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment George Ripley: Alchemist of Augustine Historical Context The concept of the philosophers' stone combines elements of chemistry, philosophy, and mysticism. Everything in the universe is connected. Through understanding these connections, practitioners can transcend earthly limitations. The philosophers' stone is the apex of this transformation, perhaps for wealth, perhaps enlightenment. Fundamentally the stone is a metaphor for the Great Work or Magnum Opus of the alchemist. The philosophers' stone may be equated with the prima materia . Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Sylvia Rose Books In such a capacity it's known by many names, including the Angel of Violet Light, Scottish Gem, Spittle of the Moon and Urine. Alchemy builds a complex and secretive language around the creation or attainment of this extraordinary marvel. Symbolism and Interpretation At least by the middle of the 16th century, the Stone is associated with the color red. Anna Maria Zieglerin creates a red oil she claims is the Elixir of Life. Red is blood, life, passion, fire. It's linked to the rubedo stage of alchemical color phase therapy. Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Colors of Alchemy: Rubedo Magnum Opus Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The philosophers' stone finds its way into the world of spiritual alchemy, promoted by psychoanalyst Carl Jung. In spirituality its symbolic significance persists. The philosopher’s stone can be interpreted as a metaphor for personal transformation and self-actualization. Just as alchemists let no challenge faze them, individuals today strive to turn their experiences, challenges and even failures into opportunities for growth and enlightenment. Philosophically, the stone also represents the journey toward self-discovery. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Nāgārjuna: Buddhist Mystic & Alchemist Some esoteric traditions view it as a symbol of inner work required for spiritual enlightenment. This journey involves shedding ego, confronting inner demons, and ultimately achieving a state of balance and harmony. There are many facets to the philosopher's stone. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

After the 642 AD Islamic conquest of Egypt, the center of alchemy moves to Muslim lands. Medieval Arab alchemists study and expand upon the Greek model. Metals are formed by vapors, which settle in various proportions. Deep in the earth, they age from lead to gold. Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Sylvia Rose Books Much medieval alchemy happens during the Golden Age of Islam . Esteemed alchemist Jabir ibn Hayyan ( Geber, d. c. 816 AD) is credited with inventing the following chemical processes in the 8th century: 1. Pure Distillation ( al-taqtir ) using an alembic, a vessel invented in 3-4th century AD by Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria . One of Jabir's most significant contributions is the process of distillation. This technique heats liquid to create vapor, the cools the vapor to once more create a liquid, effectively separating mixtures based on differences in boiling points. Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Sylvia Rose Books Some experiments call for multiple distillations. Jabir's sophisticated use of this process allows refinement of substances, leading to the extraction of essential oils and alcohols. Pure distillation ( al-taqtir ) can fully purify chemical substances with the alembic Filtration ( al-tarshih ) Liquefaction, crystallization , purification, oxidization, and evaporation ( tabkhir ) Women Scientists of the Ancient World Colors of Alchemy: White Albedo Purification Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Sylvia Rose Books 2. Crystallization ( al-tabalwur ) Jabir explores the crystallization process, which involves the formation of solid crystals from a homogeneous solution. His method of crystallization allows for better representation and understanding of chemical compounds. 3. Sublimation Sublimation (also possibly invented by al-Razi) is the transition of a substance from solid to gas without passing through the liquid phase. Jabir studied this process and documented his observations in relation to several substances. This concept was significant for later chemists and helped in understanding phase transitions—a crucial aspect of physical chemistry. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Mystique of Nous: Awareness & Perception Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Sylvia Rose Books 4. Precipitation Precipitation happens when a solid forms from a solution during a chemical reaction. Jabir's studies on the interaction between various substances lead to better insights regarding chemical reactions and the formation of insoluble compounds. This process is widely used in various applications today, from wastewater treatment to the synthesis of nanoparticles. Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Sylvia Rose Books 5. Use of Acid-Base Reactions An acid-base reaction, also referred to as a neutralization reaction, is a chemical reaction involving an acid (H+) and a base (OH-). During this process, the acid and base combine to form a salt and water. Examples of acids include: hydrochloric acid (muratic acid, spirits of salt) sulfuric acid ( oil of vitriol ) nitric acid lactic acid (formed in the body by breakdown of carbohydrates) hydrobromic acid (one of the strongest mineral acids known) Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Sylvia Rose Books Bases include: potassium hydroxide (caustic potash) sodium hydroxide (lye, caustic soda) calcium hydroxide (slaked lime) lithium hydroxide cesium hydroxide Jabir's work with acids and bases leads to a keener understanding of chemical reactions. He classifies minerals and chemicals according to their properties, providing insight into the reactive nature of acids and alkalis. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sylvia Rose Books An acid-base reaction, also referred to as a neutralization reaction, is a chemical reaction involving an acid (H+) and a base (OH-). During this process, the acid and base combine to form a salt and water. 6. Introduction of Laboratory Equipment Beyond chemical processes, Jabir is also credited with the invention and improvement of various items of laboratory equipment. He meticulously catalogues experiments and results, advocating for empirical observations over speculative philosophy. Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books He's the originator of the mercury-sulfur theory of metals, in which metals are created from ratios of mercury and sulfur vapors. Where the vapors settle in the earth a metal is formed, its qualities dependent on the sulfur-mercury combination. A possibly related theory to the existence of various metals in the earth is that of aging. Arab alchemists are among the first to propose metals age for "thousands of years" progressing from lead to iron to copper to silver and gold. Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Jungian Numerology & Number Meanings Sylvia Rose Books Abu Bakr al-Razi , a Persian physician c. 865 - 945 AD, known as Rhazes in the West, is an early chemist and one of the key figures of the Islamic Golden Age. He invents or improves upon the following chemical processes: Dry distillation Calcination ( al-tashwiya ) Solution ( al-tahlil ) Sublimation ( al-tas'id ) Amalgamation ( al-talghim ) Ceration ( al-tashmi method of converting a substance into a thick paste or fusible solid. Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Calcination Process: Alchemy at High Heat Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Sylvia Rose Books Chemical Analysis Al-Razi advocates for the systematic analysis of substances to determine their properties, a concept foreshadowing modern analytical chemistry. He placed a strong emphasis on the use of observation and experiment to identify the characteristics and potential applications of chemical materials. Acids and Alkalies He conducted extensive research on various acids and their properties, which contributed to a better understanding of acid-base reactions. Al-Razi was among the early thinkers to categorize substances based on their chemical properties, laying groundwork for later classifications. Pseudo-Geber: Medieval Alchemy What is the Philosopher's Stone? Alchemy Symbols in Psychology Sylvia Rose Books Other chemical processes used or introduced by Muslim chemists include: Assation (or roasting), cocotion (or digestion), amalgamation, ceration, lavage, solution, mixture, and fixation. Destructive distillation is invented by Muslim chemists in the 8th century to produce tar from petroleum. Steam distillation is invented by the sage Avicenna in the early 11th century for the purpose of producing essential oils Water purification Azoth: Divine Substance of Alchemy Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Al-Razi and the Birth of Chemistry While many scholars of the time practiced alchemy, al-Razi distinguishes himself by adopting a more empirical and methodical approach. He's instrumental in the transition from alchemy to chemistry, although the lines remain distinctly blurry. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alexandria, founded by Alexander the Great, is one of the intellectual capitals of the ancient world. It boasts the famous Library of Alexandria, a hub of knowledge and scholarship where some of history's greatest thinkers converge. But this atmosphere suddenly grows hostile. Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Difference Between Astrology & Astronomy in the Ancient World Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Sylvia Rose Books By 145 BCE, a significant shift occurs in the city's socio-political landscape, leading to the expulsion of intellectuals. The librarian at the Great Library resigns and exiles himself to Cyprus. It's a turning point with impact through the ancient world and beyond. Historical Context During the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE, Alexandria is a melting pot of cultures, ideas, and religions. Jews, Greeks, Egyptians, and others interacted, contributing to a vibrant intellectual milieu. By the mid-2nd century BCE, political instability plagues the city. Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria The Great Library of Alexandria Sylvia Rose Books Alexandria is under Ptolemaic rule, which is losing control over the diverse ever-changing population. The Ptolemaic kings, particularly Ptolemy VI Philometor, often faced internal power struggles, including conflicts with rival factions. It would not be the last time ruling powers face rebellion from the free-thinking Alexandrians. Now Ptolemy especially targets the Jews, who make up a significant portion of the city's population. Jungian Numerology & Number Meanings Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Sylvia Rose Books Factors Leading to the Expulsion Political Turmoil The political climate in Alexandria had grown increasingly tense and divisive. The Ptolemies struggled to balance the interests of their Greek and Jewish subjects, leading to civil strife and violence. The tumultuous relationships fueled suspicion and resentment toward intellectual elites, who were often perceived as being out of touch with the everyday struggles of common citizens. Spiritual Magic - Numbers Three & Nine Collective Unconscious: Seeking the Whole Psychology: Understanding Archetypes Sylvia Rose Books Religious Tensions Simmering religious undercurrents also played a crucial role. The Jews in Alexandria establish a strong community, complete with synagogues and schools, but their growing influence sparks bitterness among other groups. As tensions escalate, the clash of ideologies reach a boiling point. This incites some factions to view intellectuals, who are frequently aligned with entrenched power structures, as enemies to local interests and traditions. Planetary Name Symbolism in Ancient Astrology Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Sylvia Rose Books Intellectual Elitism The intellectual elite of Alexandria are often seen as distant and self-serving. Scholars, philosophers, and scientists dedicated to the pursuit of knowledge can be detached from the realities of daily life. As dissatisfaction with elite dynamics grows, calls for the expulsion of those perceived as corrupt or dissociated from the common man's plight intensified. Perhaps some of those live well at the expense of others; and some give nothing but arrogance for their keep. Alchemy Symbols: Tail of the Peacock Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy Gnosticism: Five Essential Gnostic Principles Sylvia Rose Books Scapegoating During Crisis In times of crisis, societies often seek scapegoats. Intellectuals, with their perceived aloofness and controversial ideas, became logical targets for frustrations regarding the political state of affairs. The expulsion is a way to direct anger away from leaders and institutions and towards those seen as emblematic of failure. Implications of the Expulsion The expulsion of intellectuals from Alexandria in 145 BCE has profound implications, both immediate and far-reaching. As a center of learning, Alexandria’s decline diminishes its status as a leading intellectual hub. Scholars who once flock to the city seek inspiration elsewhere. Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire Baltic Amber in Folklore and Myth This diaspora helps spread Hellenistic learning through the Mediterranean and affecting even Rome. Expulsion of intellectuals in 145 BCE shows how political strife, religious tension and social changes disrupt a vibrant cultural schema. Naturally, Alexandria recovers. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Rust is a complex chemical reaction from the interaction of iron, oxygen, and moisture. This common phenomenon produces striking colors and patterns attributed mainly to rust oxidation of iron. Rust contains several important and beautiful minerals. How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Sylvia Rose Books The Science of Rust Formation Rust is primarily composed of iron oxides, which form through oxidation. Oxidation is direct exposure to air, which carries oxygen. When iron (Fe) comes into contact with oxygen (O2) in the presence of moisture (H2O), the chemical reaction forms iron oxide or rust. This iron hydroxide (Fe(OH)3) can dehydrate to form hematite (Fe2O3) or other iron oxide minerals. Major minerals in the glory that is rust include hematite, goethite , magnetite, lepidocrocite and ferrihydrite. Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment How to Extract Red from Hematite: A Step-by-Step Guide Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Sylvia Rose Books The Major Minerals in Rust Hematite (Fe2O3) : Hematite is one of the most common forms of iron oxide found in rust. It has a distinctive reddish color, which is characteristic of rust and can be found in various iron-rich deposits. Hematite is often mined as a primary source of iron ore and is an important mineral in many geological formations. It can occur in mineral (above) or earthy formations . Goethite (FeO(OH)) : Goethite is another significant mineral in rust. This iron hydroxide mineral can also form through the oxidation of iron and is typically yellowish-brown. Goethite is often associated with the later stages of weathering. Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Sylvia Rose Books Magnetite (Fe3O4) : While not commonly associated with the orange-red rust we see, magnetite is another form of iron oxide that can emerge during the initial stages of oxidation. It has magnetic properties and is typically found in igneous rocks and ores. Under certain conditions, magnetite can form during rusting as a result of the reaction process. Lepidocrocite (γ-FeO(OH)) : Lepidocrocite is a layered iron oxide that is closely related to goethite. It can be formed in moist environments and has a more porous structure. Lepidocrocite is often less stable than hematite or goethite and will sometimes transform into these minerals over time. Prussian Blue - Delight of Artists & Poisoners Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Sylvia Rose