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Sporosarcina pasteurii is a gram-positive bacterium with the extraordinary ability to precipitate calcite and solidify sand when exposed to calcium sources and urea, an acid. Limestone and marl are the common rocks of calcite. Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Women Scientists of the Ancient World What is Sporosarcina pasteurii? S. pasteurii is a soil-dwelling, rod-shaped, gram-positive bacterium belonging to the genus Sporosarcina . This resilient microorganism is known for its ability to induce carbonate mineral precipitation, particularly calcite, under specific environmental conditions. The precipitated calcite effectively binds soil particles together, creating a more stable structure, which has gained significant interest in various industrial applications. Sporosarcina pasteurii is first described in the early 20th century, with its original classification as Bacillus pasteurii attributed to French microbiologist Louis Pasteur. It's reclassified in 1986 as Sporosarcina pasteurii . Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Liver of Sulfur: Alchemy, Metal & Medicine Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Functions in Nature In nature, S. pasteurii is important to biogeochemical cycles, especially the carbon cycle. It facilitates precipitation of calcium carbonate in soil, influencing soil chemistry and structure to enhance nutrient availability for plants. S. pasteurii significantly improves soil quality and fertility. By binding soil particles through calcite formation, it enhances water retention. Sporosarcina pasteurii  can increase soil water-holding capacity by up to 30%, crucial for sustaining plant life and healthy ecosystems. A form of calcium carbonate, calcite is frequently the main component of shells of marine creatures, including plankton like coccoliths and planktic foraminifera. It forms the rigid structures of red algae, some sponges, brachiopods and shells of bivalves like oysters. S. pasteurii also contributes to the formation of microbial mats in niche environments, such as saline or alkaline lakes. By modifying the surrounding environment, this industrious bacterium helps create habitats suitable for other organisms. Powder of Algaroth: Antimony Oxychloride Purgative Chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂): Shining Copper Ore Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter What is Urea? To make calcite, the bacteria need a calcium source and urea, organic compound with the chemical formula CO(NH2)2. Urea is a key nitrogenous waste product in the metabolism of proteins and is excreted in urine by many organisms, including humans. In biogeotechnical applications, urea is a crucial substrate for Sporosarcina pasteurii . When broken down through hydrolysis, or addition of water, urea releases ammonia and carbon dioxide, vital for the carbonate precipitation process. In agriculture, urea is commonly used as a fertilizer because it supplies nitrogen, a key nutrient for plant growth. Urea is considered to boost crop yields by 20-30% compared to untreated soils. Phosphorus, Uroscopy & Power of Pee Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris How Sporosarcina pasteurii Creates Limestone The limestone production by Sporosarcina pasteurii  is a fascinating process. When it encounters a calcium source and urea, it metabolizes urea using the enzyme urease. This process breaks urea down into ammonia and carbon dioxide. The resulting increase in carbon dioxide leads to the formation of carbonic acid when combined with water, which then reacts with calcium ions. This chemical reaction causes calcium carbonate to precipitate out of the solution, forming solid structures like limestone. The process is defined: Urea Hydrolysis : When Sporosarcina pasteurii is exposed to urea and a calcium source (like calcium chloride), it hydrolyzes the urea into ammonia (NH₃) and carbon dioxide (CO₂). pH Increase : The production of ammonia raises the pH of the surrounding environment, leading to alkaline conditions. This is critical because calcium carbonate (CaCO₃) is less soluble in alkaline conditions. Carbonate Precipitation : Under these conditions, the calcium ions (Ca²⁺) present in solution react with the carbonate ions (CO₃²⁻) generated from the dissolved carbon dioxide to precipitate calcite (CaCO₃), essentially forming a limestone-like material. Soil Solidification : The calcite acts as a binding agent, solidifying the sand or soil around it, which can be particularly useful in ground stabilization, construction, and erosion control. Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast, Fungi Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Fulminating Gold: Blowing It Up in Alchemy Sporosarcina pasteurii Hazards Sporosarcina pasteurii is not classified as hazardous to humans. It is generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for use in environmental applications. While it can be pathogenic in some environments, the risks are minimal. Uses of Sporosarcina pasteurii The unique properties of Sporosarcina pasteurii have led to several exciting applications: Soil Stabilization : Its ability to precipitate calcite can be harnessed to improve soil mechanical properties, making it useful for construction, particularly in weak or unstable soil conditions. By applying this bacterium to sandy soils, researchers demonstrate improvements in soil structure. This helps prevent erosion, benefiting agriculture and landscaping significantly. Bioremediation : It can be used in the remediation of contaminated soils by immobilizing heavy metals through carbonate precipitation. Sporosarcina pasteurii  can stabilize contaminated sites, reducing heavy metal leaching through calcite formation. Silent Destroyers: Microbes of Concrete Corrosion Metal Salts: Ancient History to Modern DIY Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move Biocementation : This process uses Sporosarcina pasteurii  to enhance the strength and durability of construction materials by promoting calcite precipitation. Mining and Resource Extraction : Its role in calcium carbonate precipitation can also be employed in mining processes to recover valuable minerals. Lime Production : The processes involving Sporosarcina pasteurii  present a more sustainable alternative to traditional lime production, potentially cutting carbon emissions associated with conventional methods by 30%. Guar Gum: Unique Qualities for Art & Crafts Wolfsbane ( Aconitum ) Ancient Poisons Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Facts about Sporosarcina pasteurii Resilience : Sporosarcina pasteurii can survive in diverse and extreme environments, including deserts, alkaline lakes, and saline regions, showcasing its remarkable adaptability. Nature’s Engineer : Dubbed a "nature's engineer," it has demonstrated its capacity for self-organization and structural creation, inspiring biomimicry in architecture and engineering. Research Interest : This bacterium is currently a subject of extensive scientific research, with studies exploring its genetic makeup, metabolic pathways, and potential applications in sustainable practices. Ureolytic Activity : The ability to produce urease distinguishes this bacterium, allowing it to effectively utilize urea in numerous environments. Historical Significance : The name honors Louis Pasteur, whose pioneering discoveries laid the groundwork for modern microbiology more than a century ago. Sporosarcina pasteurii exemplifies the complex relationships between microorganisms and the ecosystems they inhabit. It's not the only metal eating bacterium. Cupriavidus metallidurans eats copper compounds and produces gold. Rust is also created by microbial activity. Secret Lives of Sulfuric Acid-Eating Bacteria Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Calcium (Ca) is a vital element in life and health on Earth. A silvery white metal, calcium is a strong builder, from bone structure to materials used in construction. Calcium is ubiquitous and may be taken for granted, but what is this amazing element all about? Galen: Medical Methods of Ancient Physicians Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) Art, Food & Medicine White Pigments of Ancient Artisans The fifth most abundant element in the universe, calcium is one of the most prevalent metals on Earth. Over 85% of the Earth's crust contains calcium in different mineral forms. Calcium is crucial for scientific fields such as chemistry, biology, and medicine. In 1808 England, Sir Humphry Davy first isolates calcium by electrolyzing a blend of lime and mercuric oxide. When it comes into contact with the air, calcium quickly develops a grey-white oxide and nitride layer. Calcium belongs to the alkaline earth metals group in the periodic table and is known for its reactivity, especially with water and acids. Metallic calcium is found in a solid state at room temperature. The name derives from Latin calx "lime", obtained by heating limestone. Kaolinite: White Pigment with Benefits 10 Ancient Spices of Trade, Health & Beauty Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Properties of Calcium Atomic Number : 20 Atomic Weight: Approximately 40.08 g/mol Density: 1.54 g/cm³ Melting Point: 842 °C (1,548 °F) Boiling Point: 1,484 °C (2,703 °F) Calcium is highly reactive and readily forms compounds with other elements. In its pure form, it is soft enough to be cut with a knife. It tarnishes in moisture and air. Calcium can react vigorously with water when heated and is useful in chemical reactions. Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Calcium is abundant in the Earth's crust, primarily in the form of rocks and minerals. The most common sources include limestone (calcium carbonate), gypsum (calcium sulfate), and fluorite (calcium fluoride). Calcium is not typically found in elemental form due to its reactivity. Limestone, primarily calcium carbonate (CaCO3), is vital in environmental processes, including carbon cycling. It absorbs about 25% of carbon dioxide emitted by human activities. In nature, calcium is constantly recycled. Plants absorb calcium from the soil, integrating it into their structure. When animals consume these plants calcium is released in the body to build strong bones, teeth and shells. Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Finding the Philosophers' Egg Sanguine: Red Chalk of Renaissance Masters Functions of Calcium in Nature Biological Functions: In living organisms, calcium is essential for transmitting electrical impulses between nerve cells. It's important in muscle contraction, blood clotting, and the formation of bones and teeth. Ecosystem: Calcium contributes to the structure of shells in marine organisms, the stability of coral reefs, and neutralization of soil acidity, which affects plant growth. For plants, calcium stabilizes cell walls, providing structural integrity. Bacteria Sporosarcina pasteurii are calcium processers. Common in soil, the bacteria convert nutrients and calcium into calcium carbonate or calcite, basically limestone. This bacterium, S. pasteurii, deposits limestone as a binder (or glue), in coral reefs and to bind and stabilize soil. How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Compounds and Reactions with Other Elements Calcium forms numerous compounds. Some of the most notable include: Calcium Carbonate (CaCO3): Found in chalk, limestone, and marble, widely used as a dietary supplement and antacid, and in construction materials. About 1.8 billion tons of calcium carbonate are used annually in construction alone. Calcium Sulfate (CaSO4): Commonly known as gypsum, it has applications in plaster and drywall. Calcium Phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2): Crucial for bone and tooth formation in organisms, it is also used in fertilizers, contributing over 80% of phosphorus content in agricultural soil. Calcium's reactivity allows it to create strong ionic bonds with non-metals. Metal Salts: Ancient History to Modern DIY Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy How an Eggshell is Formed The creation of an eggshell is a fascinating biochemical process. The primary component of eggshells is calcium carbonate (CaCO3), created within a hen's reproductive system. Calcium Intake During egg production, the hen absorbs calcium from her diet. Calcium ions are drawn from her bloodstream and transported to the shell gland. There, they combine with carbonate ions to form CaCO3. This process occurs over about 20 hours. Formation As the egg forms in the hen's reproductive tract, calcium carbonate is deposited in layers around the developing egg to form the protective shell. Strength The eggshell structure allows it to be strong yet fragile, providing the necessary protection for the developing embryo while allowing for gas exchange. Notably, hens with diets rich in calcium produce eggshells with about a third more strength. Science of Alchemy: Hydrochloric Acid Writing Inside Eggs Italian Renaissance Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Health Uses of Calcium Calcium salts, especially calcium acetate, may be taken as supplements. Calcium is crucial for maintaining healthy bodily functions: Bone Health: Calcium is essential for building and maintaining strong bones and teeth. It helps prevent osteoporosis, a condition where bones become weak and brittle. Nerve Function Calcium ions are important in neurotransmission, affecting brain function and muscle movement. Cardiovascular Health: Proper calcium levels are important for healthy heart rhythm and blood pressure regulation. Prevention of Osteoporosis As people age, bone density declines. Sufficient calcium intake, particularly when paired with vitamin D, can reduce the risk of osteoporosis. An estimated 200 million individuals are afflicted with osteoporosis worldwide. Recent global data from the International Osteoporosis Foundation reveals 1 of every 3 women age 50 and above, as well as 1 out of every 5 men, will endure osteoporotic fractures. Hormonal Secretion : Calcium helps release hormones and enzymes to manage bodily functions. Rotten Egg Sulfur Smell: Microbial Processes Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Other Uses of Calcium Beyond health, calcium has diverse industrial applications: Construction Calcium compounds like cement are fundamental in construction projects. Calcium carbonate and calcium sulfate are foundational in building materials. About 15 billion pounds of calcium carbonate are used in cement production every year in the US. Food Industry: Calcium is used as a food additive (E170) for acidity regulation and as a fortifying agent in products such as dairy, and plant-based alternatives. Metal Production: Calcium is a reducing agent in metallurgical processes, effectively extracting metals from their ores. Water Treatment Calcium is used in water treatment processes, helping remove impurities and maintain proper pH levels essential for safe drinking water. Agriculture Calcium is essential for soil health and plant growth, often included in fertilizers to improve soil quality and enhance crop yield. Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Facts About Calcium Dietary Source Dairy products, leafy greens, nuts, legumes and fish are excellent sources of calcium for human diets. Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the human body, with 99% in bones and teeth. Daily Requirement The recommended daily calcium intake ranges from 700 mg to 1,300 mg for adults, depending on age and gender, and pregnancy condition. Agriculture Calcium is vital for plant growth, influencing cell wall structure and nutrient uptake. Mythology Calcium is a silvery metal. In ancient Egypt, the gods have bones of silver. Phosphorus, Uroscopy & Power of Pee Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Galen of Pergamon (c. 129 - 216 AD) is well known in the history of medicine. His extensive writings and theories prevail for over 2000 years. Purveyor of Hippocrates' Four Humors theory, Galen rouses the ire of many, most famously Paracelsus and Robert Fludd . Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Galen is a prominent Greek physician, surgeon, and philosopher whose influence on the development of medicine lasts for many centuries. Born in the city of Pergamon in what is now Turkey, Galen receives an extensive education, first in philosophy and then in medicine. He studies at the medical school of Pergamon and later in Alexandria , famous for its scholarship and a pioneering center for the study of anatomy. Previously, Hippocrates also studies at the medical school(s) of Alexandria. Galen becomes physician to several gladiators. He observes injuries and treatments closely. His work as a physician complements his philosophical background, He develops a unique approach combining rational thought and empirical observation. Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome The Great Library of Alexandria Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess By the time of his death, Galen has authored over 100 texts on various medical subjects, many of which would form the basis of medical practice for centuries to come. His Four Humors theory prevails until the 19th century, when scientists discover germs. Galen spends considerable time dissecting animals, first monkeys. He finds their faces too human-like thus dissects pigs instead. He develops an excellent understanding of the anatomy of pigs, and could have been a butcher and just stopped there. But no. Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Throughout his career, Galen produces over 350 manuscripts on subjects including anatomy, physiology, pharmacology and therapeutics. His ideas have a profound impact during the Middle Ages and Renaissance, influencing both Islamic and European medicine. Due to the humors theory, during the Renaissance especially people turn to purging to find medical relief from diseases unknown. Purging is done with laxatives, diuretics, emetics, sudoforics, cough and sneeze induction and the classic favorite, bleeding with leeches. Eschenfrau: Wicked Ash Tree Woman Herbal Remedies in Medieval Alchemy 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Galen is influenced by earlier medical theorists, particularly Hippocrates, whose emphasis on clinical observation and the Hippocratic Corpus find their way into many of Galen's ideas. He integrates concepts from Plato and Aristotle, the latter purveying the Four Elements theory. Aristotle's work significantly affects Galen. Aristotle's writings on biology and natural philosophy gives Galen insight into his dissections. For example, Galen famously adapts Aristotle's descriptions concerning the heart, particularly its role in circulation and body heat. Aristotle posits the heart has three ventricles and that the brain is only to cool the blood. He considers the stomach as the seat of emotions, and believes the mind is in the heart. He deduces this based on his concept of empirical observation. Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Plant Lore: Stinking Nightshade, Henbane Opium Poppy ( Papaver somnifum ) During Galen's time, medical practice is based on a mixture of said empirical observation and philosophical tenets, but not as it's understood today. Medicine is largely influenced by ancient superstitions, spiritual explanations for disease, and the omnipresent humoral theory. In the Four Humors Theory the body consists of four fluids: blood, phlegm, black bile, and yellow bile. An imbalance of these humors is thought to be the root cause of all illnesses, and treatments are often aimed at restoring humoral balance. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Powder of Algaroth: Antimony Oxychloride Purgative Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor The Four Humors Theory, attributed to Hippocratic medicine, is somewhat refined by Galen. He expands on the idea by suggesting that the humors or bodily fluids are not just physical substances, but reflect a fundamental interaction between body and environment. Each humor is associated with characteristics, seasons and elements. For Galen, the humors are important in pathology and the diagnosis and treatment of diseases. He observes symptoms to deduce the condition of the humors, and concocts treatments accordingly. Renaissance Purgatives & Ancient Remedies 5 Syphilis Treatments of European History Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore Blood : Linked with a sanguine temperament, it suggests vitality and warmth. Imbalance of blood is usually treated by bloodletting. It's the most common medical practice performed by surgeons from until the late 19th century. Phlegm : Associated with a phlegmatic temperament, it represents calmness and apathy. Hippocratic books mentioned the following treatment: "Chest diseases: Take barley soup plus vinegar and honey to bring up phlegm." Black bile : Related to a melancholic temperament, it indicates sadness and introspection. Purgatives are given to expel too much black bile, which has the tendency to accumulate in certain regions of the body. Yellow bile : Connected to a choleric temperament, it represents ambition and hostility. According to Hippocrates, yellow bile is found in the spleen and is associated with hot and dry temperatures. Yellow bile is a real part of the body, produced to aid in the breakdown of fats in meat. It's most often associated with the summer months. Galen's treatments include dietary adjustments, herbal remedies and bloodletting. Ancient Roman Baths & Bathing Olympiodorus of Thebes & His Parrot Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Anatomical Discoveries Galen’s anatomical knowledge is primarily based on animal dissection and through this he interprets human anatomy. This is odd considering he studies at Alexandria, a place known as the first to allow human dissections. The volunteers are convicted criminals. However this predates Galen by about three hundred years. He would definitely be exposed to the burgeoning practice of alchemy , but shows no inclination in this direction except in herbal preparations. Mercury II Oxide: Red & White of Alchemy Pyrometallurgy: Ancient Processes of Modern Alchemy Messalina: Death & Desire in Ancient Rome At the time alchemy is a practice of alloying and coloring metals , imitating gems , dyeing textiles and making pigments. Alchemists are expected to know how to gild, patinate and the art of metal plating as well. Alchemy also has roots in ancient medicine and herbalism, which often relate to dyes and pigments and are used for health. The ancient Romans famously employ alchemists for such creations as poison antidotes. Metals like platinum, lithium, zinc, silver, copper, and bismuth are used to remedy heartburn, arthritis, mineral deficiency, cancers, tumors, viral infections and depression. Gold-based medications remain the only pharmaceuticals capable of treating rheumatoid arthritis. Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Galen makes substantial contributions to misunderstanding the physiology of numerous systems in the body. His description of the circulatory system and his misconceptions about it persist for centuries despite Renaissance advances in medicine. Pathology Galen introduces important concepts regarding the nature of disease and its development. His emphasis on the observation of patients, the identification of symptoms, and his concepts of the relationship between symptoms and underlying pathology. Therapeutics He explores the effects of numerous plants and minerals on health. His extensive writings on medicinal plants and properties are among the earliest systematic views in pharmacological literature. Aristotle and Dioscorides (c. 40-90 AD) are influential in this area too. Aristotle & Subjective Empiricism: Philosophy Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients Liver of Sulfur: Alchemy, Metal & Medicine Ethics and Philosophy in Medicine Galen emphasizes the importance of the physician’s role in society, both ethically and philosophically. He asserts a doctor must be knowledgeable not just in medicine but also in philosophy, ethics, and the arts to offer comprehensive care. By the 13th century astrology has become a part of everyday medical practice in Europe. Doctors combined Galenic medicine with studies of the stars. For several centuries astrology is an esteemed part of medical knowledge, though this is only indirectly Galen's fault. Trepanning, a practice of drilling holes in one's skull to let out demons, disease, or bad humors, is in use from the Neolithic through to the 1800s. A surprising number of people actually survive this treatment. Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Legacy Galen’s works, especially " On the Anatomical Procedures ," remain central to medical education in Europe and the Islamic world for over a millennium. Paracelsus famously rants against his beliefs and publicly burns his books, and Robert Fludd fails the London medical exam six times for refusing to buy into the Four Humors theory. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Aristotle (384 - 322 BCE) is a Greek philosopher. His contributions span multiple disciplines such as biology, psychology, physics, mathematics, metaphysics, ethics, and politics. Aristotle has opinions on diverse subjects, including objectivity. Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Liver of Sulfur: Alchemy, Metal & Medicine Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action One of the most significant figures in Western philosophy, Aristotle has a profound influence on knowledge for over two millennia. Philosopher and polymath, Aristotle is born in Stagira, a small town on the northern coast of Greece. He's a student of Plato at the Academy in Athens and later becomes tutor to Alexander the Great, who founds Alexandria, Egypt in 331 BCE. Alexander lives a robust life filled with adventure and acclaim until his premature death at age 33. Aristotle's work is notable for a systematic approach, emphasizing careful observation of the natural world. He is considered one of the earliest champions of empirical research, and one of many who show up throughout history. Robert Boyle & the Great Alchemical Debate The Great Library of Alexandria Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Brief Bio Aristotle's early life has a strong focus on biology, as his father is a physician. This contributes to Aristotle's later research in natural sciences. After studying at Plato's Academy, he leaves Athens and travels extensively, getting to know various cultures and philosophies. On his return to Athens he establishes his own school, the Lyceum, where he teaches for over a dozen years. He spends his later time on the Greek island Euboea, and continues to write until his death in 322 BCE. Aristotle's legacy encompasses diverse disciplines leading into modern science, philosophy, and ethics. His method of systematic observation and classification is considered one of the earliest forms of scientific inquiry, although much of it is refuted in the 19th and 20th centuries. Ancient Greek Astrology & Astronomy Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Allegory of the Cave: Vision and Truth Beliefs of Aristotle Biology Aristotle is often called the "father of biology." His observes animals and plants and classifies species based on their characteristics. He distinguishes between different types of life forms and explores concepts such as reproduction, heredity and development. His work in this area remains influential until the advent of modern biology in the 19th century. He obsesses about the need to study life forms, asserting all living things fit into a specific order. In his work, " History of Animals, " he describes animals based on their characteristics, such as the difference between vertebrates and invertebrates. Aristotle says he's investigating the what (existing facts about animals) before establishing the why (causes of these characteristics). Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Diatoms: Glass-Making Algae Crucial to Life Pyrometallurgy: Ancient Processes of Modern Alchemy Four Elements Aristotle believes matter is made up of of four elements: earth, water, air, and fire. He asserts all things in the material world are a combination of these basic elements, with unique qualities defining each. He believes these elements can change from one to another. According to Aristotle the four elements are associated with four qualities: Earth (cold and dry), Water (cold and wet), Air (hot and wet), and Fire (hot and dry). All matter consists of these four elements in different combinations. In the 16th century physician Paracelsus uses a burning log to illustrate this concept. A burning log displays flames (fire), smoke (air), hissing steam (water), and ashes (earth). Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Spagyria: Botanical Science of Alchemy Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria Psychology In Aristotle's opinion, psychology is the study of the psyche (soul). He believes the soul is the essence of life, intimately connected to the body and the source of all living functions. It includes perception, instinct, and thought. He divides the soul into three parts: the vegetative (associated with growth and reproduction), the appetitive (linked to desires and emotions), and the rational (the seat of reason). This tripartite model opens up diverse paths of reasoning in philosophy. Aristotle views the psyche (or soul) as the essence of living beings, distinguishing them from inanimate objects. Later psychologists such as Sigmund Freud and Carl Jung, founder of modern spiritual alchemy, build on these foundational concepts. Copper(II) Sulfate: Blue Vitriol, Chalcanthite Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Alchemy: Philosophers' Stone History & Lore Physics Aristotle's physics revolves around the concept of "natural places," asserting that every element has a tendency to reach its appropriate position in the universe. For instance, earth and water naturally move downward, while air and fire move upward. Aristotle's ideas also encompass motion, causation, and the nature of the universe. Many of his empirical observations are later challenged by the empirical observations of practitioners of modern physics in the 20th century, but he does have staying power until then. In physics, Aristotle develops the concept of a geocentric universe, wherein Earth is at the center, and everything revolves around it. In 16th century, with the heliocentric system almost a century old, renowned astronomer Tycho Brahe supports this theory with his own version. A firm believer in empirical science, he says the earth cannot possibly move because if it did, he would feel it. The pitfall of objectivity is that it's often highly subjective. Most of Aristotle's theories in the realm of physics have been refuted. Finding the Philosophers' Egg Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Mathematics Aristotle does not do much math but acknowledges its importance as a tool for understanding the world. He sees numbers and geometry as essential for comprehending patterns in nature. His work on mathematics explores the relationships between quantities and spatial forms. He founds principles of logic, crucial for mathematics. He focuses on deductive reasoning, allowing mathematicians to draw conclusions based on earlier statements. He believes observation and logical thought are necessary for understanding mathematical principles. Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sulfur-Mercury Theory: Alchemical Philosophy Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Poisonous Chemistry Metaphysics One of Aristotle's most significant contributions is his work in metaphysics, which he defined as the study of "being qua being." Aristotle's metaphysics examine the nature of reality. He explores existence, causality, and the concept of substance. His notion of the "Unmoved Mover" posits a primary cause or source of all motion and existence. It's still debated among philosophers. Ethics Aristotle's ethical philosophy, outlined in " Nicomachean Ethics " emphasizes the pursuit of eudaimonia, often translated as "happiness" or "flourishing." He explains virtue lies in achieving a balance, known as the "Golden Mean," between extremes of character traits. Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Cornstarch: Cuisine, Beauty, Cleaning Uses Lye (NaOH): Caustic Soda for Soap & Glass This approach emphasizes importance of character development and practical wisdom in moral decision-making. Moral virtue is a balance between excess and deficiency, discoverable through reason and experience. He famously states "the good for man is an activity of the soul in accordance with virtue." The virtue theory is a cornerstone of ethical discussions in contemporary philosophy and influences thinkers like Immanuel Kant and John Stuart Mill. Virtue is a subjective concept. Politics In "Politics," Aristotle examines human behavior in context of political systems. He advocates a government promoting common good, contrasting tyranny and oligarchy with a balanced polity. His insights into the nature of citizenship, justice and role of the state are still repeated. Aristotle views humans as inherently social. Thus he says politics is intertwined with ethics, another debatable term. In his work, "Politics," he contends the state exists to promote a good life and citizens must be educated to achieve this goal. Rotifers (Rotifera): Animalcules Under the Microscope Red & White Tartar: Wine Salts of Alchemy The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek He classifies political systems such as