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Displosis is the ancient practice of doubling gold. It's considered to be a skill of alchemists and early metal workers as well. If done with care to the details it produces a doubled amount of gold metal. Diplosís or displosia comes from the Greek διπλωσία duplication. Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Strange is the allure of gold for humans. Those who have none, want it. Those who have it want more. Gold sparks the base desires. When the Divine Water consumes the shallow exterior, the truth is shown multifold. The processes of making gold and multiplication of gold are fairly common in alchemy from earliest days of knowledge. These can be used to create abundant golden metal for jewelry or vessels, as gold plate on inferior metals or to get the last laugh on Spanish Conquistadors. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Basil Valentine: Secrets of Medieval Alchemy Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz When Spain invades Colombia in the 16th century, it exports enormous quantities of gold to Europe to make rich people richer. In only the first half-century or so of the Spanish conquest of the Americas, over 100 tons of gold are extracted from the continent. In 1735 a natural philosopher in the Spanish military, Antonio de Ulloa "discovers" platinum. Colombians have been mining it from the alluvial sands of rivers since time immemorial. It turns out quite a lot of gold exports are doubled with the aid of this innocent-looking metal. Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Famous Women of Ancient Rome Apep - Primal Chaos God of Egypt In early Colombia platinum is plentiful in the gold placers. The Spanish are exasperated by "doubling" of the gold by individuals alloying gold with platinoids. Platinum is unknown to Europe and has no value. The Spanish order all placer platinum thrown into the sea. About seventeen centuries before this, Maria the Jewess is describing the gold doubling process to her disciples in ancient Alexandria. Her Tetrasomia, an alloy of copper, lead, iron and zinc, is the substance she uses in the process of the "diplosis of Maria." Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making From a commentator commenting on Zosimos commenting on Maria's comments on doubling (diplosis): "... If any one of these special parts fails to appear, the composition will be incomplete; whether it underwent [only] dilution, or cooking, or calcination, or decomposition effected in the water-bath [bain-Marie] heated with the fire of sawdust; or in a bird-beaked vase; or [when it is deposited] in the kerotakis; or in an alembic heated with naked fire; and this, if it is a case of diplosis carried out by means of mercury, according to the procedure of Maria, or any other kind of treatment ... " Many ancient alchemical recipes are devoted to the doubling of gold. In these recipes, a quantity of gold is mixed with copper and silver or other metals such as mercury or tin. The result, to the alchemist, is creation of more gold. Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy The process is often accomplished by use of asem . There are many ways of making asem and it's handy to know a couple as ingredients might be seasonal or trade interrupted by conflicts. Making asem is an essential skill for any alchemist. This particular asem is created with tin, mercury and Earth of Chios, or Chian earth, a clay from the Greek island of Chios. A soft, dense, flaky, greyish-white earth it's also used in cosmetics in ancient times. How to Make Asem: Essential Alchemy Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Asem Recipe: " Purified tin , 12 drachmas; mercury , 4 drachmas; earth of Chios, 2 drachmas. To the melted tin, add the crushed earth, then the mercury, stir with an iron, and put (the product) in use." This asem can be alloyed with gold or silver. It's absolutely essential to add some of the desired precious metal. If it's only colored it will not have the qualities of its prized "parent" metal. Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy As the medieval era of patronage rolls in, some unethical alchemists explain this convincingly to patrons, then take the money and run. Edward Kelley at the court of Rudolf II in Prague tries twice to dupe the Emperor but gets caught, and the second time perishes from injuries. These monkeyshines give alchemy a bad name. There are plenty of true believers, like the legendary Bernard Trevisan , the alchemistic template. Isaac Newton puts his scientific reputation on the line in the pursuit of turning base metals to gold. King Henry IV of England is a believer. He issues a decree making not only the multiplying of gold illegal, but also making of gold out of any substance, including thin air. Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Pope vs Alchemy 1317 AD: Falsification Ancient Greek Alchemy: ios and iosis In the theories of metals as living bodies , as well as the later perception of metals maturing from base to precious over time in the ground, the addition of real gold is like feeding new life and imbuing it with the essence of the desired parent material. Another way of doubling gold found in ancient literature is very simple: Melt together: one part copper to one part gold. Copper has female qualities and gold embodies the male principle. As Maria is fond of saying: “Join the male and the female, and you will find what is sought.” The alchemical marriage of the White Queen and Red King is based on this concept. Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy biology displosis: the doubling of the haploid number of chromosomes that occurs during fusion of gametes to form a diploid zygote -from Greek diplōsis  doubling, from diploun  to double, from diploos  double Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Basil Valentine or Basilius Valentinus is an enigmatic medieval Benedictine monk of Germany. It's thought to be a pseudonym, although the writings of Valentine show a comprehensive knowledge of theology, alchemy and other disciplines. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Born in the late 14th century in Germany, this enigmatic Benedictine monk leaves a trail of alchemical mystery, insight, curious followers and fervent admirers. Dispute arises as to his origin and identity. It's suggested he's a group of writers or one with a pen name. In the 18th century, German salt manufacturer Johann Thölde (1565 - 1624) is considered a possible writer of the Basil Valentine works. Thölde is known to publish the first five books under in the name of Basil Valentine. Identity of other writers continues to be debated. George Ripley: Alchemist of Augustine Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Above, an imaginary portrait in the frontispiece from Chymische Schrifften ( Chymic Writings ), 1717. The Latin text around him reads "Frater Basilius Valentinus, monk of the Benedictine order and Hermetic philosopher". Although it looks like the Jewish Star of David, the star on the wall behind him is an alchemical symbol of the union of opposites, with an upward pointing triangle as male and downward pointing as female. Unity of Opposites: Spiritual Alchemy Rudolf II Renaissance Prague: Alchemy, Eros & Occult Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy It becomes an emblem of Jews in Prague in the 17th century, and is widely used by the 19th century. Today the six-point star is an official Jewish symbol. Basil Valentine represented as a true historical figure is born 1394 in Mainz, died 1450 (place unknown), and associated with the Benedictine Priory of Saint Peter in Erfurt, Germa ny. His monastic affiliation and significant contributions to alchemical literature are clear. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine The life of a Benedictine is characterized by devotion, study, and pursuit of knowledge. Alchemy in convents and monasteries is common in medieval times. Alchemists are usually friars or monks seeking to make the world a better place, experimenting with medicinal effects of plants and other matter. Out of this come many patent medicines and herbal liqueurs. Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Alchemical Works and Philosophies Valentine's alchemical treatises explore transformative processes of nature. His works, such as the " Triumphal Chariot of Antimony " and " The Twelve Keys of Basil Valentine ," are pivotal in the study of medieval alchemy. The latter work, his most famous, is composed as a series of propositions or keys. It has instructions for alchemy processes and acts as a philosophical guide. Each key gives insights into the nature of matter, transformation of substances, and evolution of the alchemist. Mercurius: Mystical Essence of Alchemy Sulfur-Mercury Theory: Alchemical Philosophy Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Secrets of the Philosopher's Stone Among the most enduring pursuits of Western alchemy is the search for the Philosopher's Stone , a substance of miracles. Basil Valentine contemplates and expands on the lore surrounding this mysterious stone. He supports the creation theory of the Philosopher's Stone as a group or series of chemical processes and an alchemical marriage of opposites. The alchemical marriage is a hieros gamos or sacred union of masculine and feminine principles as in sulfur and mercury . Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Sacred Marriage: Hieros Gamos in Alchemy Valentine’s allegorical writings depict these concepts using metaphorical language to convey complex ideas about duality, transformation, and enlightenment. Basil Valentine’s writings influence later alchemical luminaries such as Paracelsus , Robert Boyle and Michael Maier . Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Iosis and ios relate to the final stage of the the alchemical process, or rubedo in Latin. It can be called the reddening or purpling. Purple is associated with the Angel of Violet Light, another name for the prima materia from which arises the stone of the philosophers . Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Goethite: The Other Iron-Rich Mineral Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors In alchemy, ios and iosis are key concepts in the quest for truth. Origin stories for these are often a matter of interpretation, as different contexts apply over time. Like the alchemist the wordsmith has to filter out the impurities to reveal true meaning. The origin of iosis may be in the ancient Greek suffix "-iosis," often used in medical terminology to denote a condition, disease or process. In the context of alchemy, iosis can signify a process in the alchemical work, intentional or not. Leucosis, the Pallor: Spiritual Alchemy Xanthosis, the Yellowing: Spiritual Alchemy Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health The lapis philosophorum or philosophers' stone of the West is associated with the color red, relating to the rubedo stage, a time of realization, creation or phoenix-like emergence from the ashes. The "stone" can be powder, liquid or other substance, born of the prima materia . In alchemical context, iosis  also equates with the red or rubedo stage of the alchemical work. It can suggest a process of transformation or evolution, moving from one state of being to another. In the reddening stage the alchemist attains the Magnum Opus or Great Work. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Processes in this stage might involve refining elements. Techniques such as distillation, sublimation, and fermentation relate to this phase. In Greek iosis is also based on ιωση (iosi) equated with infection. Ios in Greek Alchemy Mary or Maria the Jewess (c. 100 AD) emphasizes of the ios of metals. Zosimos writes: "When Maria speaks of this question, she says: "There exist a great number of metallic bodies, from lead to copper." When she speaks of diplosis, she says: "There are, in effect, two kinds of materials employed, whether for alloying copper and silver, or alloying gold and silver; molybdochalkon and all the others are comprised in it. Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess "As for the purification of silver, or its blackening, I have spoken of it previously. How one single tincture is applied to all is stated by Maria alone and proclaimed in these terms: "When I speak of copper, or of lead, or of iron, I mean by it [their] ios." Maria asserts one metal must die for another to be born. As a Jewish alchemist living in Greco-Roman Egypt some of her terminology comes from Hebrew. The Greek/Hebrew definitions: ios (pronounced ee-os') can mean: rust (as if emitted by metals) venom (as emitted by serpents) poison Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance Cleopatra the Alchemist of Greece Greek "ios" (ίος) translates to virus or poison. In alchemy ios can symbolize impurities or dross. The concept of ios aligns closely with the negative aspects of nature and humanity. Approaching Iosis One approach to "iosis" involves a series of stages, often referred to as the "Great Work" (Magnum Opus). These stages are laid out by several practitioners through history and may number 3 - 32 and more. They may include processes of calcination, dissolution, separation, conjunction, fermentation, distillation, coagulation and the wondrous Cauda Pavonis or Tail of the Peacock . These are all developed from four color stages named by Maria the Jewess: black, white, yellow and red. Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus Natron - Ancient Embalming & Household Salts Tooth Worms of Ancient Mesopotamia These four steps are identified in Latin / Greek: nigredo  - black, putrefaction, Gr. melanosis albedo  - white, purification, Gr. leucosis citrinitas  - yellow, illumination, Gr. xanthosis rubedo  - red, the Magnum Opus, Gr. iosis In alchemy and nature magic every process or creative step contains the seeds of destruction within it. Every condition of destruction gives rise to new life, and new hope. Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Planetary Name Symbolism in Ancient Astrology Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Maria's works (c. 100 AD) are widely disseminated, translated and interpreted in the world of Greco-Roman Alexandria, the Islamic Golden Age and the progressive Renaissance mentality of medieval Europe. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Arnaldus de Villanova (1240 - 1311) is a prominent figure of medieval alchemy, literature and medicine. He comes from Spain, studies at Montpelier and gains influence in France, becoming physician to royals and Popes. His alchemical writings hold time-honored truths. Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Arnaldus de Villanova or Villa Nova, a celebrated physician, alchemist, and writer, is born in the Spanish Kingdom of Aragon. He's influenced by both theological and empirical approaches to understanding the natural world. Arnaldus is known to practice alchemy. The door to his house in Montpellier, France, has carvings of a roaring lion and a dragon biting its own tail, or Ouroboros , both alchemical symbols. Ouroboros Glyph: Snake Eating its Tail Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Beyond the alchemy symbols, several renowned alchemists recognize him as an adept. He's also an astrologer as doctors are expected to know the arts of astrology. Physicians determine the type and timing for treatment depending on the position of celestial bodies. The medieval period brings growth of academia and universities, and renewed interest in classical texts. Translations of Arabic works on science, philosophy, and medicine are especially influential. Many are Arabic translations of Greek texts. Copperas Green & Red Pigment Process Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome This era fosters the rise of scholasticism, which aims to reconcile faith and reason. Villanova thrives amidst this intellectual revolution despite the social and political turbulence characteristic of medieval Europe. Arnaldus pursues medical studies in Montpellier until 1260, and then takes journeys through France, Catalonia, and Italy as both doctor and ambassador. He's highly esteemed as a physician, theologian, and alchemist. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato At the Spanish court, from 1281 he's personal physician to Peter III, King of Aragon. When Peter dies in 1285, Arnaldus becomes a professor at the School of Medicine in Montpelier. From 1291 to 1299, he's head of the school of medicine in Paris. As a doctor his renown is extraordinary, with three popes and three kings among his patients. Notably he's the first physician to use alcohol as an antiseptic. His patients call him a worker of miracles. Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Basil Valentine: Secrets of Medieval Alchemy Arnaldus de Villanova's alchemy is partly a quest to understand the mystical forces of the natural world. His writings on alchemical processes and the pursuit of the Philosopher's Stone are required reading for young aspiring alchemists and old jaded ones alike. His presence is peppered throughout the alchemical and historical literature of medieval Europe due his prolific writings and commentaries on the works of others. Arnaldus writes on such topics as astrology, medicine, and moral philosophy. Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Guido Bonatti: Medieval Astrology Star Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology He makes his texts available to both scholars and the general populace. He's widely read and translated into other languages. His poetry and literature seeks to illuminate moral truths and guide readers in their personal and spiritual development. The problem is in defining his authentic writings from the host of works written by others and published in his name. It's a common practice for those who wish to sell books and causes headaches in attributing literature. Even falsely ascribed literature is worth a read, though. Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Secrets of Mystical Alchemy: Unlocking the Unknown House of Wisdom: Medieval Scholarship in Baghdad The work attributed to him in " De Alchemia ," a collection of texts from different alchemical writers, is found to be written by another person now referred to as Pseudo-Arnaldus of Villa Nova. "Pseudo" writers occupy a crowded niche by the middle ages. Through his experiments and writings, Villanova has a crucial role in legitimizing alchemy as a scholarly pursuit. His work influences high-profile thinkers such as Paracelsus and Isaac Newton . Isaac Newton: Alchemy & the Occult Alchemy Tria Prima of Paracelsus: Three Primes Ancient Greek Alchemy: ios and iosis His treatises often address practical issues such as health and wellness, grounding scientific exploration in everyday concerns. This approach makes his works relevant to the elite and broader public. Paracelsus later takes it to heart and presents his lectures is German instead of Latin to everyone can understand them. In 16th century Italy, Lady Isabella Cortese achieves resounding success with her Book of Secrets by writing in the vernacular. Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore But no one expects the Spanish Inquisition. Influenced by Christian theologian Joachim of Fiore, Arnaldus predicts the end of the world in 1378 and arrival of the Antichrist ( De adventu Antichristi 1288). In 1299 he's condemned by the University of Paris for heresy and imprisoned due to his ideas of church reform. His salvation comes thanks to Boniface VIII, as Arnaldus healed him once of a severe illness. Yet he finds himself imprisoned again in Paris c. 1304 during the papacy of Benedict XI. His philosophical writings are burned by authorities. Alchemy & New Thought in Ancient Alexandria Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Alchemy, Demons & the Roman Inquisition He becomes ambassador for James II, king of Aragon and Sicily and seeks refuge from the Inquisition at the court of Frederick III in Sicily. He's later called to Avignon as a doctor for pope Clement V. He strongly influences the papal bull of 8 September 1309, requiring medical students to know fifteen Greco-Arabic treatises, including by Galen and Avicenna. In 1311 he's summoned to Avignon by Pope Clement V, but dies off the coast of Genoa. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Medieval Islamic Scientist Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients The Inquisitor of Tarragona, Spain condemns him, and has many of his propositions censured. Arnaldus bequeaths several of his books to the Carthusian monastery of Scala Dei, which saves much of his writing after his death. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Atomic theory first appears in the 5th century BCE. Later examination notes the atom is much like an egg. Atoms have an extremely small, positively charged nucleus. It's surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. Egg yolk and white, right? Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore There the similarity ends. Although typically the nucleus is less than one ten-thousandth the size of the atom, it contains more that 99.9% of the mass of the atom. That's heavy yolk. The yellow yolk of the egg also represents gold, the sun and the ego at the center of the self. The concept of the cosmic egg, also known as the world egg or mundane egg, appears in the creation stories of various cultures and civilizations back to Proto-Indo-European mythology. The mystic egg has various meanings. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Arnaldus de Villanova: Medieval Alchemist The cosmic creation myth concerns an egg hatching to give birth to the universe, or a primordial being who then creates the universe. The egg is often depicted as resting on the primordial waters of the Earth. In this motif, the upper part or shell of the egg represents the heavens (firmament). The lower part or yolk symbolizes Earth. In ancient Egypt, gods Atum and later Ra hatch from an egg at the beginning of creation. Ammit - Eater of the Heavy Heart Ogdoad - Primordial Gods of Egypt Atum of Egypt - Dawn of the Gods This symbolism derives from basic properties of an egg, such as its structure, and role in providing nourishment and initiating new life. It's illustrated by the Latin saying " omne vivum ex ovo " ('all life comes from an egg'). The Alchemical Egg " ... et ego nominabo ipsum domine suo quo nominat ipsum vulgis scilicet terminus ovi hoc est dicere ovum philosophorum ... " " ... and I will name him as his lord, by which the common people name him, that is, the word for an egg is to say the egg of the philosophers ... " ~ Secretum secretorum (the Secret of Secrets) , Pseudo-Aristotle Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul John Dee - Talking to Angels Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria The Tetrasomia of Maria "These four metals - copper , iron , lead , and zinc —constitute the tetrasomia. They are "four in one" says Maria, according to Olympiodorus , and hence are also called the "egg of the philosophers," as the egg, too, comprises four components: shell, skin, egg white and yolk. This mixture can be prepared by means of 'our lead,' says Maria. The term designates either 'black lead' (molybdos melas) or antimony (molybdos hemeteros), whose melted state is also called 'black brew' or 'black juice.' Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals Remarkable Islamic Women in History Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy The four metals are, according to Maria, also called 'our copper,' or 'their copper,' and the alloy resembles in its quadruple composition the human body. In order to make gold, the tetrasomia must be heated and 'burned' with certain substances: ... with sulfur , which becomes vaporized in heat by itself and thereby colors everything - two features it shares with "all sulfurous materials"; with mercury ; with 'round alum,' that is, morsels of arsenious acid from arsenic sulfides (realgar, orpiment ); with ' divine water ' ... " Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy House of Wisdom: Medieval Scholarship in Baghdad Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot The Philosopher's Egg can also be interpreted as symbolic redemption of the soul of man according to Orphic-inspired Gnostic conceptions of regeneration. The Orphics believe in earthly suffering to gain heavenly rewards. The depiction of the Orphic egg includes an egg encircled by a twisted serpent, symbolizing the Greek Orphic religion's belief in the creation of the universe from a silver egg. An ancient hymn tells of the initial manifestation from this egg: Phanes-Dionysus, who represents light. The Great Library of Alexandria Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Famous Women of Ancient Rome " ... istud ovum quod nominaverunt sapientes ovum non est ovum avis nec generatur ex gallina sed est ovum sapientum quod assimulaverunt ob slbedinum suam albedini ovi." "... that egg which the sages called an egg is not a bird's egg, nor is it generated from a hen, but it is a wise egg which they pretended to be because of its whiteness." ~ De occultis naturae, Albertus Magnus 1200 - 1280 Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Catherine de' Medici & the Occult   From the Latin Secretum, the phrases lapis ... qui non est lapis (stone that is not a stone) and ovum philosophorum (philosophers' egg) enter the late Middle English. A medieval translation of 1450 reads: "... the stone animal, vegetable, and mynerall, the which is no stone, neither hath the nature of a stone ... Y wolle name hym by his propre name, as the common peple calleth it, that is to sey, the terme of an egge, that is to sey, the philosophers' egge." Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria The egg can symbolize the four elements Fire, Earth, Air and Water. Each of the four parts of an egg - yolk, white, skin and shell - relate to a Classical Element . In ancient Greek and later philosophy the elements Earth and Water are sometimes combined as one, giving the three-piece egg - yolk, white, shell. Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Several ancient writers, including Empedocles, use the analogy of an egg: the outer spherical and bounded sky is like the outer shell, whereas the Earth is represented by the inner round yolk within. This analogy, in turn, appears in some Zoroastrian texts During the Renaissance Paracelsus  also puts it in context of the Classical Elements . He sees fire as Firmament between air and water in the heavens. In his early model, he says air surrounds the world like an egg shell. Alchemy Tria Prima of Paracelsus: Three Primes Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness The egg white below the shell is like fire because it embodies a type of chaos, allowing it hold up earth and water. Earth and water make up a globe which, in his egg analogy, is the yolk. Even prior to philosophers, the egg is a symbol of life, creation and hope. For coloring, painters and craftspeople use egg tempera long before oils. Eggs can be used in food, medicine, philosophy, art, magic, Easter egg hunts, tales, poems, parables or metaphors. Ancient Greek Alchemy: ios and iosis Magic Metals, Gold, Smiths & Alchemists Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Who said that? Pseudos are writers whose work is falsely attributed to a major figure. The real writer can be one or more. Many share enduring insights. In alchemy, where secrecy is normal, Pseudos range from Greek philosophers, alchemists of Islam and Renaissance scribes. Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History The phenomenon of pseudepigraphy has been a subject of scholarly debate and intrigue throughout history. Many pseudo-writings contain gems of truth still used today although the normalcy of this pursuit makes identification difficult. The attribution of works to esteemed figures like Aristotle contributes to human understanding of ancient philosophy and medicine, especially treatment of headaches caused by questions about the authenticity and authority of texts in a broader intellectual tradition. Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods There are a number of reasons a writer might write under an assumed name, especially with a group of writers sharing the name. They give the writer anonymity for reasons including: reputation - writer(s) might be highly regarded in another field; they might be from a prominent family who disapproves of the alchemical practice status & renown - having one's works accepted as those of an esteemed figure financial - there's often a bottom line fear of reprisal - no one expects the Spanish Inquisition, but there it is. This and the Roman Inquisition are part of the larger Catholic Inquisition. Several prominent alchemists are called before the board. gender - women have the freedom to write, explore and express without revealing themselves. Many medieval Europeans believe women aren't intelligent enough to write or understand scientific texts, even after the work of Isabella Cortese hits the shelves. writers' insecurity and fear of making mistakes for which they'll be blamed, a common phobia of writers, gives anonymity a sweet allure. Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Remarkable Islamic Women in History Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Here are just a few historical Pseudos. Pseudo-Democritus This ancient Pseudo is omnipresent in the time of antiquity. Pseudo-Democritus is one or more unidentified authors of Greek texts falsely attributed to the ancient philosopher Democritus (c. 460–370 BCE). Among these writings are the lost works On Sympathies and Antipathies and Artificial Substances (Greek: Cheirokmēta ). These are believed to be by the Pythagorean physician and pharmacologist Bolos of Mendes (c. 200 - 100 BCE) . Bolus (Bolos) of Mendes: Healer Philosopher of Egypt Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Surviving Greek alchemical texts previously attributed to Democritus are now believed to be the work of an anonymous writer active around c. 54 - 68 AD. These texts, among the earliest alchemical writings, are crucial in shaping the course and concepts of alchemy. The four books on dyeing metals to gold and silver , dyeing stones and dyeing wool purple are esteemed by Greco-Egyptian alchemists, who contribute commentaries. Before the printing press, writing of commentaries, disputes or explanatory texts help keep ideas in circulation. Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Alchemical works ascribed to pseudo-Democritus popularize the alchemical saying attributed to the (fabled) Ostanes and others: " ... Nature delights in nature, nature conquers nature, nature masters nature." Pseudo-Dorotheos of Monemvasia Pseudo-Dorotheos of Monemvasia is a mysterious figure behind the creation or compilation of a significant Greek-language work, the Historical Book (Βιβλίον Ιστορικόν). First published in Venice in 1631 the work is a historical account from creation to the early 17th century. Alchemical Scientists: Secret Science of Alchemy Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Authorship is attributed to Dorotheos, a fictional figure of Monemvasia. Despite the dubious authorship, the Historical Book gains widespread popularity as a valuable resource for historical information, especially during the Ottoman period in Greece. Its detailed narrative sheds light on various historical events, cultural developments, and societal changes shaping the region over centuries. As a historical record the text brings to life the intellectual and cultural milieu of the time. Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Pseudo-Dorotheus (not of Monemvasia) In the late 3rd century, a cluster of works emerge bearing the name Dorotheus of Tyre, but in a pseudepigraphical manner. These texts, shrouded in mystery and intrigue, interpret the lives of Apostles and their disciples, offering a glimpse into the early days of Christianity. Among the narratives contained within these works is the account of Barnabas, a key figure in the spread of the Christian faith. It relates that certain Jews coming to Syria and Salamis, where Barnabas is preaching the gospel, are exasperated at his extraordinary success. Finding the Philosophers' Egg Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin They attack as he's disputing in the synagogue, drag him out, and, after the most inhumane tortures, stone him to death. Although it's believed he's martyred by being stoned, the apocryphal Acts of Barnabas states he's bound with a rope by the neck, then dragged to the site where he's burned to death. Pseudo-Aristotle Pseudo-Aristotle is a corpus of works were mistakenly credited to Aristotle by later generations. Falsely attributed writings or pseudepigrapha blurs the lines between authentic and wrongly attributed texts within the broader context of the Corpus Aristotelicum. One of these is The Book of the Apple, a medieval Neoplatonist Arabic work of mysterious authorship. It's first ascribed to Aristotle. The date of composition predates 1000 AD. Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Mystique of Nous: Awareness & Perception Apples: Nature, Spirituality & Folklore Its name comes from a legend of Aristotle, who lectures about immortality as he is dying. He's recurrently revived and energized by smelling an apple. Despite false attribution it's seriously discussed in the Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity, and translated from Arabic to Hebrew. Pseudo-Geber Pseudo-Geber is the author or group behind alchemical writings falsely attributed to Jabir ibn Hayyan, known as Geber in Europe. The Summa perfectionis magisterii , a key text in this collection, was likely written by Paul of Taranto before 1310. Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Medieval Islamic Scientist It influences alchemy in medieval Europe, introducing the corpuscular theory of matter and mentioning nitric acid, aqua regia , and aqua fortis. The historical existence of Jabir ibn Hayyan is uncertain, with many Arabic works attributed to him considered pseudepigrapha. The earlier Islamic alchemical texts are known as the Corpus Jabirianum , while the later Latin corpus is referred to as pseudo-Geber. Some works are believed to draw from earlier Islamic authors like Abu Bakr al-Razi . Islamic Alchemy: Abu Bakr al-Razi Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Pseudo-Raymund Lull Liber de secretis naturae seu de quinta essentia The Book of the Secrets of Nature or of the Quintessence,1498 The Liber de secretis naturae seu de quinta essentia is the central work in the Pseudo-Lullian Alchemical corpus, a large collection of up to 143 different texts circulating as works of Raymond Lull (1232-1316), philosopher, theologian and Christian mystic. Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Parabalani: Medics & Murderous Mobs Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy The author uses large sections of an earlier work by Jean de Roquetaillade (c. 1310 - 1362). Titled De consideratione quintae essentiae omnium rerum ( On the consideration of the fifth essence of all things ) linking alchemy with medicine. Lull has no known interest in alchemy. Text describes the process of producing aqua vitae (Latin for "water of life") by the distillation of wine. As per Roquetaillade, the resulting substance can purge corruption and decay, thus prevent illness and premature aging. Medieval Alchemy: Jean de Roquetaillade Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root The Liber de secretis naturae, in contrast to text of Roquetiallade, is not primarily interested in the medical application of the quintessence. It interprets these ideas as part of an alchemical system including medicine, transmutation of metals and artificial production of precious stones. Pseudo-Paracelsus The book "The Archidoxes of Magic" is a pseudo-Paracelsian grimoire of the 16th century involving the creation of magical sigils (seals) as talismans or amulets. The tenth volume of the Sigill Lunae shows a 9x9 magic square with sum of 369, to be inscribed on a silver talisman. 37 78 29 70 21 62 13 54 5 6 38 79 30 71 22 63 14 46 47 7 39 80 31 72 23 55 15 16 48 8 40 81 32 64 24 56 57 17 49 9 41 73 33 65 25 26 58 18 50 1 42 74 34 66 67 27 59 10 51 2 43 75 35 36 68 19 60 11 52 3 44 76 77 28 69 20 61 12 53 4 45 In mathematics a square array of numbers, usually positive integers, is a magic square if the sums of the numbers in each row, each column, and both main diagonals are the same. These texts are primarily responsible for Paracelsus' reputation as a magician. Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Alchemy Tria Prima of Paracelsus: Three Primes Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles In the late 16th century a surge in Pseudo-Paracelsian writings complicates biographers' efforts to differentiate between authentic tradition and legend. Despite works of astrology (an art all physicians are required to know), Paracelsus is not connected to talismanic magic. The Liber de secretis is considered spurious, even though certain parts, like the first four books, seem to have roots in Paracelsus' writings. The writer may be contemporary with him. Paracelsus' own Neun Bücher Archidoxis (Nine Books of Archidoxis) is a work on medicine written c. 1526 and first printed 1567. Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Jungian Numerology & Number Meanings Pseudo-Arnaldian Corpus (Arnaldus de Villanova) The Pseudo-Arnald Corpus consists primarily of alchemical works advocating the "mercury alone" concept, which proposes that transforming base metal into gold requires removing all substances except the "primal metal," found in all metals. This concept is linked to the "mercury-sulfur theory" of metal generation, suggesting an ideal mercury with pure, red sulfur imparting the golden hue to the alchemical product. From the 13th-century Summa perfectionis of Pseudo-Geber, the idea prevails in the 14-15th centuries. Sulfur-Mercury Theory: Alchemical Philosophy Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Sulfur Mercury Principle of Alchemy It's justified as mimicking nature, with alchemists supposedly replicating a natural metallic generation process which could take up to a millennium. This is exemplified by lab-grown diamonds today. The Summa perfectionis also spreads the belief elements and metals are made of tiny particles of varying sizes. Consequently, heating impure metal is thought to purify it as fiery particles enter. Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek Myth & Metallurgy - Metals of Antiquity Ancient Greek Alchemy: ios & iosis The fiery component(s) expel impurities and leave behind pure metal. This theory of medieval physics is inherited from scholastic medicine, ultimately rooted in Aristotle's Physics and Meteorologica (4th century BCE). Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Benefactors of literature cultivate intellectual centers of creativity and innovation. Here are five powerful historical patrons whose strong impact on literature and literacy shapes the course of human knowledge. Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals 1. Ptolemaic Pharaohs and the Great Library of Alexandria The Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt (305 – 30 BCE) is best known for establishing the Great Library of Alexandria, a center of learning and scholarship in the ancient world. The library houses an extensive collection of scrolls and codices spanning disciplines. Scholars arrive seeking enlightenment in literature, ancient wisdom, medicine and philosophy, such as works by prominent scholars including Euclid and Archimedes. Under the Ptolemies, the library is unparalleled in intellectual activity, attracting scholars from throughout the world. The Great Library of Alexandria Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria 2. Al-Ma'mun and the Baghdad House of Wisdom In 9th-century Baghdad, Caliph Al-Ma’mun is a key figure in the Islamic Golden Age. He establishes the House of Wisdom (Bayt al-Hikma), an institution which becomes a melting pot of ideas where scholars, translators, and philosophers work collaboratively. The caliph actively sponsors translation of ancient texts, particularly Greek works in mathematics, astronomy, medicine and philosophy. This initiative contributes significantly to the preservation and propagation of knowledge across the Muslim world and beyond. Remarkable Islamic Women in History House of Wisdom: Medieval Scholarship in Baghdad Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE 3. Cosimo de Medici (1389 - 1464) Patriarch of the Medici family in Florence, Cosimo is one of the greatest art and literature patrons the world has ever known. His Medici Circle becomes the epicenter of humanist thought, inspiring a rebirth of classical knowledge and artistic expression. After a chat with a pair of literati , Cosimo de Medici emerges as a leading patron of literature alongside his already well known artistic patronage. His support for humanist scholars like Marsilio Ficino and Leonardo Bruni promotes revival of classical texts and new literary forms. Cosimo de' Medici & the Italian Renaissance Medici & Alchemy: Italian Renaissance Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making He founds the Platonic Academy in Florence in 1462, for discussions and exchange of ideas. Sending explorers and adventurers on quests to find and preserve the world's literature, he's instrumental in saving a vast number of ancient and historical writings. 