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The Almadén Mines in central Spain have an infamous past driven by profit and greed. The deadly history of ancient Almadén revolves around mercury, cinnabar, the waking nightmare of hardships endured by those condemned to the horrors of poisonous death. Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury The name Almadén is from the Arabic: المعدن, romanized:  al-maʻdin , lit. 'the metal', 'the mineral' or 'lode', and so by extension, the place where these are excavated, 'the mine'. The Almadén region is the world's most important mercury mining district until it's closed in 2002. The complex is made up of the huge Almadén and five more mines of less importance. Within this area the presence of cinnabar (HgS, the main mercury ore) has been described at up to 60 sites. Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death History Cinnabar has been mined in Almadén for over two millennia. The history of Almadén involves the evolution of economic and social concern. The mines provide valuable resources but also horror, sickness and death. The area is conquered by Romans c. 133 BCE. The Romans start extracting cinnabar from Almadén  after vermilion is commercialized in   the Mediterranean. Pliny   the Elder (23-79 AD) describes distillation of native mercury from cinnabar   in   marmites, or giants' pots, huge holes carved into stone by glacial action. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Medieval Islamic Scientist Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Due in part to Roman roads, the region grows to an important point in commerce. Cheap labor, processing efficiency and ever-expanding trade routes contribute to its success. The Almadén mine complexes become the largest source of mercury in the world. Substantial quantities of mercury and cinnabar travel through Europe and the Americas, shipped in lead containers. Lead and glass are among the few materials mercury doesn't consume. From there the mercury may be poured into smaller receptacles for sale or trade. Lucrezia Borgia: Exploring the Enigma Hundred Years’ War: Battles & Overview Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making In 474 AD, the Visigoths expel the Romans. The Moors drive out the Visigoths in 711 AD and create a great civilization. In a tumultuous time of “Reconquista" through years 801 - 1492, Christians make gradual conquests, and in 1151 capture Almadén under King Alfonso VII. The economic impact of the Almadén mines on Spain is immense. Wealth generated from mercury exports boosts the Spanish economy, especially during the colonial period when mercury is crucial for the extraction of silver and gold in the Americas. Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Mercury The mining process is labor-intensive and traumatic. Miners face health hazards daily, as exposure to mercury fumes cause severe neurological and respiratory damage.  Cinnabar (HgS) is a compound of mercury (Hg) and sulfur (S). Always practical, the Romans use mercury in paint. Paint containing mercury is found in Roman homes buried by the volcanic ash of Mount Vesuvius' famous eruption in 79 AD. The pigment vermillion is popular. Alchemy in the European Renaissance Bosporus: Black Sea Nature & Greek Myth Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Romans also use mercury in a technique of gold-plating. Gold and mercury are melted together, and the mixture brushed onto the substrate. Heat is applied to evaporate the mercury and send invisible toxic fumes throughout the work area. Termed hydrargyros   during the time of Aristotle (384-322 BCE), the liquid metal is later called Argenturn Vivurn  “alive silver” or in English “quicksilver". The name mercury comes from the association of the metal with the planet Mercury by 7th century AD alchemists. Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore Mercurius: Mystical Essence of Alchemy Ancient and medieval astrology link specific metals with planets. The geocentric planetary schema of Greek astronomy coincides with a pattern of ranking of the corresponding metals by atomic number, even though awareness of the atomic properties is not yet fully known. Vermilion Another cinnabar product from Almadén is vermilion, a deep scarlet red artists' pigment. Cinnabar is ground to powder to produce the only bright red available to ancient painters and dyers. Vermilion is also used in cosmetics to bring a blush to the skin and lips. Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Vermilion - Scarlet Pigment of Death In Mesoamerican societies it's used to powder paint the dead. An ancient synthetic process to create cinnabar (HgS): "Black mercury sulfide is created by mashing mercury and melted sulfur together, followed by heating the mixture in a retort. This process results in vapors condensing into bright red mercury sulfide." Synthetic vermilion is made by either a dry or a wet method. The dry method is thought to be invented in China by the fourth century BCE. It consists of heating mercury and sulfur in a sealed container. Vermilion or red lacquer is prized in Chinese artworks. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Nüwa: Chinese Primordial Snake Goddess Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Mercury Madness (Mercury Poisoning) It begins with tremors and memory loss and progresses to confusion, seizures, insanity and death. Miners witness the advanced effects on others, and know their fates. Despite the risks, demand for mercury increases operations at the mines. Miners and processors are convicts and low-quality slaves. If lucky, a convicts could be released before the full extent of mercury poisoning sets in. Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids About 25% of cinnabar miners die while countless more get sick, from tremors to seizures and madness. Comparatively, almost 100% of mercury processors die. Mining and processing are done at the same complex. Separating mercury from its sulfur compound involves industrial scale distillation. Even at room temperature mercury evaporates, and heated it evaporates faster. According a medieval writer work at the mines is fast and frenetic. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Care and Feeding of Your German Kobold Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Workers handle cinnabar and inhale invisible toxic fumes constantly. The slaves doomed to the mines are branded as rebellious or undesirable thus can be bought for a fraction of the price of slaves suitable for society. They're used up and replaced by others. Mercury silently seeps into the lungs and bloodstreams of those who work the mines. As the extraction continues, the name Almadén is a somber reminder of the sacrifices made in the name of someone else's wealth and power. Bolus of Mendes: Healer Philosopher of Egypt Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Complaints about the conditions of the mining complex prompt an investigation in the 15th century. Dwellings are overcrowded, poorly constructed, and lack basic sanitation. Access to clean water is limited. According to the complaints, cave-ins and mine fires are commonplace. The investigators come to take a look. They conclude there's plenty of room in the housing constructions, miners are well fed and all precautions are taken for their safety. George Ripley: Alchemist of Augustine Natron - Ancient Embalming & Household Salts Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides During the 15th and 16th century, the Fugger family, German mercantile and banking dynasty dominates European business. The Fuggers of Augsburg, two German bankers, administer the mines in the 16th and 17th centuries in return for loans to Spain. The Romans use convicts in mines under the punishment damnatio ad metalla , which condemns slaves and criminals to work in mines. Around the 18th century the Fuggers are still using convict labor, as a cheap alternative to freed workers, who complain too much. Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Slavery is outlawed by Spain in the 19th century. Even before then, many free workers are drawn into a cycle of poverty effectively binding them to the mines out of economic need. Due to health hazards, in 2002 it becomes illegal to mine mercury in Spain, and the mines close. The site is now a museum. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Avicenna also known as Ibn Sina, an Islamic visionary whose contributions span various including philosophy, theology, medicine and alchemy. By the time he's ten he has memorized the Quran. Avicenna influences both Islamic and Western practices. 3 Islamic Alchemists & the House of Wisdom Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Ancient Uses & Medicine Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Early Life and Context Born in 980 CE in Afshana, near Bukhara in present-day Uzbekistan, Avicenna shows extraordinary intellectual abilities from a young age. His education is steeped in the rich traditions of Islamic scholarship, blending Greek philosophical thought with Islamic theology. His discoveries in various fields arise amid a thriving intellectual climate characterized by the translation of ancient Greek texts and abundance of new ideas. He lives in Rey, now part of modern Tehran, and serves at the courts of Caliphs. Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Avicenna's corpus includes writings on astronomy, alchemy, geography and geology, psychology, Islamic theology, logic, mathematics, physics, and works of poetry. He's thought to have authored about 450 works, of which approximately 240 survive. One of Avicenna's most enduring legacies is role in bridging the gap between ancient wisdom and modern scientific thought. By blending works of Greek philosophers like Aristotle with Islamic teachings and his own ideas, Avicenna makes lasting advancements in science. Difference Between Astrology & Astronomy in the Ancient World Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Ancient Astrology: New Perspectives Avicenna's Contributions to Medicine Avicenna's The Canon of Medicine  ( Al-Qanun fi al-Tibb ) revolutionizes medical education for over six centuries, emphasizing observation, experimentation, and empirical evidence, priming the ground for modern medical practice. Formulated in the early 11th century, this comprehensive encyclopedia of medical science encapsulates the knowledge of his predecessors, including Hippocrates. It incorporates clinical observations and philosophical inquiries into the nature of health and disease. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Theriac: Miracle Snake Venom Potion The Canon  is a catalog of medical facts in five books. It also encompasses theories of causation, importance of diagnosis, and the utility of pharmacology. It's widely used in both the Islamic world and Europe and remains a standard medical textbook until the Renaissance. Alchemy and the Quest for Knowledge Avicenna's contributions to alchemy are significant. In the context of the 11th century, alchemy represents a blend of science and spirituality and a search for both material and spiritual purification. In Arabic the words for chemistry and alchemy are the same. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Avicenna's writings on alchemy contribute to the transformation of this field from a metal-dyeing process with mystical attributions and an ancient medical connection into a discipline stressing the importance of experimentation and observation. Avicenna is an admirer of Greek philosopher Aristotle. He generally believes in the traditional Aristotelian analysis of existents divided into the constituent elements of matter ( madda ) and form ( sura ) which are joined together to form the substance, which Aristotle calls ousia . Alexandria & the Siege of Diocletian Alchemy: Dyeing Stones to Look Like Gems Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy He adopts the Aristotelian definition of substance. It's explained as ‘that whose essence does not exist in a subject [of inhesion]’ and explains substance as ‘what subsists without any ‘foreign’ mawdu (subject), but is the subject of inhesion itself’. Unlike Aristotle, Avicenna emphasizes the union of matter and form does not result in the existence of the substantial compound. According to Avicenna, existence is ultimately bestowed by God. Zosimos of Panopolis: Father of Alchemy The Great Library of Alexandria Pseudo-Geber: Medieval Alchemy He sees God as the sole Being who inherently exists. The nature of God, from a Neoplatonic viewpoint, necessitates the world's existence as a natural outcome of God's self-awareness. One of the most important alchemical achievements of Avicenna is his rationale about the transmutation of metals. While earlier Islamic alchemists experiment with the philosophy of changing the nature of metals, Avicenna challenges these beliefs. Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Unus Mundus One World: Psychology Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy He states, "Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change." and, "Only imitations of gold can be formed, because the essential nature of a pure metal can never be altered." After this, Islamic practitioners and philosophers drop the concept of metal transmutation. In Europe the transformation of other metals to gold and silver becomes a significant quest for kings, patrons and alchemists, but ends up transmuting one's gold into someone else's pocket. Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Shennong Primordial Farmer & Healer Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Four works on alchemy attributed to Avicenna are translated into Latin as: Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae  (... on the soul in the art of alchemy) Declaratio Lapis physici Avicennae filio sui Aboali (Declaration of the Physic Stone of Avicenna to his son Aboal) Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum (Avicenna on the congealing ... of stones) Avicennae ad Hasan Regem epistola de Re recta  (Avicenna's letter to Hasan the King concerning the right matter) Avicenna is the first to extract attar of flowers, essential oil typically obtained from rose petals, through the process of distillation. He uses steam distillation to create rose essence, which he incorporates into aromatherapy treatments for heart problems. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Today, Avicenna's legacy persists in various spheres of knowledge. His medical texts and philosophical works are studied not only in historical contexts but are also regarded as pivotal foundations for many modern fields. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Islamic alchemists and practitioners bridge the gap between the once-vibrant Alexandrian tradition and the friars of alchemy in medieval Europe. The Golden Age of Islam sees many Greco-Roman texts translated to offer integral insights to alchemy in history. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Ancient Uses & Medicine Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time For example, work of Zosimos of Panopolis turns up translated to Arabic at a dig site in the 1990s. While originals are lost, translations like these preserve crucial writings on alchemical practice, philosophy, processes, world view, equipment and life of the ancient alchemist. Several important luminaries appear in the realm of alchemy, each with his own essential contributions. These include Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber), Al-Razi (Rhazes), Ibn Sina (Avicenna), and Al-Ma'mun's House of Wisdom. Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Jabir ibn Hayyan (Geber) Jabir ibn Hayyan, commonly known as Geber in the Western world, is active in the 7th century AD. A polymath scholar and practitioner, he revolutionizes the disciplines of alchemy and chemistry. His works emphasize the importance of observation and experimentation. Jabir's treatises on alchemy describe key concepts such as the "elixir of life" and the transmutation of metals, which become central themes in Western alchemical traditions. Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age Alchemy Processes Invented by Islamic Alchemists Often heralded as the "father of chemistry," Jabir ibn Hayyan uses experimentation and a systematic methodology divergent from earlier mystical practices. Jabir authors numerous texts, including the influential "Book of Secrets" and "The Book of Stones." Jabir bin Abdullah is esteemed for his knowledge among his peers. As mentioned by Hisham ibn Urwah, he conducts teaching sessions in the Prophet's Mosque, attracting followers who are interested in learning about the Quran. Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore Women Scientists of the Ancient World Jabir also stresses the importance of reproducibility in experiments. He is credited with introducing developments of chemical processes such as distillation, crystallization, and sublimation. Some come from the Alexandrian alchemists; for instance Mary the Jewess uses a kerotakis , an ancient distillation apparatus, and a tribikos, a three armed vessel for similar purposes. His theories on transmutation are based on the properties of mercury and sulfur vapors. As the vapors travel through the earth they mingle in various proportions or properties (hot, cold, dry, wet) to produce metals such as lead, iron, mercury, tin, zinc, copper to gold and silver. In order to change lead into gold, for instance, the mercury-sulfur ratio is altered. This makes it theoretically possible to turn lead into gold or tin into silver. It's later refuted by Avicenna, but the concept of metal transutation continues to intrigue practitions and scholars. Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Al-Razi (Rhazes) Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi, known as Rhazes in the West, is a Persian polymath living in the 9th century. His alchemical experiments explore transmutation to base metals into noble ones. His work on medicinal alchemy make him a pioneer in both. Renowned for his contributions to both medicine and alchemy, like Jabir, Al-Razi challenges established norms and advocate for observation and experimentation rather than adherence to ancient texts. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Calcination Process: Alchemy at High Heat How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Al-Razi is known for his work, "Kitab al-Asrar" (The Book of Secrets), combining alchemical theory with pharmacology. He catalogues chemical substances and emphasizes the principles of reactions, focusing on behavior of various compounds and their therapeutic properties. His distinguishing feature is the commitment to practicality over mysticism, which helps transition alchemy towards a more empirical style of methodology. Al-Razi's work is important in developing chemical-based healthcare. Medieval Astrology of Islam Pseudo-Geber: Medieval Alchemy Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Ibn Sina (Avicenna) Ibn Sina or Avicenna ( 980 - 1037 AD) is one of the most influential thinkers in Islamic intellectual history. His alchemical works, deeply rooted in Aristotelian philosophy, explore the metaphysical aspects of alchemy alongside its practical applications. While earlier Islamic alchemists experiment with the philosophy of changing the nature of metals, Avicenna challenges their beliefs with his own rationale. He states, "Those of the chemical craft know well that no change can be effected in the different species of substances, though they can produce the appearance of such change." and, "Only imitations of gold can be formed, because the essential nature of a pure metal can never be altered." Avicenna is first to derive the attar of flowers, essential oil most often extracted from rose petals, by distillation. He uses steam distillation to produce essential oils such as rose essence, which he uses in healing aromatherapy treatments for heart conditions. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Four works on alchemy attributed to Avicenna are translat ed into Latin as: Liber Aboali Abincine de Anima in arte Alchemiae (... on the soul in the art of alchemy) Declaratio Lapis physici Avicennae filio sui Aboali (Declaration of the Physic Stone of Avicenna to his son Aboal) Avicennae de congelatione et conglutinatione lapidum (Avicenna on the congealing ... of stones) Avicennae ad Hasan Regem epistola de Re recta (Avicenna's letter to Hasan the King concerning the right matter) The work of Avicenna spans various disciplines including medicine, metaphysics and alchemy. His integration of alchemy with his system of philosophy exemplifies connections between material and spiritual realms. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Alchemy & Seven Hermetic Principles Figs - Food of the Ancient World He makes significant contributions to the philosophical understanding of alchemical processes. In his seminal text, "Kitab al-Shifa" (The Book of Healing), Ibn Sina explores the essence and nature of substances, joining the mystical with objective inquiry. Avicenna's emphasis on the systematic classification of elements and their interactions change how substances are understood. He proposes a more nuanced view of matter, dismissing the concept of transmutation to consider the intrinsic properties of substances. His medical texts integrated alchemical principles into health sciences, focusing on how chemical compounds can influence bodily functions. His influence extends beyond the Islamic world, significantly impacting European thought during the Renaissance. The Great Library of Alexandria Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Al-Ma'mun and the House of Wisdom The House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikmah) or Grand Library of Baghdad is established in the 9th century AD during the Abbasid Caliphate, under the patronage of Caliph Al-Ma'mun. Over the years it grows and prospers as a center of intellectual exchange and scholarship. The House of Wisdom is instrumental in preserving and translating ancient alchemical texts, including those of Jabir ibn Hayyan, Al-Razi, and Avicenna. Scholars and scholarship are central to compiling alchemical wisdom from different cultures. Urine in Medieval Alchemy & Medicine Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Magic of the Circle: Spirituality & Lore Greek philosophical and scientific texts are held in esteem as are the writings of Zosimos of Panopolis. Of the Alexandrians Mary the Jewess is highly revered, given the name Daughter of Plato, which is another term for white or purified sulfur. Through Al-Ma'mun's leadership, the House of Wisdom is a progressive institution for alchemical studies and a collaborative environment among scholars. Efforts to preserve and expand upon classical knowledge create a sustainable legacy for following generations. Al-Ma'mun’s support highlighted the critical role of patronage in the advancement of science, as the establishment not only encouraged alchemical experiments but also enriched the intellectual culture of the Islamic Golden Age. Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Active Imagination: Creative Therapy The legacy of Jabir ibn Hayyan, Al-Razi, Avicenna, and Al-Ma'mun enriches the alchemical tradition through advancements in chemistry, medicine, and metaphysics. These visionary pioneers continue to inspire generations of scholars and seekers. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

A vibrant golden spice, turmeric captivates kingdoms, heals the sick and rules the routes of the spice trade. The humble root has a long history. A coveted item in the ancient world, turmeric has culinary, spiritual and practical uses. Bolus of Mendes: Healer Philosopher of Egypt Caraway Spice - Herbology & Folklore Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Ancient Uses of Turmeric A Healing Spice Turmeric ( Curcuma longa ) is a flowering plant of the ginger famil y Zingiberaceae . Native to the Indian subcontinent and Southeast Asia, turmeric needs temperatures between 20 and 30 °C (68 and 86 °F) and a high annual rainfall to thrive. Ancient civilizations revere turmeric not only for its vibrant color but also for its medicinal properties. Used in Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicine, this golden spice is a potent healing elixir taken to cure a variety of ailments, from inflammation to digestive issues. Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Its secret power is curcumin, also known as diferuloylmethane, an active component in the golden spice. It is exhibits antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, antioxidant, wound-healing, and antimicrobial activities and is studied by modern medicine for its properties. It has been used for treating rheumatoid arthritis, skin cancer and digestive disorders. It has benefits for sufferers of depression, memory loss or heart disease, is applied to various cancers and, like ginger, said to impart longevity. Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Salt Trade - the Most Precious Mineral Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature The orange gold color of turmeric root is an instant mood-lifter. It signifies optimism, warmth, the Sun, generosity, kindness and enlightenment. In some parts of South India, turmeric root is worn as an amulet to ward off evil spirits. In other religions, the bright saffron robes of Buddhist monks are dyed with turmeric. The spice and color are believed to have divine connections to Lord Krishna. In India, turmeric has been used as a culinary seasoning for over 4,000 years and also holds an important place in both Hindu and ayurvedic traditions. Spiritually, turmeric is used for purification, protection and abundance rituals. Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine The Hindu Haldi Ceremony is a pre-wedding tradition. It involves rubbing turmeric (haldi), mixed in oil and water, onto the body. It acts as a skin exfoliant to liven the skin before the wedding, and is viewed as a blessing to the couple. According to the Yoga of Herbs "... Turmeric gives the energy of the Divine Mother and grants prosperity." Turmeric relates to the root chakra. A blocked root chakra can manifest as pain in the lower back, legs, knees and feet, such as sciatica. Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Women Scientists of the Ancient World Alchemy in the Renaissance: Quest for Truth Culinary Delights Beyond medicinal benefits, turmeric finds its way into the culinary world, adding depth of flavor and color to dishes. From curries to stews, this versatile spice is a staple in kitchens and just right on a cold winter day or sunny wedding celebration. Turmeric is used as a natural coloring agent in certain types of mustard, and it is a component in curry powder. It contributes a rich flavor profile and appealing hue to Thai or other Asian cuisine. Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment The Spice Trade The spice trade originates more than 4,000 years ago in the Middle East. Merchants from the Arabic region add elements of intrigue by keeping the sources of their products secret. They justify high prices with elaborate tales of battling mythical winged beasts, such as the ferocious Giant Cinnamon Birds , to harvest spices from perilous cliffs. Seasonings such as cinnamon, cassia, cardamom, ginger, and turmeric are important items of commerce in the early evolutions of trade. As civilizations and empires rise, turmeric emerges as a prized commodity in the spice trade. Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Traversing trade routes over continents, the golden spice turmeric means wealth, power, and prestige. Since ancient times, turmeric is grown in India, and later in China. It's then introduced to the Middle East, Africa (where it becomes a key ingredient in Ethiopian dishes), and Europe through trade routes. Nowadays, turmeric is cultivated in India, China, Myanmar, Nigeria, and Bangladesh. Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Jungian Numerology & Number Meanings Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Testing metals is a precise and varied process in the ancient world. It's a crucial skill in ensuring fair trade and preventing fraud. There are several ways metals are tested in ancient times. How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess The Art of Testing Metals Markets of ancient civilizations are huge, with many merchants trading precious metals like gold and silver. To ensure the metals are genuine and of high quality, traders and buyers develop ingenious methods of testing them. One common method used by ancient traders is the acid test . By applying acid to the metal, they see its reaction and determine its purity. For example, gold doesn't react to nitric acid, distinguishing it from other metals like lead which dissolves in nitric acid. Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? The Touchstone Technique Another method widely employed in antiquity is the touchstone technique . This involved rubbing the metal on a touchstone, leaving a distinct mark based on its purity. Marks are compared to those of known metal samples to determine the quality of the metal being tested. A technique mentioned in the Leyden & Stockholm Papyri c. 300 AD: Testing of Gold "If you wish to test the purity of gold, remelt it and heat it: if it is pure it will keep its color after heating and remain like a piece of money. If it becomes white, it contains silver; if it becomes rougher and harder, some copper and tin; if it blackens and softens, lead." Alchemy: Ancient Purification of Tin Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sulfur-Mercury Theory: Alchemical Philosophy The Archimedes' Principle A famous test for verifying purity of gold is based on Archimedes' principle . According to legend, the Greek mathematician Archimedes devises a method to determine if the King's crown is pure gold. By measuring the crown's volume and comparing it to the volume of an equivalent weight of pure gold, he can judge its purity. From the Leyden Papyrus: Testing of Silver "Heat the silver or melt it, as with gold; and if it remains white (and) brilliant, it is pure and not false; if it appears black, it contains some lead; if it appears hard and yellow, it contains some copper." Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Natron - Ancient Embalming & Household Salts Through these and other methods, ancient traders and buyers hone their skills in detecting counterfeit metals, and counterfeiters learn the tricks of the trade. Counterfeiting isn't noted as a crime in Europe until the arrest of Alexander the Barber in 5 AD Greece. Before paper money, counterfeiting is often done by mixing base metals with pure gold or silver. One common method is to trim the edges of a coin, a practice known as "clipping", to gather precious metals used in making fake coins. Electrum: Metal of Money & Myth Stymphalian Birds & Greek Heroics Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty An ancient form of counterfeit coin, called a fourrée, involves a base metal core plated with a precious metal to mimic its genuine counterpart. From the Leyden Papyrus: For Giving to Objects of Copper the Appearance of Gold "And neither touch nor rubbing against the touchstone will detect them, but they can serve especially for (manufacturing) a ring of fine appearance. Here is the preparation for this. Gold and lead are ground to a fine powder like flour, 2 parts of lead for 1 of gold, then having mixed, they are incorporated with gum, and one coats the ring with this mixture; then it is heated. One repeats this several times until the object has taken the color. It is difficult to detect, because rubbing gives the mark of a gold object, and the heat consumes the lead but not the gold." Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Bosporus: Black Sea Nature & Greek Myth Lucrezia Borgia: Exploring the Enigma When paper money is first used in China during the 13th century, mulberry tree wood is used in its production. Guards are stationed around mulberry forests to control access to the paper, and counterfeiters face the death penalty. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Smelting, the art of extracting metal from its ore through heating and extraction, has been a part of human civilization since c. 6000 BCE. Processes of metal smelting are among humanity's most significant technological advancements. Alchemy Process of Congelation: Freezing, Crystallization Cupellation: Alchemy Process of Metals Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making The process of metal smelting blossoms into branches of tool-making, weaponry, farriery, alchemy and art. Smelting dramatically transforms societies and economies, marking the transition from the Stone Age, Chalcolithic, Bronze Age and ultimately the Iron Age. The Origins of Metal Smelting Initially, people uses native metals, especially copper, which could be found in its pure form. The first evidence of metalworking dates back to the late Neolithic period, particularly in regions such as the Middle East, where the mining of copper ores is commonplace. Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Ancient metal smelting dates to the Bronze Age (c. 3300-1200 BCE). Egyptians, Greeks and Mesopotamians master the craft of extracting metals like copper, tin, and iron from naturally occurring ores.  This revolutionary advancement allows them to create tools, weapons, and ornaments, transforming their societies significantly. The first blacksmiths, metal workers specializing in iron, appear c. 1500 BCE. Farriers, specializing in horses, go back to c. 400 BCE. Blacksmiths: Iron, Metal, Gods & Myth Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin The formula for transforming ore into usable metal, or smelting, involves heating the ore to temperatures that allow the metal to separate from its ore. This process requires the presence of a reducing agent, commonly charcoal, and a flux to help purify the metal. The Bronze Age Revolution The Bronze Age marks a pivotal moment in human history as societies transition from stone tools to metal implements. Through a combination of copper (88%) and tin (12%) metal workers create durable and versatile bronze. Tin - Essential Metal of Antiquity Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Steppe Trade Routes: Before the Silk Road The advent of the Bronze Age c. 3300 BCE is a giant leap in metallurgy. A harder, more durable metal than straight copper, bronze is the material of choice for tools and weapons. Bronze smelting requires sophisticated techniques, including construction of more advanced furnaces capable of reaching higher temperatures. Regions such as eastern Mediterranean, Indus Valley and China develop extensive trade networks to acquire the necessary tin. Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Zosimos of Panopolis: Father of Alchemy The smelting, melting and casting techniques improve during this period, allowing for intricate designs and variations in the metal's composition. Bronze tools and weapons facilitate advancements in agriculture, warfare, and social organization. Techniques and Innovations Ancient metal smelters employed a range of techniques to extract metals, often using furnaces fueled by charcoal to reach high temperatures necessary for the process. They master the art of alloying, combining different metals to create alloys with varying strengths and purposes. Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy The Iron Age is the next crucial phase in metal smelting. Iron is abundant but considered inferior to bronze. Knowledge of iron smelting speeds things up. The Iron Age starts at different times through the ancient world, from Anatolia: c. 1800 BCE - Nordic Iron Age c.500 BCE. On average it's 1200 BCE. The transition to iron smelting inspires further innovations, including the use of more complex furnaces (like the bloomery). Many experiments are needed to discover of the necessary carbon content in iron to produce wrought iron (less than 0.10 %). Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Each culture develops distinct methods and practices for achieving the high temperatures necessary for iron smelting. The flexibility and strength of iron transforms combat, agriculture and construction, leading to the rise of powerful kingdoms and civilizations. Cultural Significance Metal smelting becomes an integral part of ancient culture and spirituality. Many societies consider metalworking as a sacred art, with rituals and ceremonies associated with the process. Association with fire and creation makes the smith both necessary and dangerous. Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Alchemy in the European Renaissance The invention and refinement of metal smelting has far-reaching cultural and economic effects. With the introduction of metal tools, labor becomes more efficient, leading to improved agricultural practices and the ability to support larger populations. Metal weapons alter dynamics of war and conquest, facilitating the rise of empires. Metal working becomes an art form. Skilled artisans create intricate jewelry, ceremonial objects, and decorative items to record cultural achievements or as status symbols. 