monarchy, aristocracy, and polity, and their corrupt forms. These are still expounded upon in modern governance. Facts About Aristotle Prolific Writer: Aristotle writes over 200 texts, of which only a fraction survive. His works cover a wide range of subjects, including natural sciences, ethics, metaphysics, politics, and rhetoric. He also writes up lecture plans, scripts, and study notes for his students. Influence on Western Thought: Aristotle's ideas profoundly influence Western philosophy, particularly scholasticism during the Middle Ages and scientific inquiry during the Renaissance. Founding of Logic: Aristotle pioneers formal logic with his development of syllogism, a method of reasoning that forms the foundation of deductive reasoning. Role of Observation: Unlike his teacher Plato, who emphasizes ideal forms, Aristotle stresses importance of empirical observation in understanding the world. Enduring Legacy: Aristotle's thoughts on ethics, science, and politics continue to be studied and referenced in modern philosophy, psychology, and policy discussions. The term "Aristotelian" relates to philosophy or methods influenced by Aristotle's ideas. Four Humors & Medical Stagnation Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Soul Perspectives: Pythagoras, Socrates, Plato Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In practical alchemy, mercury II oxide (HgO) is often called the "Red Precipitate," with its compound Mercuric Amidochloride (Hg(NH2)Cl), known as the "White Precipitate." Red and White appear often in alchemy and become highly spiritualized by the Renaissance. Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health The Red and White in Spiritual Terms Skip to Scientific Process The Red and the White in alchemy can refer to the alchemical marriage or conjunction and the steps required to reach this. In practical alchemy the red and white are metals, chemical reactions and processes, even pigments, as the early alchemist knows how to make colors. In practical alchemy, the red precipitate and white precipitate are the sediments settling at the bottom of the vessel. An example of precipitation is shown in the handy pic below. Diana's Tree: Silver Crystals of Lunar Caustic Arsenic Trioxide: Paris Green Paint Pigment & Pesticide Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris As alchemy becomes more spiritualized, largely through Eastern influence and the rise of mysticism in the medieval period, the red and white evolve into symbols and figures like the Red King (sun, sulfur, male principle) and White Queen (moon, mercury, female principle). The amazing artwork of Splendor Solis dramatizes the symbols of alchemy in glorious color. Splendor Solis is an alchemical treatise originating from a manuscript edition dating back to around 1582. The manuscript is 100 pages of German text with 22 elaborate allegorical illuminations. The images are rich in symbolism, the meanings a mystery. To true believers, they represent secret alchemy methods, related to the production of the theoretical philosopher's stone. Alchemy & New Thought in Ancient Alexandria Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Alchemy: Mercurius & the Dragon In the 16th century people like Michael Maier create major works based on the union of the Red (Solar) king and White (Lunar) queen. Their conjunction gives birth to a miracle: the Rebis, Divine Hermaphrodite , exalted symbolic child of Hermes and Aphrodite. Michael Maier is a great contributor to the spirituality of alchemy. Until the overthrow of Holy Roman Emperor Rudolf II in 1611-12, Maier spends time at his court as his personal physician. Rudolf bestows knighthood upon him almost immediately. Writer, physician and alchemist, Maier also composes music, included in the pages of his most famous work, Atalanta Fugiens (1617). The beautiful artworks of this compilation are by renowned Swiss engraver Matthäus Merian the Elder.     Alchemy: Red King & White Queen Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Edward Kelley: Alchemy & the Angels Red and white appear in references throughout the 2000-year-old history of alchemy, some associated with daily life. For instance, the tartar salts of alchemy are crystals of white and red wine, or wine diamonds. In medieval times, red and white lead are favored in art. Red, white and black are the first three colors an infant sees. The 900 AD Turba of Philosophers admonishes practitioners to "redden the white and whiten the red," further stating there can be no red without first the white. Herbs & Natural Remedies - Ancient Egypt Reishi or Lingzhi - Mushroom Magic 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King In practical alchemy the union of red and white is generally the conjunction of sulfur and mercury. Red and white are two of the four processes of Maria when she explains phases of copper treatment. Red and white are colors of candy canes , invented in Cologne, Germany, to keep children quiet during Christmas Eve Mass. Spirituality in alchemy is strongly associated with religion due to the spread of Christianity. It's also connected to Hermeticism . Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Egyptian Alchemy - Power of Eternity Above : Symbols of Hermeticism: Dragon representing earthly matters and alchemical transcendence; the Emerald Tablet ; Ibis representing the Egyptian god Thoth ; the caduceus of Hermes / Mercury; small canine refers to Sirius, the Dog Star . The red and white arise in metallurgy, dyes, alchemistry, pigment making, spiritual awakening, or a colorful chemical reaction of white and red socks when washed together, also called "the pinkening." Chlorine bleach (NaClO) can re-whiten pinks obtained this way. Scientific Process - Red and White Back to Spirituality The Red: Mercury II Oxide (HgO) The preparation of mercury II oxide can be traced back to the 11th-century Arabic-Spanish alchemist Maslama al-Majriti. His work pioneers many alchemical processes and significantly contributes to the understanding of mercury’s compounds. Chrysopoeia - Turning Lead into Gold Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Alchemy of Islam: Medieval Golden Age HgO is historically known as the "Red Precipitate". It's pivotal in science and other fields. Its striking color and diverse applications attract attention for centuries. HgO can appear as a red crystalline powder or as yellow powder, with the red variety being the most famous. Preparation of Mercury II Oxide Mercury II Oxide can be synthesized through the thermal decomposition of mercuric nitrate or by heating mercury with oxygen or air: Thermal Decomposition : When mercuric nitrate ((Hg(NO_3)_2)) is heated, it decomposes to give HgO along with nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gases. Direct Oxidation : Mercury metal can be oxidized by directly heating it in the presence of oxygen. Traditionally, HgO is produced through the thermal decomposition of mercury (II) nitrate by heating it in the presence of oxygen. For example, heating 1 mole of mercury (II) nitrate can yield approximately 0.63 moles of HgO as well as nitrogen dioxide and oxygen gas. Lunar Caustic AgNO3: Lapis Infernalis of Alchemy Red & White Tartar: Wine Salts of Alchemy Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Occurrence in Nature In nature, mercury II oxide is rare in pure form. It's a product of the oxidation of elemental mercury under specific conditions. Most mercury occurs in natural deposits as minerals, typically in sulfide forms like cinnabar. Toxicity of Mercury II Oxide Mercury II oxide is well known for its toxic properties. Exposure can lead to mercury poisoning, which affects the nervous system, kidneys, and immune system. Due to its potential health hazards, proper safety measures must be followed if one is to survive unscathed. Seven Precious Stones of the Ancient World Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine As a mercury compound, it's dangerous to human health and the environment. Symptoms of mercury poisoning include: insomnia headaches tremors, shakes confusion memory loss other cognitive dysfunction spasms and convulsions madness death Even small amounts can be toxic, with ingestion or inhalation presenting significant health risks. This is why ancient Romans send only convicts or unmanageable slaves to work the horrendous Almadén mercury mines. Scheele's Green: History's Most Toxic Pigment Nine Years War 1688-1697 France vs. Europe