Books Ferrihydrite (5Fe2O3·9H2O) : Ferrihydrite is a poorly crystalline iron oxide that can form immediately after the initial rusting phase. It’s typically unstable and dehydrates into more stable forms like hematite or goethite under further weathering conditions. Ferrihydrite plays a role in the global iron cycle and is significant in soil and sediment chemistry. Environmental and Practical Implications Of the rust minerals, goethite and hematite are most often used in pigments and in creating certain types of ceramics. Understanding minerals involved in rust can lead to better strategies for corrosion inhibition to prolong lifespan of metal structures and reduce maintenance costs. Nāgārjuna: Buddhist Mystic & Alchemist Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Rust is a sign of decay, a process integral to existence. In spiritual alchemy the nigredo phase focusses on decomposition and decay before the beginning of new light. It's a complex process inviting the colors of nature bright with meaning into our lives. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Goethite is common but like hematite a remarkable iron oxide mineral. In geology and mineralogy, goethite has piqued the interest of scientists, collectors, and artisans alike, and not just because it's named after a poet. These are the mysterious colors of rust. Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Jungian Numerology & Number Meanings Sylvia Rose Books Goethe (1749 - 1832) is a natural philosopher, Germany's greatest poet and literatus. Faust is among his writings. Goethite, discovered 1806, is named after him due to his keen interest in minerals. What is Goethite? Goethite is the yellow in the ore limonite of ocher, and so much more. It's nefariously hard to identity in a line-up due to its clever array of manifestations, from brilliant and dynamic to sophisticated and smooth. How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Sylvia Rose Books An iron-bearing hydroxide mineral with the chemical formula FeO(OH), it's most common in red, golden yellow to brown, black but can be other hues. In alchemy, these colors rise from decay in the alchemical nigredo phase into the tail of the peacock . A main component of rust, goethite gives a golden reddish orange hue to soils, ocher, and rocks. Its name comes from the famous German poet, playwright, and naturalist Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. He doesn't discover it but he has some astute observations on light. Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Sylvia Rose Books While goethite can be found around the globe, it typically forms through the weathering of iron-rich minerals. It's also found in sedimentary rocks, often as a secondary mineral in bog iron and as an essential component of soils high in iron or aluminum in tropical climates. Physical Properties of Goethite Goethite has distinct physical properties that contribute to its characterization: Color: Goethite can be found in various colors, typically shades of brown, yellow, or black. The color often depends on the impurities present and the specific conditions under which it formed. Crystal System: Goethite exhibits a monoclinic crystal system, often appearing in massive or fibrous forms, but can also form elongated crystals known as "prisms." Hardness: With a Mohs hardness ranging between 5 to 5.5, goethite is relatively hard and can be used to create durable objects, including jewelry. Luster: The mineral often exhibits a dull to submetallic luster, contributing to its understated beauty. Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Planetary Name Symbolism in Ancient Astrology Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Sylvia Rose Books Uses of Goethite Goethite has several practical applications that speak to its utility beyond mere geological interest: Pigments: One of goethite’s primary uses is in the production of yellow and brown pigments for paints and coatings. Its vibrant colors have been used in artistic mediums and various decoration techniques. Iron Ore: Goethite is an important source of iron, and as such, it plays a critical role in the steel manufacturing industry. As one of the most valuable iron-bearing minerals, goethite is often mined and processed for its abundant iron content. Soil Sciences: In soil science, goethite’s presence is an indicator of the soil’s iron content and can inform practices in agriculture and land management. Jewelry and Collectibles: The unique color variations and patterns found in goethite make it an attractive choice for jewelry designers and mineral collectors seeking unusual specimens. Mercurius: Mystical Essence of Alchemy Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Women Scientists of the Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books Goethite in Historical Context Throughout history, goethite has held significance beyond its physical properties. Some ancient cultures recognize the mineral's value, using it not just for its physical utility, but also for aesthetic qualities. Archaeological finds show goethite used as pigment in cave paintings. Goethite, while perhaps not as celebrated as other minerals like quartz or amethyst, is a fascinating component of Earth's geology and human history. Its rich iron content, colorful appearances, and range of applications suit various fields—from industry to art and science. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top