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In alchemy, science and mysticism intertwine. Among the practical alchemical skills is dyeing of metals and gems. Alchemists from early times learn the arts of making cheaper stones and metals resemble expensive ones. Included: a couple of recipes from the ancients. How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval The Origins of Gemstone & Metal Dyeing in Alchemy Alchemy is strongly linked to metallurgy, gemology and ancient medicine. Alchemists seek to define and release hidden properties of various substances. Mary the Jewess ascribes gender and characteristics to metals. Each has its own spiritual essence and transformative potential. Early practitioners work with the transformative power of alchemy. As early as 250 AD texts describe the making of silver so even experts cannot tell the difference. While this can appear to be fraud, it's important to remember clients often ask for these alloys, dyes or platings. How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy In building, pillars and trim can be plated to imitate gold. The ancient Romans are masters of this craft. Jewelry resembling silver or gold is popular then as now. Alchemists produce stones to look like ruby, emerald (smaragdus) , and other precious gems, from rock crystal or glass. Not every noble lady wants to flaunt her real smaragdus in public. True gems on ornaments statues won't last long. And, those of modest means also prize a cunning imitation. Alchemy develops creative processes such as making quartz look like emerald. The Science Behind the Magic Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz What is the Philosopher's Stone? Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity At the heart of metal dyeing lies a deep understanding of chemistry and metallurgy. Likewise gemology is a practice not learned overnight. Apprentices, students or aides, as they are called, can spend years learning the arts. Legendary practitioner Bernard Trevisan , for example, spends seven years in a Cistercian monastery learning alchemy using common household items such as dung and eggs. He then travels the world collecting wisdom and spending his meagre income on false hopes. Bernard Trevisan: Legends of Alchemy Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Asclepius: Greek Medicine Snake God In dyeing, alchemists use a combination of acids, bases, and salts to alter the surface properties of metals and gems. From preparing the substrate to applying the dyeing, alchemists follow a procedure of skill and personal wisdom. Through the careful application of heat and reagents, metals and gems can be imbued with hues transcending the ordinary. Alchemy has always been about achieving the extraordinary, applied to metals, stones, fabric dyes and artists' pigments. Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Orpiment - Painter's Golden Poison In metals, melting ores and creating alloys comes from ancient metallurgy, which employs a wealth of knowledge about which metals form alloys and which are resistant. By later antiquity metallurgy has developed from ancient arts for several thousand years. The term chrysopoeia is interpreted to mean "gold making", as in false gold or gold from lead, in English speaking countries. This is a slight but significant deviation from the actual translation of Greek χρυσοποιία chrysopoiía , meaning goldsmith or goldsmithing. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Casting the Bones - Astragalomancy The processes involved in gem and metal dyeing or coloring include: Surface Treatments Aging metals through exposure to certain air conditions, which creates patinas and specific hues. For example, copper naturally oxidizes over time, producing a rich green patina known as verdigris . This is used in emerald coloration as it's green leaning to blue. Chemical Reactions Alchemists often experiment with various chemical reactions to produce colorful results. For instance, boiling silver in a solution of certain vegetable materials enhances its reflective qualities, giving it a silvery-blue sheen. Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Lucrezia Borgia: Exploring the Enigma Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Fire and Heat The application of heat is crucial to both metalwork and dyeing. Heat not only changes the physical properties of the metals but also activate dye reactions, sometimes leading to unexpected and beautiful results. From this may come the myth of transmuting base metals into precious ones. The term "noble metal" doesn't enter the lexicon until c. 14th century AD. Base metals are often used as bases for plating or gilding as metals like iron quickly rust or corrode on exposure to air. Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Magic Numbers: Roots of Numerology Unlike noble metals, base metals are characterized by their tendency to oxidize or corrode easily and exhibit varying reactions when exposed to diluted hydrochloric acid (HCl), resulting in the formation of hydrogen. This group includes iron, nickel, lead, and zinc. The Alchemical Approach to Dyeing Metals & Gems The process of metal dyeing or metal coloration can be seen as a way to transmute, symbolically, one form of matter into another. Upon its emergence as a new form of creation, it's considered a craft. In the ancient world craftspeople are of low status. Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Lammašaga: Sumerian Angel Goddess Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants In intellectual centers like Alexandria, layers of meaning are applied to colors and processes, from the gathering of the materials to creation of the Opus. Alchemy gains spiritual meaning, as metallurgy has, and theories of transmutation rise from a small rumble to a rousing roar. They are however called something else, as the term transmutation doesn't appear until the late 14th century. It's from Old French transmutacion (transformation, metamorphosis), from late Latin transmutationem , from Latin transmutare (to change) . Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Jungian Numerology & Number Meanings Metal dyeing involves the use of various organic and inorganic substances to impart color to metals. Alchemists sometimes employ plant-based dyes, metals (metal alloys) mineral pigments, and acids derived from natural sources. Common materials include: Tannins from oak galls or certain tree barks, often used for darkening metals and gems. Tannins can also be used as mordants or primers for a substrate. Iron oxide dyes for shades of red and brown - the pigment is separated from iron rust through acid treatment and numerous strainings, and can be heated to produce an earthy red especially desirable for rubies. The alchemical term for iron is Mars. Copper salts , which yield vibrant greens and blues when reacted with copper. As a dye it makes a stone look like an emerald. Venus is the alchemical name for copper. Turquoise is another coveted color. Plants such as celandine (toxic) and alkanet are used for their natural properties and dyes Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Recipes from the Leyden & Stockholm Papyri c. 300 AD: Preparation of Jasper: Heat the stone, then corrode it in alum along with vinegar and put it in verdigris and calves’ gall. Preparation of Sunstone: Boil liquid pitch and alkanet, put the stone in it and it will thence become sunstone; or in the juice of mulberries, or in ground kermes with vinegar; or in Armenian blue with calves’ gall. Metals: 1. Coloration in Silver: Such that it can only be removed by fire. Chrysocolla, ceruse, earth of Chios and mercury ground together; add some honey and having first treated the vessel with natron, coat (the vessel) with it. note: “Ceruse” or “cerussa” is an ancient term for white lead . A well-known preparation, it's widely used as a cosmetic among Greeks and Romans. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin 2. Copper Equal to Gold (Writing in Letters of Gold): Copper equal to gold in color, as follows: grind some cumin in water; let it set carefully during three days; on the fourth, having wet (it) abundantly, coat the copper (with it) and write whatever you wish. For the coating and the writing have the same appearance. 3. Gilding of Silver: For gilding a vase of silver or copper without leaves (of gold), dissolve some yellow natron and some salt in water, rub it with this and it will be (gilded). note: The chemical nature of “yellow natron” is uncertain. It's considered by some to be a sodium sulfide made by fusing sulfur and natural sodium carbonate. Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Bolos of Mendes (Bolus of Mendes) is a Neo-Pythagorean writer of the Nile Delta in the 3rd century BCE. He publishes several works under nom de plume Pseudo-Democritus . In Ptolemaic Egypt, the city of Mendes is a vital center of learning and trade. Ram God of Egypt Ba-neb-djedet Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Baphomet, the Goat of Mendes in History Bolos of Mendes, also called Bolus or Bolos Democritus, is known for his dual expertise in medicine and philosophy. His thirst for knowledge and desire to heal drives him to explore physical and metaphysical worlds. Bolus also means clay, for which Mendes is famous. Described as an author on marvels, potent remedies, and astronomical phenomena, he is proficient in natural medical remedies. Bolos' holistic approach to healing emphasizes the interconnection of mind, body and spirit, a concept suffusing the spirituality of ancient Egypt. Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Birds and Bird Symbolism in Alchemy He specializes in esoteric and medical works. Both the Suda, a massive 10th-century Byzantine encyclopedia, and a later work attributed to 11th century Empress Eudokia Makrembolitissa refer to a Pythagorean philosopher from Mendes, thought to be Bolus. While Bolos is respected for his medical prowess, his philosophical insights truly set him apart. Drawing inspiration from renowned thinkers such as Pythagoras and Democritus , Bolos cultivates a worldview blending rationalism with mysticism, writing as Pseudo-Democritus. Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Complexes: Psychology of the Psyche Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Writings of Pseudo-Democritus circulate at the time of the later Alexandrian alchemists . His philosophical treatises explore the nature of existence, power of the human mind and quest for truth. True healing occurs only when one achieves harmony within Self and the universe. The works of Bolos of Mendes find their way into the intellectual circles of his time. Scholars and thinkers admire his holistic approach to healing, recognizing the profound connection between physical well-being and spiritual equilibrium. Zosimos of Panopolis: Father of Alchemy Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Although Bolos is not as well known as some of his contemporaries, his approach has strong influence on medicine even today. His emphasis on the union of body, mind, and soul is a timeless reminder of the importance of holistic well-being in an increasingly fragmented world. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Baphomet is a unity of opposites. The mysterious figure emerges from the mythology, esotericism, and dramatic history of medieval Europe. The name "Baphomet" goes back in print to the 14th century during the time of the Crusades. The concept is ageless. Periwinkle: Magic & Medicine of Europe Rise of Pan: Fertility Goat God Péh₂usōn Goats in German Myth: Erntebock & Habergeiß The Origins of Baphomet The Knights Templar , a medieval Christian military order, is disbanded and persecuted in the early 14th century. The Templars are accused of many heretical practices, one of which includes the worship of a mysterious figure Baphomet. Historians generally agree there is no concrete evidence the Templars ever worship Baphomet. The term is a fabrication or distortion by their accusers. At the time, the Knights Templar control the banks of France and the Holy Land. Cosimo Ruggeri: Prophecies from the Dark Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Scholars posit the word could be derived from "Mahomet," a medieval variation of the name Muhammad, stressing the hostilities between Christianity and Islam during the Crusades. Baphomet in the 19th Century: A Symbol of Esotericism The Baphomet figure of today goes back to traced back to the 19th century. It's seen particularly in the work of French occultist Éliphas Lévi. In his book " Dogme et Rituel de la Haute Magie ," published in 1856, Lévi depicts Baphomet as a winged humanoid goat. Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Witches & Witchcraft: Ancient World In pre-Christian times the concept of the "Goat of Mendes" arises from the sacred ram sheep of the Egyptians, revered in that city. The ram represents ram-headed potter protector god Banebdjedet . The ram deity of Mendes is described by Herodotus in his Histories  as being represented with the head and fleece of a goat: "...whereas anyone with a sanctuary of Mendes or who comes from the province of Mendes, will have nothing to do with (sacrificing) goats, but uses sheep as his sacrificial animals..." In the 19th century the Goat of Mendes concept is revived through travel and archaeological discovery. It's associated with dark stories of ancient Egyptians worshiping demons, and the image it receives is that of Baphomet. Baphomet embodies both male and female traits, symbolizing the reconciliation of opposites . The illustration of Lévi features various esoteric symbols, including the pentagram, German Drudenfuß , representing its link to magical practices and powers of protection. Pentagram: Drudenfuß, Five Point Star Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making The flame above the head of Baphomet symbolizes enlightenment or divinity. Lévi presents Baphomet as a figure of balance and duality. It signifies unity of opposites, light and dark, benevolent and harmful. This deviates from earlier all-demonic connotations. Baphomet, or at least Levi, is connected to alchemy. The words SOLVE and COAGULA, alchemical processes , appear on its arms. The caduceus of Mercury or Hermes, two snakes on a winged staff is a Hermetic symbol. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Drude: Germanic Demon of Darkness Psychology: Archetype of the Self The caduceus is usually carried in the left hand of the god. It becomes the symbol for the planet Mercury and metal quicksilver . Mercury/Hermes is the Greco-Roman part of the legendary Hermes Trismegistus . The crescent moon in Levi's artwork is an Egyptian symbol of fertility especially associated with the moon god Khonsu ; or alchemical silver. Dark, light, up, down. Repositioned in the realm of enlightenment and transformation, Baphomet is a potent symbol of occult wisdom. Khonsu - Moon God of Ancient Egypt Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor In Germany of the the 19th century a similar figure is represented as the Devil. The horned creature presides over the revels of witches on Hexennacht  (Walpurgisnacht) on the Brocken in the Harz Mountains. The goat in general represents carnal desire, as in the Goat God Pan. Baphomet in Modern Culture The adoption of Baphomet by the Church of Satan, founded by Anton LaVey in 1966, smears the gunk of superstition all over the goat deity. The image of Baphomet is often portrayed as a symbol of rebellion against conventional religious dogma. Unity of Opposites: Spiritual Alchemy Witches' Night - Hexennacht Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools While Baphomet is often shrouded in misconceptions and stigmatic associations, it embodies a deeper philosophical ideology. As in alchemy and Jungian psychology, the concept refers to duality, balance, acceptance of contrasting elements within existence, fertility and creation. The figure transcends the dichotomy of "good and evil", embracing duality of the Self, a theme found in alchemical history from the early Alexandrians to the work of Carl Jung. Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 AD) is a pivotal figure in the history of alchemy . Born in Panopolis, ancient Egypt, Zosimos lives in the vibrant intellectual center Alexandria . Through his eyes historians see the Golden Age of alchemy in Greco-Roman Egypt. Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor While Mary the Jewess is considered the first true alchemist, acclaimed by Zosimos, he himself is often regarded as the father of alchemy. A Greco-Egyptian Gnostic philosopher, alchemist and teacher, his work is significant in later medieval alchemy compilations. His philosophies and observations create a unique vision. At the time of Zosimos, alchemy is undergoing transformation. Arising from Egyptian traditions and Hellenistic philosophy, alchemy is both a mystic quest and influential scientific movement. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making The blend of metaphysics and experimental chemistry in Zosimos' writings conveys the transitional nature of alchemical thought as it moves from ancient mystical practices to a more empirical framework. Zosimos defines alchemy as the study of "... the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying and disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and bonding the spirits within bodies." Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria The Great Library of Alexandria Zosimos' contributions to alchemy primarily come from the writings surviving through centuries of translation and transmission. In the 1990s a large portion of his work, translated to Arabic, is found at an archaeological dig. Texts such as On the Dangerous Nature of the Substance reveal intimate understanding of the chemical processes. There are fundamentally two kinds of alchemists: practical and philosophical. The practical do experiments and the philosophical discuss them. Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria These are two sides of a spectrum. Many practitioners incorporate both aspects. Zosimos emphasizes the need for careful observation and the importance of reagents in alchemical operations. A reagent is a substance used in chemical analysis or reactions. Zosimos writes, "Knowledge is treated with great honor, because only a philosopher, who has acquired Wisdom, scientifically and practically, is able to use it. An experimentalist may obey his master when he tells him: Take this and do such and such a thing, evaporate it, dissolve it, distill it, and so on till the end of the work. Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Hermes Trismegistus: Alchemy & the Occult Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition That aide does not understand anything beyond how to do things; whereas the person who comprehends the science and the practice, knows how and why something is evaporated, i.e. the purpose of the evaporation. This is why, to become a philosopher, one must know the aim of Wisdom in each step of the work." Among his more intriguing ideas is the concept of the “Philosopher’s Stone.” Modern thinking, influenced over two thousand years by shallow depictions and portrayals, can have trouble understanding the lapis philosophorum . Spiritual Alchemy: Touching the Divine Gnosticism: Gnostic Ways of Thought Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy In Zosimos' writings the mention of a mystical stone appears as discussions between Aristotle and his teacher Plato. Greek philosopher Democritus is quoted as saying, "The stone is not formed until it has gathered all the colors that exist in the universe, and until it has been colored with all the simple and complex colors." As for Zosimos, he is credited with the riddle of a “... stone which isn't a stone, this precious thing which has no value, this polymorphous thing, which has no form, this unknown thing which is known to all.” Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Colors of Alchemy: Rubedo Magnum Opus Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy The Alexandrian and later alchemists are fond of word games, symbols, codes, puns, anagrams and metaphors. For example lead sulfide is called the "Tree that Grows in the Black Soil of India" due to its color and the heat used in its preparation from sulfur. Alchemists often keep experiments hidden due to the volatile political atmosphere of Alexandria, and the possibility of thievery of methods by a competing party. At the same time need for communication is essential, giving rise to the arcane language of early alchemists. Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Women Scientists of the Ancient World Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Zosimos lists the alchemical symbols of his time (ancient Greek): Alchemy as a Spiritual Practice Zosimos's approach to alchemy results in works rich with references to the divine, the cosmos, and the interplay between the physical and spiritual realms. He explores these ideals in the practice of Gnosticism and the Hermetic principles . The alchemical process is often seen as a sacred journey, a pathway leading to enlightenment and unity with the divine. Zosimos emphasizes the mystic and philosophical elements of alchemy along with the prevailing image of alchemist as craftsperson. Alchemy & Seven Hermetic Principles Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness On metals, Zosimos writes, "He who sows silver reaps silver, and he who sows gold reaps gold." Zosimos experiments with metals. To prepare gold (alloys) out of silver, he says, one must start with gold, and to make silver out of copper one needs silver. This refers to one of the early skills of alchemists, the creation and multiplication of metal alloys and metals. How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Bolus of Mendes: Healer Philosopher of Egypt His famous allegories involving divine figures and mythical imagery propose that the ultimate goal of alchemy is attainment of spiritual enlightenment and understanding of the cosmos. Zosimos explains how humans learn the secrets of nature: "The ancient and divine writings say that the angels became enamored of women; and, descending, taught them all the works of nature. From them, therefore, is the first tradition, chema , concerning these arts; for they called this book chema and hence the science of chemistry takes its name." Babylonian Astrology: Destiny in the Stars Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Zosimos in the Alchemical Tradition Zosimos’s influence permeates through the centuries. Works of Renaissance alchemists like Paracelsus, who sees alchemy as a blend of science and theology, take inspiration from the writings of Zosimos. His impact on the development of early chemistry is undeniable. Many of his techniques and observations put down the foundation for later scientific endeavors. Zosimos embodies the confluence of science, philosophy, and spirituality. Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Renaissance (c. 1350 - 1750) fosters the growth of alchemy through patronage and practice. A convergence of science, philosophy, and mysticism, the Renaissance creates an intellectual scene like never before, drawn to the enigma and allure of the alchemical arts. Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Titans of the Renaissance: Powerful Italian Families Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Sylvia Rose Books The Alchemist's Quest Alchemy explores transformation of matter and seeks truths about mysteries of universal life. At some point in history, the quest of the alchemist is funneled into three (or four) clear objectives. These are to transmute base metals into precious; to create an elixir of life; to find a panacea for all disease and/or unlock the secret powers of the universe. The Philosophers' Stone Central to archaic Western alchemical practices is the concept of the Philosophers' Stone. The Stone or lapis philosophorum is a legendary substance believed to have the power to transform base substances into gold or silver, and grant healing or immortality. Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Ruby, Rubies: Passion, Blood and Fire Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sylvia Rose Books Alchemists dedicate years to its pursuit, conducting dubious experiments in dimly lit labs filled with weird concoctions and esoteric symbols. And let's not forget the smell. The alchemist's ingredients may include urine, dung, blood, bones simmering in the hearth. Magnum Opus: The Great Work In one approach to alchemy, the process towards the Magnum Opus or the Great Work involves a series of stages, which are interpreted by modern practitioners of "spiritual alchemy". Spiritual alchemy is a metaphor for yet another float in the self-realization parade. Lapis Lazuli & Gold: Jungian Alchemy Psychology: the Conscious Ego of Self Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books From the nigredo (blackening) phase of putrefaction and decay to the albedo (whitening) of cleansing and renewal, to citrinitas and rubedo , each step is given profound symbolism and hidden meanings. In practical alchemy these phases may also be idealized. The Alchemical Conditions of the Renaissance The material goals of alchemy are a driving force in the Renaissance. Controversy rings out about the practice of falsifying gold and alchemists "promising that which they do not deliver" according to Pope John XXII. He issues a decree against falsification in 1317 AD. Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Salt in Alchemy: Alchemical Uses & Lore George Ripley: Alchemist of Augustine Sylvia Rose Books English King Henry IV passes his famous law against multiplication, or making more gold from existing gold. Alchemists are caught in a rising cultural movement and alchemy is risky business, unless one has a patron or other form of security. To be sure, alchemy has never been about making real gold out of real lead. It emerges as a way to color metals and precious stones. Writings of renowned Alexandrian Zosimos of Panopolis (c. 300 AD), note alchemists have succeeded in producing yellow colored alloys. Cypriot Copper & Ancient Cyprus Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Electrum: Metal of Money & Myth The alloys are of silver and gold ( electrum ). White alloys are created of copper and silver. Avicenna (Ibn Sina, 980 - 1037 AD) correctly warns contemporaries it's not possible to produce real gold chemically. He says, "Only imitations of gold can be formed, because the essential nature of a pure metal can never be altered" Renaissance alchemists are under increasing pressure to produce that which they cannot logically deliver. Some go down fighting. Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Casting the Bones - Astragalomancy Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Sylvia Rose Books Irish scam artist Edward Kelley , for instance, has his ears cut off for fraud. Later he's thrown into prison on the continent after failing to create gold, twice, and dies there. The infamous Anna Maria Zieglerin is burned alive. Patrons blinded by self-deception believe the fantastic stories of scammers who need money, then are outraged to find artifice where gold should be. This, and the pressure of Inquisitions, nurture the growth of alchemy in Italian convents, especially in Naples and Florence. Naples Renaissance: Holy Alchemy Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Sylvia Rose Books Studying plants and medicines, practitioners like Dominican Tommaso d'Eremita  tactfully avoid gold-making controversy. Tommaso welcomes travelers, who sometimes bring him plants, and dedicates himself to cataloguing the flora and their medicinal properties. Many alchemists are friars wanting to make the world a better place. Roger Bacon , Albertus Magnus  and George Ripley  are among them. Alchemy also attracts women during this time, including Caterina Sforza , Anna Maria Zieglerin and Isabella Cortese . Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Sylvia Rose Books Gold-making is certainly attempted in the Renaissance, whether in convents or palaces or grim obscure laboratories. Legendary figure Bernard Trevisan comes to signify the standard alchemist and the search for truth. It's telling that Bernard ends up sick and penniless. The Renaissance Rosicrucian movement picks up speed from two mysterious papers on the occult in Germany. This sociological phenomenon gains recognition, inspires commentaries, essays and art despite having no real members and no meetings. Rosicrucianism in the Renaissance Robert Fludd & Renaissance Medicine Rosicrucians: Finding Christian Rosenkreuz Sylvia Rose Books “... Many have said of Alchemy, that it is for the making of gold and silver. For me such is not the aim, but to consider only what virtue and power may lie in medicines.” -  Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim ( Paracelsus ) 1493-1531 AD For a section of the population, the pursuit of the hope of gold becomes an obsession. After all, lead has only to shed three little protons to become gold. The transmutation of lead to gold becomes possible in medieval Islamic alchemy. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sylvia Rose Books Islamic alchemists posit all metals are made of the same elements (typically mercury and sulfur), and changing the ratio will transform the metal. Thus lead can become gold just by finding the right ratio. While the material goals of alchemy cannot be defined as exact, the legacy of this intriguing artistry endures through centuries. Alchemy influences science, psychology and literature. Later figures like Isaac Newton and Carl Jung are avid students of alchemy. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Venetian Red, also called Mars Red, is a non-toxic iron oxide pigment used by dyers, painters and craftspersons since the early days of mankind. Artistic senses awaken the power to explore and craft unique hues. Venetian Red excites Renaissance artists and artisans. Venice Italy: Jewel of the Renaissance Lucrezia Borgia: Exploring the Enigma Titans of the Renaissance: Powerful Italian Families Sylvia Rose Books The Origin of Venetian Red Venetian Red, a rich and warm pigment, has been used in art for its vibrant color and historic significance. This earthy tone, reminiscent of the hues found in ancient architecture and landscapes, brings depth and warmth to any artistic palette. Vibrant earthy Venetian Red originates in the Renaissance era in Venice, Italy, it quickly becomes a favorite among artists for warm tones and versatile nature. The first recorded use of the term Venetian Red is in 1753. This process is used for any iron oxide clay or rocks. Cosimo Ruggeri: Prophecies from the Dark How to Make Iron Oxide Pigment at Home Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Sylvia Rose Books Venetian Red or Mars Red? Venetian Red, sometimes referred to as Mars Red or ferric oxide, is derived from iron oxide, which gives it a distinctive deep red color. It's been favored by artists since the Renaissance, particularly in Venetian works. Spanish Red is close in color. The pigment gets the name Mars Red due to the association of the planet with the element iron, the main ingredient in ferric oxide. In alchemy recipes iron or iron oxide is often called Mars as in "... add one mina of Mars" (about a pound or 0.435 kg of iron). Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin John Dee - Talking to Angels Sylvia Rose Books While iron oxide reds exist in prehistoric cave paintings, Venetian pigment is traditionally made from clay of Venetian soil. Like wines and cheeses, colors often take on the names of the places in which they're made, due to the specific combinations and properties of components. Why Make Pigment? Creating unique pigments allows the artist to control the quality and the color nuances. The secrets of pigment recipes and processes are well-guarded through history, because no two iron oxide reds are the same. Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Sylvia Rose Books Venetian Red is a straightforward recipe and process. Nonetheless it's an endeavor often requiring several tries as the user familiarizes with the material. The color an artist creates is a unique signature. For example, Renaissance painter Titian is known for "Titian Red" which does not exist as a paint pigment. He acquires the glowing colors by layering various paint pigments suspended in oil. Titian would have apprentices to grind the pigments. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Anima Mundi: Soul of the World How to Extract Red from Hematite: A Step-by-Step Guide Sylvia Rose Books Making pigment connects with the age-old practice of artists, gaining insights into materials and processes. Venetian red is one of the non-toxic pigments thus safe to experiment with. It makes a beautiful pottery glaze and remarkable colors in oil or egg tempura paintings. Step 1. Ingredients and Tools Needed Start by collecting all the necessary materials. Make sure to work in a well-ventilated area to minimize dust inhalation. To create Venetian Red powder pigment, gather together the following: Natural Iron Oxide - hematite or iron oxide earth. Use earthy hematite rather than mineral hematite for easier grinding. What's the difference? Mortar and Pestle: For grinding pigments to achieve desired fineness. Sieve or Fine Mesh Strainer: To separate larger particles from finished pigment. Water: For mixing and creating a paste. Linseed oil or egg yolk also makes a good binder. Glass Containers: For storing pigment. Protective Gear: Venetian red and natural iron oxides are non-toxic. Safety precautions may include gloves and a mask (to prevent inhalation of du st). The gloves can save hands from being colored by the process. Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition Sylvia Rose Books Iron oxide can also be filtered from red clay or soil. This red ocher pigment has the same components as those in hematite, it's just known by another name. To filter the pigment the clay or soil must be soaked and strained several times. It can be done through gradually finer sieves, cloths or paper filters. Then the pigment is dried and grinding will commence to refine the oxide. Step 2: Grind the Pigment Using the mortar and pestle, grind the iron oxide until it reaches a fine powder. It's also possible to buy coarse iron oxide powder and grind it to a finer grain. This step is crucial as a finer pigment yields better mixing and application results. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Linen, Hemp & Cotton - Fabrics of Ancient Egypt Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Sylvia Rose Books Step 3: Sieve / Strain the Powder Once the iron oxide is ground, use the sieve to filter the pigment. This ensures that larger particles are removed and the artist is left with a smooth and consistent pigment. Various sized sieves, cheesecloth, muslin, paper coffee filters can help refine grains and remove water. Step 4: Create a Paste (Optional) To create paint, combine finely sieved iron oxide powder with linseed oil. Iron oxide does not dissolve in water or oil but creates color with fine suspended particles. The density of the particles determines the richness of the color. Start with a few drops and gradually add more liquid until desired consistency is reached. The paint or glaze can be used directly in art projects, artisan work, crafts or DIY decor. Folk Magic: Fly Agaric (Amanita muscaria) Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Step 5: Storing Pigment Continue mixing the paste until you achieve a creamy consistency, ensuring the pigment is well-blended. Store homemade Venetian Red in a sealed container in a cool place away from direct sunlight. Once pigment is ready, whether as a dry powder or a paste, transfer it to an airtight glass container for storage. Label the container. Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Sylvia Rose Books DO NOT be disappointed if first batch doesn't turn out magnificently. Even the finest fine artists have to experiment with colors and binders, color extraction, learn skills and techniques and incorporate their own knowledge and intuition. There's a reason 7-Up is not called 6-Up. Cosmetics People have used iron oxides for personal decoration in many cultures. These earthy colors are worn as body paint or can enhance lip gloss and powders. During the Renaissance alchemists are responsible for many paint colors, dyes and cosmetics. Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Note: Some images are for illustrative purposes only and not representative of the actual pigment-making process. However we'll have up-to-the-minute imagery as soon as we find our charger. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top