4. Catherine de Medici (1519 - 1589) In the court of France, Catherine de Medici wields influence as a formidable patron of literature and culture. Despite her sinister reputation in politics and personal goals, Catherine has the Medici flair for discovery and acquisition. Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Cosimo Ruggeri: Prophecies from the Dark Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Patron of poets, playwrights, and scholars, Catherine hosts salon gatherings and vibrant forums for intellectual exchange. Her support of the arts enriches French literature but is not enough to turn the hostility away from her. Under her rule, the French court becomes a center for poets like Pierre de Ronsard and prose writers, further establishing France as a cultural archetype. Catherine’s influence encourages themes of identity, politics and society, promoting work on the complex human experience. The Pseudos: Underground Alchemy Writers Finding the Philosophers' Egg Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot 5. Rudolf II of Prague: The Alchemical Emperor (1552 - 1612) Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II of Prague is a man of eclectic interests including alchemy, astrology and sponsorship of artists, alchemists, astrologers and philosophers. Through his lavish patronage, Rudolf fosters a climate of experimentation and esoteric discourse. His court is a jewel of academia, literature and mysticism. Rudolf himself is a mercurial character who bestows great honors on those who impress him, such as Michael Maier , who's made a knight by Rudolf the day after the two meet. Rudolf II Renaissance Prague: Alchemy, Eros & Occult Rudolf’s fascination with the supernatural and the occult influence literary themes, broadening exploration into the metaphysical. The Emperor also possesses a Curiosity Cabinet, in vogue at the time, for his collection of mystical and delightful oddities. People like John Dee , Johannes Kepler, Tycho Brahe, Giuseppe Arcimboldo and Edward Kelley come to study or practice there, with varying results. Rudolf's expansive patronage of the occult and the arts has a broader effect than anyone could dream. John Dee - Talking to Angels Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Many years after his death his collection is plundered. It appears at the Swedish court. Queen Christina of Sweden (1626 - 1689) looks through these papers, abdicates the throne, packs her bags and relocates to Rome, where she carries out alchemical experiments until the end of her days. Due to strangeness of her birth and past, it's thought Christina is a hermaphrodite. Alchemy honors the Rebis, the divine hermaphrodite, and the "children of Hermes and Aphrodite" are considered especially gifted. Alchemy: Rebis Divine Hermaphrodite Unity of Opposites: Spiritual Alchemy Alchemy: Red King & White Queen The future of literature and knowledge prospers. Much is due to the contributions of these five pivotal figures - the Ptolemaic Pharaohs, Al-Ma’mun of Baghdad, Cosimo de Medici, Catherine de Medici and Rudolf II of Prague. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Ten metals are used in alchemy since its ancient emergence. They are antimony, bismuth, copper, gold, iron, lead, quicksilver (mercury), silver, tin and zinc. Some don't get modern names until the Middle Ages, but all appear in alchemical recipes of the early centuries AD. Seven Metals of Antiquity - Metallurgy Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Antimony / Stibnium (Sb) Antimony is classified as a metalloid. When in its metallic state, it appears silvery, hard, and brittle. Applications. Antimony finds its application in the electronics sector for the production of certain semiconductor components like infrared detectors and diodes. Additionally, it is combined with lead or other metals to enhance their durability and resilience. Antimony compounds are known since ancient times. Powdered for use as medicine and cosmetics, like galena they're often known by the Arabic name kohl. In alchemy , Eirenaeus Philalethes  describes stibnite in his alchemical commentary An Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Epistle  in the 17th century. He considers stibnite a precursor to philosophical mercury , itself a hypothetical precursor to the philosopher's stone . Eirenaeus Philalethes: Alchemy & Death in Renaissance London Arnaldus de Villanova: Medieval Alchemist Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Bismuth / German: Wismuth (Bi) Bismuth, the most metallic and least abundant element in the nitrogen group, is characterized as hard, brittle, lustrous, having a coarse crystalline structure. Its distinctive gray-white color with a reddish tinge sets it apart from all other metals. Bismuth, a brittle metal, is 86% as dense as lead with a silvery-white color. Surface oxidation gives it a rosy cast, while further oxidation under heat results in an iridescent appearance due to thin-film interference. Bismuth is the most diamagnetic and also non-reactive element. Bismuth is used by ancients including Egyptians, Greeks, Asians and Romans. Incas also use bismuth, melting it with copper and tin to create a bronze alloy for knives. Claude Geoffrey Junine is credited with its "discovery" in 1753, demonstrating its distinction from lead and tin. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Solnitsata - Neolithic Salt Trade Town Finding the Philosophers' Egg Copper / Cuprum – associated with Venus (Cu) - a metal of the   Tetrasomia  of Maria   Copper (Cu) is a soft, malleable metal with high conductivity. Occurring naturally it's been used by humans since c. 8000 BCE. It's the first metal smelted from sulfide ores around 5000 BCE and the first metal cast into a shape in a mold around 4000 BCE. Copper is the first metal alloyed with tin to create bronze around 3500 BC. Common copper compounds include copper(II) salts, which give blue or green colors to minerals like azurite, malachite, and turquoise, once used as pigments. Copper: Ruddy Metal of Myth & Magic How to Make Copperas Red: Simply Science Vermilion - Scarlet Pigment of Death Gold / Aurum – associated with the Sun (Au) Gold is a chemical element; it has symbol Au (from Latin aurum ). In its pure form, it is a bright, orange-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal. Gold is one of the noble metals. It's among the least reactive chemical elements, second-lowest in the reactivity series. Gold is resistant to most acids, but dissolves in aqua regia , a mix of nitric and hydrochloric acid). Gold is insoluble in nitric acid alone, which dissolves silver and base metals. This property is long used to refine gold or confirm gold in metallic substances using the acid test. Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone In alchemy, gold represents the goal of a quest. Early alchemy explores the coloration and dying of metals. The transmutation of metals is considered possible in medieval Islam for a couple of centuries, but trying to "turn base metals into gold" is primarily a Western ideal. Iron / Ferrum – associated with Mars (Fe) - a metal of the Tetrasomia of Maria Iron is a chemical element classified as a metal. It is the most abundant element on Earth by mass, constituting a significant portion of both the outer and inner core. In the Earth's crust, it ranks as the fourth most common element, primarily deposited in metallic form by meteorites. Iron Age - Metallurgy & Metal Magic Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Mythic Fire Gods: Hephaestus of the Greek To extract usable metal from iron ores, kilns or furnaces capable of reaching temperatures as high as 1,500 °C (2,730 °F) are required. This is approximately 500 °C (932 °F) hotter than temperatures needed to smelt copper. Mastery of this process begins in Eurasia c. 1800 BCE. Lead / Plumbum – associated with Saturn (Pb) - a metal of the Tetrasomia of Maria Lead (Pb) is a dense, malleable heavy metal with a low melting point. It has a shiny gray appearance when cut, turning dull gray when exposed to air. Lead is the element with the highest atomic number among stable elements and has three isotopes. Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy It's fairly unreactive. Before glass, quicksilver is shipped in lead containers as it's one of the few metals Hg won't devour. Extraction of lead goes back to prehistoric times in the Near East, with widespread use in ancient Rome due to the presence of lead in galena  (PbS). Quicksilver / Hydrargyrum (Hg) – associated with planet Mercury Mercury or quicksilver is a chemical element with symbol Hg. It's once named hydrargyrum from Greek hydor 'water' and argyros 'silver', whence its chemical symbol comes. A heavy, silvery element, mercury is the only metal known to be liquid at standard temperature and pressure. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Galena: Silver Lead Ore of Metallurgy Mercury deposits are mostly cinnabar . The red pigment vermilion is extracted by grinding natural cinnabar or synthetic mercuric sulfide. Exposure to mercury and mercury-containing organic compounds is toxic to the nervous system, immune system and kidneys of humans and other animals. Nonetheless it assumes an important place in alchemy. Silver / Argentum (Ag) – associated with the Moon Silver, a chemical element with the symbol Ag (from Latin argentum 'silver', derived from Proto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ 'shiny, white'), is a soft, white, lustrous transition metal known for its exceptional electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, and reflectivity among all metals. Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Silver - Queen of Precious Metals 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine It occurs in the Earth's crust in various forms, including pure elemental form ("native silver"), in alloys with gold and other metals, and in minerals like argentite and chlorargyrite. The majority of silver production is a byproduct of refining copper, gold, lead, and zinc. Through history, silver has been highly prized as a metal of commerce. It is commonly used in bullion coins, sometimes in conjunction with gold. Despite being more abundant than gold, silver is less common in its native metal state. Argyropoeia: Silver Making of Ancients Michael Maier: Rosicrucians, Art & Alchemy Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Tin / Stannum – associated with Jupiter (Sn) Tin is a chemical element; it has symbol Sn (Latin stannum). A silvery-colored metal, tin is soft enough to be cut and a bar of tin bent by hand with little effort. When bent, the so-called "tin cry" can be heard, as a result of twinning in tin crystals. Tin is obtained chiefly from the mineral cassiterite , which contains stannic oxide, SnO. Tin is the 49th most abundant element on Earth, making up 0.00022% of its crust, and with 10 stable isotopes, it has the largest number of stable isotopes in the periodic table, due to its magic number of protons. Magic numbers are 2, 8, 20, 28, 50, 82, and 126. Tin - Essential Metal of Antiquity Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Ancient Greek Alchemy: ios & iosis Zinc / (Zn) a metal of the Tetrasomia of Maria - it first receives its name in the 16th century Zinc (Zn) is a slightly brittle chemical element with a shiny-greyish appearance when not oxidized. It shares chemical similarities with magnesium, both having an oxidation state of +2. Ranking 24th in Earth's crust, zinc has five stable isotopes. Its primary ore, sphalerite or zinc blende, is found in Australia, Asia and the USA. The refining process involves froth flotation, roasting, and electrowinning. Zinc is essential for humans, animals, plants and microorganisms, as the second most abundant trace metal in the human body after iron. Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Secrets of Mystical Alchemy: Unlocking the Unknown Natural Magic of the Renaissance Zinc deficiency can cause low testosterone levels in men which is why oysters, a good source of zinc, are accorded aphrodisiac qualities. Zinc is also found in red meat, fish, avocado, nuts, whole grains and dairy products. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Distillation transforms substances through heating, cooling, and separating liquids from solids. It's for brewing spirits, and is an integral process in medicine and in alchemy. All alchemists must learn the art of distillation if they are to succeed in this competitive world. Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade 10 Alchemical Metals - Ancient Metals of Alchemy Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Distillation has been an integral part of human civilization for centuries. One of the oldest and most basic processes, distillation is a process to transform raw materials into purer forms. It's used to create perfumes, spirits, essential oils, health tonics and Elixirs of Life. The technique becomes popular in ancient Greece and Rome in an atmosphere of natural philosophy and medicine. Figures such as Aristotle explore principles of distillation. By the time of the Islamic Golden Age, distillation techniques advance significantly. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Medieval Islamic Scientist The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists The process of distillation can be broken down into several key steps: Heating : The mixture is heated in a distillation apparatus until it reaches the boiling point of the component with the lowest boiling point. Vaporization : As the temperature rises, the lower boiling component vaporizes and rises through a column. Condensation : The vapor is passed through a condenser, where it is cooled by currents of water or air. This results in the vapor condensing back into a liquid. Collection : The condensed liquid, known as the distillate, is collected in a separate container. Repetition (if necessary) : Depending on the desired purity, the distillation process may be repeated multiple times. Alchemy Processes Invented by Islamic Alchemists Seven Metals of Antiquity - Metallurgy Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Essential Equipment Used by Ancient Alchemists for Distillation Alembic Perhaps the most iconic piece of distillation equipment, the alembic consists of two to three main parts: the cucurbit, still or mattrass, a gourd-like vessel containing the material to be distilled. The bulbous shape allows for heating substances, separation and direction of vapor. The condenser or head, cup, capital or alembic proper has a pipe or condenser in which the vapor cools and returns to liquid state. The vapor flows through a tube (the condenser) where it cools and reverts back into liquid form. The condenser is inserted into a collection vessel. Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Vitriol in Alchemy: Caustic Compounds Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making The alembic is essential for producing distilled spirits and medicinal extracts. The entire apparatus is sometimes constructed of glass, allowing visibility of the whole process. More often, the cucurbit is of copper or ceramic, and just the head of glass. Retort Another critical device is the retort, a type of distillation flask designed with a curved neck. The retort allows chemists to heat a mixture and condense vapors efficiently. It's widely used in alchemy and medicine. Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science Zosimos of Panopolis: Father of Alchemy Similar to an alembic, a retort is a single vessel used for heating and condensing. It features a long neck that allows distilled vapors to escape, cool, and condense back into the liquid form, providing a more straightforward distillation process. Bain-marie Also known as a water bath, this indirect heating method is commonly used to prevent thermal shock to delicate substances. Alchemists use it to gently heat liquids, thereby enhancing the distillation process without the risk of burning or damaging elements. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Arnaldus de Villanova: Medieval Alchemist Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Basically, it's a double boiler. The invention is credited to Mary the Jewess , (c. 100 AD), after whom it's named. A similar piece of equipment is a sand bath. Aludel This is a pear-shaped pot with an opening at each end, so the neck can be fitted into the bottom of a similar pot in succession of separation or purifying through sublimation. Sublimation is the process of a solid becoming a gas without a liquid phase first. Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Basil Valentine: Secrets of Medieval Alchemy This earthenware vessel has a specialized top to collect vapors as they rise. The aludel allows for a closed-loop system of collection, maintaining the potentially volatile components of a mixture. The aludel is  also known as the Orphic Egg . Cohobation Vessel Heated from below, fluid turns to steam and condenses at the top of the apparatus. It cools and runs down the tube as liquid. Cohobation is the process of distilling a substance multiple times. Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors How to Make Copperas Red: Simply Science Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Furnaces and Heat Sources Early alchemists use various heat sources, including wood fires and coal, to heat their distillation vessels. The control of heat was vital for the success of the distillation process, and over time, different designs of furnaces evolve to enhance efficiency. Below, one alembic sits on a shelf while another occupies boiling water of the bain-marie. A rag hangs over the edge of the vessel lower left. It filters impurities and drips the purified water into the collector. This is one of the earliest, simplest ways of purifying liquid. Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Question of Alchemy in Ancient Rome Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Vessels for Collection Distilled liquids are carefully collected in various vessels made from clay, bronze, or glass. The choice of material depends on the intended use of the distilled product. Glass is popular in ancient Alexandria, a center of glass making, alchemists, physicians and philosophers. Principles of Distillation In distillation a mixture of liquids is heated, on the principle the component with the lowest boiling point vaporizes first. The vapor is then cooled, condensed back into a liquid, and collected separately, separating it from the original mixture. The Pseudos: Underground Alchemy Writers Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Ancient Distillation - c. 2000 BCE Distillation is a fundamental technique in scientific fields such as chemistry and engineering. It uses evaporation and condensation to separate components of mixtures based on difference of boiling points. This method is used for millennia. It has many applications, from purifying solvents to brewing booze. Early records of Egypt and Mesopotamia mention distillation for extraction of essential oils and perfumes. Beer is made in Mesopotamia by c. 4000 BCE by fermentation alone. Beer Goddess Siris of Mesopotamia Ninkasi: Beer Goddess Mesopotamia German House Spirits: Beer Donkey (Bieresel) Early distillation evidence relates to alchemists working in Alexandria in Roman Egypt in the 1st century AD. Distilled water has used since at least c. 200 AD, when Alexander of Aphrodisias describes the distillation process. Alchemists and scholars through time time seek to refine and improve the brewing methods of the ancestors. The introduction of distillation in brewing gives a concentration of flavors and a higher alcohol content. Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy It also aids in removal of undesirable substances, producing spirits pretty, potent and pleasing to the palate. Distillation equipment in the breweries of monasteries has important benefits to medieval European alchemy. With distillation, alchemists seek to separate the essence of substances from physical form. Through separation and recombination alchemists and physicians, some of whom as the same person, ultimately strive to create that which is more than the sum of its parts. Eirenaeus Philalethes: Alchemy & Death in Renaissance London Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files For brewers, distillation refines beverages, producing spirits more potent and concentrated in flavor. This process allows for the creation of a wide variety of alcoholic drinks, from whiskey to gin. Distillation can also remove impurities, resulting in a smoother product. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Fractional distillation is a technique to separate components of a mixture based on their various boiling points. In this process, a liquid mixture is heated to form vapor, which is then cooled and collected in a separate vessel. Distillation in Alchemy: Ancient Process & Equipment Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy It's similar to simple distillation . Simple distillation separates a liquid from a solid-liquid solution. Fractional distillation separates a liquid from a solution of two miscible liquids. This process separates components and enables collection of pure substances. Ancient civilizations implement this technique to extract valuable substances from raw materials. Ancient alchemists use such equipment as alembics and clay retorts. Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Ancient practitioners heat mixtures, collect and condense vapors, and separate components based on boiling points. Earliest evidence of distillation processes can be traced back to Mesopotamia c. 2000 BCE, where alchemists use simple distillation to separate materials. Egyptian distillers, using various types of clay pots, heat liquids to create vapors. The vapors cool and run down a condensing tube into a collector vessel. This is a crucial process for collection of evaporated alcohol and essential oils. Yarrow (Achillea) Magic & Medicine Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Women Scientists of the Ancient World Uses of Ancient Fractional Distillation Alcohol Production : Distillation is initially used to produce alcoholic beverages. In Greece, Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE) documents early methods of distilling alcohol from fermented liquids, emphasizing its usefulness in producing concentrated solutions. Ancient recipes for wine and spirits employ early distillation methods to extract stronger alcohol content, leading to creation of drinks like arak, a distilled Levantine spirit of the anise drinks family, and whiskey. George Ripley: Alchemist of Augustine Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Medicinal Applications : the quest for effective medications refines herbal formulations through distillation. Medical texts from the Arabic world highlight the importance of distilled remedies. Perfumes & Essential Oil Extraction : the Egyptians are among the first to use fractionally distilled essential oils for cosmetic and religious purposes. In ancient Egypt, fragrant oils obtained through distillation are used in perfumes and embalming . Khet, the Body: Death Rites of Ancient Egypt Egyptian Blue - First Synthetic Color Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Fractional and simple distillation are instrumental in extracting essential oils from botanical blends. By carefully controlling temperature gradients, distillers can isolate aromatic compounds, producing concentrated oils with distinct fragrances and therapeutic properties. Laboratory Procedures : Laboratories worldwide rely on fractional distillation for the separation of chemical compounds. Whether synthesizing pharmaceuticals or purifying solvents, this technique ensures the accuracy and purity of produced substances. Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Steam distillation develops from simple and fractional distillation techniques, and is first known to be documented among the Islamic alchemists. Steam distillation extracts essential oils, fragrances and medicinal compounds from plants and other organic matter. Fractional Distillation: Ancient & Medieval Alchemy Processes Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process Distillation in Alchemy: Ancient Process & Equipment While simple distillation remains pivotal in separating mixtures, steam distillation is a more complex method, beneficial for extracting heat-sensitive compounds such as essential oils from plant materials. Steam is used to carry volatile components away from the source material. Steam distillation emerges as a more advanced technique than simple distillation, building upon the principles of previous methods. Its invention is credited to Jabir ibn Hayyan or Avicenna during the Islamic Golden Age. Avicenna (Ibn Sina) Medieval Islamic Scientist Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Ancient Uses & Medicine In steam distillation, steam is passed through a mixture of substances, aiding in the extraction of volatile compounds. The steam and vaporized components are then condensed, resulting in the separation of the desired substances. Essential oils can degrade at high temperatures. Steam distillation separates essential oils or other volatile compounds from plant materials. The steam passes through the plant matter causing the the essential oils to evaporate without loss of integrity. Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Method of Steam Distillation: Generating Steam:  Water is heated to produce steam, which is then introduced into a flask containing the plant material. Extraction:  The steam helps extract the essential oils without directly exposing them to high heat, thus preserving their delicate compounds. Condensation:  The mixture of steam and essential oils passes through a condenser, where it is cooled back into a liquid state. Separation:  The distillate, which now contains both water and essential oils, is collected. Since oil is usually less dense than water, it may be separated easily, often using a separating funnel. Steam distillation is widely adopted in fragrance and cosmetics industries, and in traditional herbal medicine for its ability to gently extract sensitive compounds. Methods are used in the production of spirits, perfumes, essential oils, and pharmaceuticals. Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy In ancient Egyptian culture, steam distillation techniques are employed to extract oils from plants like myrrh and frankincense. The Egyptians need these oils for medicinal purposes, religious ceremonies, and embalming practices. Some scholars suggest the ancient Egyptians use steam distillation, even if it's not technically defined at the time. The Babylonians and Chinese also use distillation, experimenting with various techniques to create perfumes and tinctures. Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Evolution of Steam Distillation While the Greeks, Arabs, and Persians contribute significantly to the advancement of steam distillation, the process escalates during the Middle Ages. The spread of knowledge across Europe leads to the innovation of distillation apparatuses for sophisticated techniques. By the Renaissance, steam distillation is a primary procedure in herbal medicine and the perfume industry. In the early modern period, European alchemists and physicians expand upon Avicenna's work. Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Mary the Jewess: Gold-Making & the Philosophers' Stone Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals They start to document the chemical properties of the substances being distilled. Giambattista della Porta , an Italian scholar, and others publish texts on the distillation process. Steam distillation has evolved through centuries but fundamental principles remain the same. Uses of Steam Distillation The applications of steam distillation are vast and varied. Some of the most prominent uses include: 1. Extraction of Essential Oils Essential oils extracted through steam distillation are widely used in aromatherapy, cosmetics, and natural perfumes. Oils such as lavender, eucalyptus, and peppermint are popular examples. Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval 2. Medicinal Applications Steam distillation is employed in traditional and modern medicine to extract active compounds from herbs for therapeutic use. Oils like tea tree and oregano carry antimicrobial properties and are used as natural remedies. 3. Flavoring and Culinary Uses Many culinary herbs and spices are processed through steam distillation to create flavoring extracts. Examples include vanilla and citrus extracts widely used in baking and cooking. The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists 4. Natural Insect Repellents Certain essential oils, such as citronella and eucalyptus, extracted via steam distillation are known for their insect-repelling properties. They are commonly used in natural repellents and household products. 5. Aromatic Beverages Beverages like herbal teas and flavored drinks often incorporate distilled essential oils, such as rose, anise or peppermint, to enhance their aroma and taste. Arnaldus de Villanova: Medieval Alchemist Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Alchemy and astrology interact on levels of occult arts, principles of science and laws of nature. Just for fun, here are the twelve alchemical processes, applications and related zodiac signs. Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists 10 Alchemical Metals - Ancient Metals of Alchemy Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets These signs became related to the processes of alchemy applied by English alchemist George Ripley (1415 - 1490). These are among the many lists of processes created, from early alchemy to the fanciful frippery of the later Renaissance. The four phases laid down by Mary the Jewess are colors black, white, yellow, red. These become the nigredo , albedo , citrinitas and rubedo of the alchemical process. By medieval Europe colors are trimmed to black, white, red. Other versions may involve 7 - 32 processes. Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science Alchemy & Astrology: Cosmic Connections In the 18th century Dom Pernety associates each process with a zodiac sign. Calcination (Aries) Congelation (Taurus) Fixation (Gemini) Dissolution (Cancer) Digestion (Leo) Distillation (Virgo) Sublimation (Libra) Separation (Scorpio) Ceration (Sagittarius) Fermentation (Capricorn) Multiplication (Aquarius) Projection (Pisces) Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy George Ripley's 12 processes are accepted by the minds of the time due to his extraordinary fame and reputation. Other authors have listed six to twenty-four processes, depending on their degree of infatuation with the concept. Because these are twelve, and the zodiac signs are twelve, and the number twelve is significant in numerology as a "divine" number, Ripley's list and the astrological sun signs seem to come together naturally. The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur The Processes Calcination - Aries - Iron - Fire - Mars Calcination involves subjecting a solid chemical compound to high temperatures without melting, in a controlled oxygen-deprived environment. This process is used to eliminate impurities or volatile substances, or to induce thermal decomposition. The alchemist heats solids to a high temperature for purpose of removing volatile substances, oxidizing a portion of mass, or rendering them friable (crumbly). Calcination is sometimes considered a process of purification. Aries is a fire sign, vibrant with action and ambition. The corresponding planet is Mars. Aries geologically is magma, molten rock inside the earth, and relates to the theme of purification by fire. Able to rise from flames of destruction, Aries embodies the spirit of the phoenix. Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Alchemy Processes Invented by Islamic Alchemists Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Congelation - Taurus - Copper Congelation (from Latin congelātiō , lit.  'freezing, congealing') in context of medieval and Renaissance alchemy is the same as crystallization. Crystallization is the phenomenon through which solids are created with crystal structure. Crystals can be formed through various methods such as precipitation from a solution, evaporation, freezing or direct deposition from a gas. Taurus is an earth sign, often drawn to treasures such as precious metals and crystals. Crystals in nature are formed when gasses or magma cool in the earth. So, while Taurus may be hot-blooded at times, this person is capable of creating beautiful things. Paracelsus: Renegade Renaissance Physician Planetary Name Symbolism in Ancient Astrology White Herb of Maria: Ancient Alchemy Secrets Fixation - Gemini - Quicksilver Fixation is the process of transforming volatile substances to enhance stability and durability. It involves separating volatile elements and reconstructing the substance into a solid form, either maintaining its original shape or creating a new configuration. Fixation in histology, pathology, and cell biology involves preserving biological tissues to prevent decay caused by autolysis or putrefaction. This process stops biochemical reactions and can enhance the mechanical strength or stability of the treated tissues. Fixation is an excellent tool for Gemini as this sign may sometimes be in need of grounding. Fixatio brings balance, strength and stability. As a meditative tool it helps define goals and direction, and what's important in life. Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Zodiac, Astrology & Jungian Psychology Dissolution - Cancer - SIlver Dissolution is a common process often associated with salt, a key element of the tria prima . In the Great Work or Magnum Opus, relating to creation of the Philosopher's Stone, salt or other substances may be dissolved, reformed and reused for successive stages. Cancer is a Water sign but also strongly attracted to crystals. In ancient times metals and gems are considered to have genders and anthropomorphic properties, magical due to their seeming ability to grow from nothing. This reflects the artistic side of Cancer. The Crayfish is a fluid sign, able to navigate twists and turns of life with subtlety and intent. If stagnancy happens Cancer can use the conceptual process to dissolve impurities of body and mind and re-invigorate the quintessential flow. Renaissance Astrology: Power of Stars & Planets Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Arnaldus de Villanova: Medieval Alchemist Digestion - Leo - Gold Digestion in alchemy is a meticulous process that involves the application of gentle heat to a substance over an extended period, typically spanning several weeks. This technique is carried out by sealing the substance within a flask. The flask create a controlled environment for the reaction to take place. In alchemy the flask containing the substance is placed in fresh horse dung or exposed to direct sunlight to facilitate the digestion process. Leo, influenced by the Sun and fire, is not only a blaze in the firmament but a deep thinker, too often in retrospect. Leo is able to "digest" or integrate information or experiences. Contemplating perspectives and wisdom over time establishes a pattern of positive change. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Ptolemy: Earth, Almagest & Ancient Astronomy Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Distillation - Virgo - Quicksilver Distillation is a way of separating components in a liquid mixture based on their boiling points. The process takes advantage of the different boiling points of the substances present in the mixture. By heating the mixture in a still, the substance with the lowest boiling point vaporizes first. These vapors are then cooled and condensed back into a liquid state in a separate chamber. The beauty of distillation lies in its ability to isolate and purify substances. Distillation can take such forms as simple, fractional and steam distillation. Earth sign Virgo finds this process in an ancient practice of women - brewing. The process appeals to Virgo's canny analytical mind. Virgo deals with details in everyday life by separating and treating them according to their nature and may be drawn to herbology. Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures Anqi Sheng & the Elixir of Immortality Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process Sublimation - Libra - Copper Sublimation is a process by which a substance transforms directly from a solid to a gaseous state without undergoing an intermediary liquid phase. This occurs under specific conditions of temperature and pressure, allowing certain substances to sublime. Products obtained through sublimation often have distinct characteristics and properties unseen in original solid form. It's used in a number of various scientific applications and exemplified in the action of dry ice. This spiritual process and its magical transformation of solid to vapor is ideal for Air sign Libra. Libra is a unique individual with a number of talents not always revealed right away. Libra can also transition from a "solid" to the ephemeral realm of spiritus and dreams. Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Diplosis: Gold Doubling & Multiplication in Alchemy Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Separation - Scorpio - Iron - Mars/Pluto A separation process is a technique that transforms a mixture or solution of chemical substances into two or more separate product mixtures, a scientific method of isolating two or more substances to achieve purity. A separatory funnel is used to separate liquids of different densities. Dense liquid sinks to the bottom of the funnel to be drained out through a valve, away from the less dense liquid, which remains in the separatory funnel. Scorpio, a water sign, is associated with this process on an elemental and spiritual level. A complex mix of substances, Scorpio is intriguing, but also quick to expunge that which is unwanted, resulting in a more unified sense of the whole. Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Famous Women of Ancient Rome Edelweiss: Alpine Flower of True Love Ceration - Sagittarius - Tin Ceration is continual addition of a liquid to a hard, dry substance while heating the substance. This softens it, as molten wax (Latin: cera ). Alchemist Pseudo-Geber explains it as "the mollification of a hard thing, not fusible unto liquefaction". In Pernety's mytho-Hermetic dictionary 1787, it's described differently, as transition of matter from black to gray, then white, by ongoing heating. Ceration can be interchangeable with other terms in alchemy to describe processes involving burning, like incineration. Ceration speaks to the progressive nature of Sagittarius, this sign's affinity for transmutation and re-creation, and the nurturing, catalytic and destructive effects of fire. These characteristics appear in the nature of Sagittarius. Basil Valentine: Secrets of Medieval Alchemy Great Women of Renaissance Alchemy Salt: Exalted Mineral of Alchemy Fermentation - Capricorn - Lead Fermentation is one of the first alchemical processes used, deliberately evoked by c. 7000 BCE. Fermentation is the process in which yeast acts on sugar and converts it into alcohol and carbon dioxide. This process is the prime step for producing all types of alcoholic beverages. Fermentation is a type of redox metabolism carried out in the absence of oxygen. For example human muscle cells use lactic acid fermentation when muscle cells cannot get enough oxygen to meet their energy needs through aerobic respiration. Fermentation is a process of life and change. It's created by living organisms. For Earth sign Capricorn this is a part of positive growth. Although Capricorn can have a cynical side, fermentation of ideas and thoughts bring this all into balance, often while the body is asleep. Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Wild Women and Winter Tales Multiplication - Aquarius - Zinc - Uranus Multiplication is the process in Western alchemy used to enhance potency of the philosopher's stone, elixir or projection powder. It occurs near the end of the magnum opus in order to increase the gains. Multiplication has a duality of meaning, much like Aquarius. It's also related to the doubling or tripling of precious metals such as gold or silver. This is often done with asem , a secret metal alloy, appearing to increase the amount of metal. A law against multiplication is passed in 1404 England. Zinc is one of the metals used in multiplication. This process is a good one for Aquarius due to the nature of this sign to multiply the good. Multiplication is not viewed as a negative unless its intent is evil. Aquarius is a sign with a lot of power, and must be careful to use it wisely. Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Remarkable Islamic Women in History Projection - Pisces - Cobalt - Neptune Projection is the ultimate phase in Western alchemy. Typically, the process is described as casting a small portion of the Stone into a molten base metal. At one time the theory of "seed metal" is accepted, as in growth of gold from a small portion or seed. The process of projection is used to transmute a lesser substance into a higher form; the typical example is lead into gold. However it's also used as a trick by people such as Edward Kelley , who is so adept he's desired at the court of Elizabeth I. In the end it's not to be. The process of projection is artistic, intuitive yet oriented to precision, some of the qualities applied to Pisces. The metal cobalt defines the mystic nature of Pisces, as it's linked to the spirit world. The process also relates to the ability of Pisces to create something from nothing. Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top