Pyrometallurgy: Ancient Processes of Modern Alchemy Uses of Mercury II Oxide Historically, mercury II oxide has uses such as: Pigment in paints due to intense red coloration. In ceramics and glassware it's also used as a red pigment, giving pottery and glazed items a vivid color. Production of other mercury compounds and as a catalyst in chemical reactions. In ancient medicine , with caution due to known toxicity. People are not always cautious, as one of the popular treatments for syphilis in medieval times is to rub oneself all over with pure mercury. Syphilis in the Middle Ages causes breakouts and rashes in skin-peeling afflictions and oozing sores all over the body. Rotten Egg Sulfur Smell: Microbial Processes Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance White Lead Toxic Beauty, Art, Ancient Production The White: Mercuric Amidochloride (Hg(NH2)Cl) In contrast to its red counterpart, mercuric amidochloride is recognized for its white crystalline form. Mercuric amidochloride is often associated with mercury II chloride (HgCl2), as they share some chemical properties and synthesis methods. Presence of amine groups in mercuric amidochloride gives it distinct characteristics and applications. Mercuric amidochloride is intrinsically linked to mercury II chloride as its derivative. This compound forms when ammonia reacts with mercuric chloride, where the amine groups successfully replace the chloride ions. This reaction is pivotal in synthetic applications. Human Methane: Meet the Microbes of Flatulence Roman Inquisition: Power, Prayer & Politics Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Discovery of Mercuric Amidochloride Early chemists discover mercuric amidochloride while exploring reactions of mercury and amines. Although the specific timeline is less documented than that of HgO, it has been recognized as a compound since the 19th century. The discovery of mercuric amidochloride dates back to the late 17th century. Al-chemists observe mercury's ability to react with ammonia, forming this white precipitate. The discovery gives further understanding of mercury's chemical behavior. Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors B. Linens Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. Preparation of Mercuric Amidochloride Mercuric Amidochloride is predominantly prepared by reacting mercuric chloride with ammonia or an amine in an aqueous solution. This leads to the formation of a white precipitate, which is characteristic of the compound: Reaction : The reaction can be represented as: [ HgCl_2 + 2NH_3 --> Hg(NH_2)Cl + NH_4Cl ] Synthesis occurs by mixing mercuric chloride with ammonia solutions. The reaction generates a white precipitate that, once filtered and dried, yields the final product. This simple method remains prevalent in labs today. Uses of Mercuric Amidochloride Medical Disinfectant : Sometimes used in disinfectant formulations, although its use has declined due to safety concerns. Chemical Synthesis : A key player in organic synthesis and reagent production. Textile Industry : Previously used as a mordant to enhance dye adherence in fabrics. Like mercury II oxide, mercuric amidochloride is highly toxic. Mordants - Essential Ancient Dye Techniques Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Weld Yellow: Ancient Nature Pigments Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

When traveling through realms of German mythology and folklore, it's wise to avoid these deadly hitchhikers. The Aufhocker (pl Aufhöcker) is an ambush attacker, waiting in dismal places, dreary graveyards, dark shadows and the cloak of night to leap upon its victims. Wiedergänger - One Who Walks Again German Myth: Lindwyrm, Mare & Pig Demons German Harvest Spirits - Roggenhund Once it jumps on a person's back the Aufhocker is impossible to dislodge without magical or mystical intervention. It becomes heavier with every step, until the victim is crushed to death beneath its weight. Sometimes, a passerby is lucky. The Aufhocker wants to go to a certain location, and jumps off when the victim takes it there. Some Aufhöcker seek their place of burial so they can rest in peace. Others, especially in the Rhineland-Palatinate regions of Germany, are werewolves under a curse due to suicide or violent death. This Aufhocker might release the victim if brought to a churchyard. A magic spell can also free the victim from the grip of the Aufhocker. A visit to a witch might be in order. An elderly, stooped, female witch can trick the weighty spirit, as some Aufhöcker attack little old ladies. Either the witch can provide the victim with a spell, charm or potion, or the Aufhocker jumps on her back, thinking her helpless. The creature gets a surprise when she banishes it from the mortal realm. Aufhöcker are often shape-shifters with demonic connections, numbered among the Germanic Undead as they're neither alive nor dead. They might appear as dogs, other people or pig demons . Nine Years War 1688-1697 France vs. Europe House Spirits of Germanic Mythology Algae in Glass Houses: Diatomaceous Earth If they become Aufhöcker due to past misdeeds, they may seek redemption. This type of Aufhocker is known to ambush thieves, who must give return the loot or perish. Another way to remove this unwanted hitchhiker is with the bright light of day. Aufhöcker despise sunlight and prefer to attack on overcast days, or at night. Even in daylight, however, a person must be careful walking through cemeteries, favorite places for Aufhöcker to lurk. Aufhocker relates to unhappy emotions, conditions of fear, depression, anxiety and despair. It can cause negative feelings, or be attracted by them. Clinical depression and fatigue may feel like being caught in the grip of the Aufhocker and unable to take one more step. Nature Spirits of German Mythology B. Linens Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. White Lead Toxic Beauty, Art, Ancient Production Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The gentle Doe, canny Magpie and fierce Wolverine bring their unique magic and talents to the fore. Shamans and spirit practitioners from beginners to advanced use nature magic and animal spirit guides for insight, special qualities or abilities. Nature worship and respect for the environment is a driving force among ancient pagans and neo-pagans alike. Jump to: Doe Magpie Wolverine In German mythology and culture, people had no afterlife concept. They believed in a predetermined destiny, which is why pagan Germanic tribes were so fierce on the battlefield. They knew they wouldn't die unless it was their destiny (Ger. Schicksal ). However, the dead could rise from the grave as Wiedergänger . See also: Animal Spirits - Frog, Cat, Bull Animal Spirits - Puma, Butterfly, Dog Animal Spirits - Bear, Stag, Eagle Animal Spirits - Wolf, Mouse, Swan Animal Spirits - Fox, Rooster, Orca Animal Spirits - Horse, Otter, Goose Animal Spirits - Goat, Hare, Falcon Germanic tribes lived in the now. Pagan European people had intimate knowledge and understanding of nature and nature lore. Shamanism or work with animal spirit energies goes back to Neanderthal times. Ancient people knew every animal has qualities, wisdom, and abilities to teach, help or guidance to give to help us live a productive and happy life. Here are the Doe, Magpie and Wolverine. 1. Doe - Faerie, Intuition, Motherhood Back to Top The Doe or female deer, partner to the Stag , brings qualities of nurturing, creativity and intuition. Like the Stag she's associated with the Faerie folk. She gives them milk for feeding, drinking or baking. Doe energy opens channels of awareness. This spirit energy can access the depth of the soul and a person's greatest fears and desires. The Doe is an animal of peace, kindness, generosity and mystic wisdom. She is Yin, moon and night, inward seeking, dreams, hidden knowledge. In native lore Deer Woman is a staunch protector of women, especially pregnant women. She hates men, though, and might try to kill them. Fortunately for men, not all Does think that way. For men, the Doe is often a lucky spirit animal guide. She brings modesty, gentle virtues, intuition and heightened senses to those who ask. See also: German Herbology - Edelweiss Easter Bunny, Prussian Blue & Penguins Happy Friday! Tidbits & Trivia Although her eyes appear a soulful brown, they have horizontally slit pupils which enhance night vision, and color vision in daylight. Ultrasonic hearing makes the Doe aware of sounds much higher than those humans can hear. She represents motherhood, birth or rebirth, and nourishment. This can relate to a child, inner child, project or idea. Her partner the Stag brings blessings of beginnings. Both Stag and Doe embody abundance. The milk of Does, valued by Faerie folk, abounds with essential minerals including zinc, selenium, calcium, potassium and phosphorous. Nine times as much lactoferrin, a protein important to bone health, occurs in deer milk than cow milk. People of the Doe spirit have a great depth of soul, with strong intuition, a pacifist nature and gentle personality. They may work in fields of health care, education or the arts. Deer energy is fortunate for creativity and success in painting, music, poetry and other artsy endeavors. Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Too much Doe energy will make a person nervous, fidgety and jumpy. One could be prone to unreasonable fears or general anxiety. Never take a Doe person for granted. Although the Doe is known for her grace and quiet nature, she has hooves sharp as knives and will kick out if pushed into a corner. 2. Magpie - Trickster, Intelligence, Imitation Back to Top The magpie always has something to say. Magpies are corvids (family Corvidae ), known for their intelligence and sometimes dark sense of humor. When Magpie is around, it could be a warning to watch our for tricks and traps, and keep one hand on your wallet. It could also signify a stroke of luck coming your way. Magpies, crows and other corvids have the uncanny ability to mimic sounds, from a door creak to an unpublished musical work by Mozart (a starling in a nearby shop window). Magpies can mimic 35 types of birdsong; human, horse and dog noises. In Australia during wildfires magpies imitated fire sirens. In humans, imitation is a strong learning quality . See also German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root German Myth - Harvest Spirits Awesome Art & Artsy Deals People with a Magpie spirit animal are sociable, talkative and love ornaments or jewelry. Magpie people are clever and hard to deceive. They do well at puzzles and games of intellect. Curious and gifted with an active mind, magpie people love to explore and learn. They may hoard pearls of wisdom or knowledge, or items of personal value. Keen observers, they notice details others might miss. Life with a Magpie person is busy and not always predictable. Those with a Magpie totem generally take care of their health. They dislike being ill or stuck in bed. Even if they are, curiosity prevails and they might sneak into the closet and rattle the supposedly hidden Christmas presents to guess what's in them. Magpies are monogamous and occupy the same breeding area for years. In Italy the Magpie is the subject of Rossini's opera " La Gazza Ladra", or The Thieving Magpie, which premiered in 1817 Milan. Magpies love to find, examine or collect diverse objects. Experiments at Exeter University found magpies were curious about all objects, and not especially attracted to shiny ones. A group of magpies may be called a conventicle, gulp, mischief, tidings or tribe . A tidings is a smaller group than a tribe. See also: Herbology & Lore - Chamomile Author Interview & Lora Ley Nixies - Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Magpies wear bright colors in the Old World and East, less so in the Americas where they're black and white. Old and New World magpies are different species. In cultures of East Asia the magpie is considered lucky. It's the official bird of Seoul, Korea. Magpies are common subjects of Eastern art and poetry. 3. Wolverine - Ferocity, Travel, Prosperity Back to Top The Wolverine, a creature of the northern boreal forests, has a secretive life and habits scientists are just beginning to understand. Despite its bad smell the Wolverine is not the cranky solitary animal earlier studies seemed to show. While it forages on its own, it spends time with wives and kids too. A wolverine, especially the male , is always on the go. He travels 15 mi (24 km) a day with ease, scouting his territory and scavenging food. Wolverines rarely hunt. They eat carrion left by predators and are known to follow trails of wolf and lynx in quest of food. They'll either wait until the hunter is finished, or steal the meal. If hunting, the wolverine preys on small mammals. Wolverines also travel to take care of their families. A Wolverine can have up to three wives in different dens throughout his territory. He proves his stamina and strength by bringing them food. While visiting he plays with the kids. Wolverines are more family-oriented than once was thought. They're hard to keep in captivity due to a high infant mortality rate. The ferocity of the Wolverine is legendary. This animal makes up in aggression what it lacks in size, which comes in handy when protecting territory, home or meal. Mothers savagely defend the cubs or kits. This animal's also known as 'skunk bear' due to its rank smell, though to the Wolverine it's sweet perfume. The aroma comes from anal scent glands used for marking territory and sexual signaling. Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle The energy of Wolverine people can be intense. Emotions may be tricky, leading to hostility or misunderstanding. Those with Wolverine totem have a powerful earth rhythm but also depend on their canny minds. They are strategists and travelers who value their freedom. In a relationship a Wolverine person is dedicated but may have trouble settling into a monogamous partnership. Nonetheless Wolverines are considered good providers. Wolverines were once valued for their hydrophobic fur, which contains oils to repel frost and water. Unfortunately this led to a high level of trapping. Another adapted talent is a special molar which helps the Wolverine tear frozen meat. Wolverine people may have special skills, adaptations, luxurious tastes or really great hair. See also: Animal Spirits - Frog, Cat, Bull Animal Spirits - Puma, Butterfly, Dog Animal Spirits - Bear, Stag, Eagle Animal Spirits - Wolf, Mouse, Swan Animal Spirits - Fox, Rooster, Orca Animal Spirits - Horse, Otter, Goose Animal Spirits - Goat, Hare, Falcon Back to Top

The Woodpecker, Wasp and Wren all bring different animal qualities into daily life. Ancient people lived in the heart of nature and knew how to understand and communicate with the animals, entities and spirits around them. Humans are also part of nature, just like plants, rocks and slime mold. Jump to: Woodpecker Wasp Wren Although connections to inhabitants of the wild natural world may have faded through time, we all possess within us a consciousness going back to the days of early humans. Through meditation, spirit work, journeying, dreams, we can tap into ancient channels and harmonize with the rhythm of life. See also: Animal Spirits - Frog, Cat, Bull Animal Spirits - Puma, Butterfly, Dog Animal Spirits - Bear, Stag, Eagle Animal Spirits - Wolf, Mouse, Swan Animal Spirits - Fox, Rooster, Orca Animal Spirits - Horse, Otter, Goose Animal Spirits - Goat, Hare, Falcon Animal Spirits: Doe, Magpie, Wolverine Animal spirits bring powerful wisdom and qualities we can use to help on our journey. Each animal has unique talents, abilities and temperament. Meditate and focus on the animal or qualities desired. To open the mind to specific spirits wear jewelry, charms, body decorations; make art or place ornaments having the appearance or energy of the animal spirit guide. 1. Woodpecker - Optimism , Opportunity, Communication Back to Top The cheerful Woodpecker is up early hammering on trees and maybe a wooden roof. This bird is an optimist who investigates any opportunity. Specially equipped to carry out his eating and communication needs, the woodpecker has a long sharp beak for drilling, sticky tongue for snapping up insects and three to four toes pointing forward and backward for secure vertical grip on tree bark. See also: Goats in German Myth: Erntebock & Habergeiß German Myth & Folklore: Moss People Pioneering German Women - Anita Augspurg To save his brain from shocks the skull is spongy bone, with a relatively small brain close to the skull to keep it steady, and a unique tongue formation, split and reaching around both sides of the brain to cushion it. Woodpeckers are part of the bird family Picidae , which also includes the piculets, wrynecks and sapsuckers. Most woodpeckers live in boreal forests, though one, the Gila woodpecker, specializes in cactus pests. Northern forests extend for thousands of miles, providing plenty of trees and tasty insects. Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Destructive forces such as wildfires and tree blight can threaten the habitat and lives of these birds. At the same time, deadwood harbors the food Woodpeckers love. When defending nest, food or territory from another of his kind, the Woodpecker has a number of stabbing, flapping and vocal gestures, fluffing his feathers and revealing the bright red of his cap. He might also drum on a tree to voice his displeasure. These are types of negotiation with the other bird. They compare qualities such as strength, display of red feathers and beak-snapping velocity. Overall, a Woodpecker person is a lover, not a fighter. Rarely do Woodpeckers engage in battle. Woodpeckers are birds of the earth and sky. The Woodpecker is Yang, a positive outgoing energy, with the influence of the Yin/Yang water sign Cancer. Cancer delves into dreams and emotions. With his communication talents, the Woodpecker connects to the spirit world as an emissary or messenger. See also: Eschenfrau: Wicked Ash Tree Woman Wild Women and Winter Tales Happy Tuesday! Tidbits & Trivia In Celtic lore, according to author Kathy Jones, the green woodpecker is the bird of Cliton, Morgen of the Fire. He knocks messages on trees, and the echoes travel throughout the land. The cry of the woodpecker foretells rain. In native North American lore, Woodpecker is associated with friendship and happiness The Woodpecker, along with Wolf , is the sacred animal of the Warrior God Mars. Mars attunes to the weekday Tuesday and the element Fire. Woodpecker asks us to share and use precious resources wisely. In the smallest North American Woodpecker species, the Downy, the male has a longer bill for drilling and poking into holes, while the female's beak is shorter, adept in prying up bark in the search for insects. Both woodpeckers can feed from one tree and never exhaust its abundance. Because the Woodpecker combines many diverse qualities he can be seen as the alchemist of the Forest. As a multi-sexual symbol with a combination of male and female qualities, the Woodpecker takes on the traits of a nature deity. Woodpecker people are curious, intelligent and well-spoken. They are goal-oriented and know what they want. Many different influences appear in their lives and they have a strong sense of inner balance. See also: German Traditions - the Linden Tree Reiker For Hire, Victorian Era & Nixies Elves & the Shoemaker - A Fairy Tale Once a Woodpecker person finds a comfortable environment, domestic patterns emerge and this individual might be happier to stay close to home than travel long distances, whether for work or play. Driven by Fire, inspired by Air, fueled by Wood and mitigated by Water, a person with Woodpecker totem or animal spirit guide has strong spiritual connections, a charismatic personality and is usually successful in life. 2. Wasp - Matriarch, Work, Community Back to Top While some wasps are solitary, most prefer life in a community. Either they colonize one nest, working together, or several wasps cultivate individual holes in a dry mud bank or other habitable area. The best known wasps are the nest-building yellowjackets, hornets, European wasps and brown wasps. See also: Hags in German Myth & Folklore Apples: Myth, Nature & German Folklore Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Wasp colonies are matriarchal. A queen from last year emerges in spring, finds a good nest site and builds a small nest by chewing wood or plant fibers. She creates a type of papier mache to build hexagonal cells and lays eggs. When the larvae hatch, she feeds them masticated insects, which is why wasps are a benefit in the garden. The larvae eat only insects while the adults consume sweet drinks such as nectar. Larvae also produce a type of sweet juice which the wasps drink or deliver to the Queen. The first wasps are workers and small compared to the later wasps. They build the nest from now on while the queen provides more eggs. Colonies vary from a few individuals to massive nests filling house walls, created over years. Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle Although a female Yin energy, the Wasp is also associated with the power of the Sun. Wasps live their entire lives determined by the influence of this fiery celestial body. They navigate, find food and build their homes attuned to the Sun. Their yellow or iridescent colors reflect heat. Dark stripes or patches absorb sunlight and aid in temperature circulation. In the colony, every Wasp has a role but they're all individuals. Each has markings on her face, which vary according to her rank in the colony. Wasps remember the facial markings of their sisters, preventing enemies from entering the nest. See also: Witches' Night - Hexennacht Herbology & Lore: Caraway Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine Although male Wasps have the reputation for being lazy, they actually do work. The drones gather flower nectar or sweet juice, and feed it to female workers and the Queen. A man with a Wasp spirit guide is the type to surprise people with talents or abilities they don't know about. In nature, male wasps don't sting, but they can deliver a pinching bite. It's best not to take these guys for granted. Wasp energy can clarify one's role in society, family or group. Wasps are Old Spirits, emerging in the Jurassic period 150 million years ago. A Wasp embodies awareness, the collective unconscious and the ancient soul. She attunes to work, building, sharing and constructive progress. In Wicca, the repeating hexagons Wasps build represent the Sun. See also: Herbology & Lore: Death Cap Mushrooms Pioneering German Women - Bertha Benz Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Wasp people are in touch with nature on both large and small scales. They may seem finicky perfectionists but have a strong sense of family values and the importance of kin. Action-oriented, Wasp people can travel far, physically, mentally and spiritually. Wasps are ruled by Earth, Air and Fire and have busy lives. It's important to take breaks and rehydrate. The stinger of the wasp is an ovipositor - it can also be used to lay eggs. This is one way parasitic wasps inject larvae into the maggots of pests such as the emerald ash borer. Parasite wasps don't prey on humans, but can stoke the imagination. Wasps sting only in defense of themselves or the nest. Wasp venom causes severe pain and possible allergic reactions up to anaphylactic shock. Wasp spirit may warn against being too defensive. Although she arouses primal fears, the Wasp attunes to quiet confidence and mental calm. Tapping into this ancient spirit is fortunate for transcendental journeyers on the path to self-awareness. The wasp is a symbol of work, wisdom and women. Wren - Strategy, Hope, Positive Action Back to Top The tiny wren has a big personality. Her cheerful song resounds through the hills. She may inhabit forests, marshes, meadows and sometimes comes to visit humans. She's a sign of spring, linked to the rebirth of the earth. See also: Elves & the Shoemaker - A Fairy Tale Add Photo: Phone Cases, Tags, Wallets, Playing Cards Angel of Long Point - Abigail Becker Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle A wren house or habitat is a beneficial addition to the garden. The wren is small enough to fit into cracks and holes other birds, such as parasitic house sparrows and predatory starlings, cannot. She dines on insects and fills the air with her bright voice. The wren is a symbol of good luck. Wrens are social birds who talk to each other. People with a Wren totem have the gift of gab. They're helpful and fun to have around. Wren brings revitalizing energy into the room. Wrens can organize and delegate, but may disappear for a while, only to be found singing in a nearby meadow. Wren energy is sometimes flighty. Nonetheless, these small brave birds are great strategic thinkers and able to solve problems and surmount any obstacle with brains rather than brawn. In Old High German another name for the wren was kuningilin or kinglet. A European story tells of all the birds in a contest to see who could fly highest, thus become King of the Birds. See also: Winter Tales - 4 Novellas Herbology & Lore: Plantain Plant German Myth - Headless Horseman After several flew, the Eagle spread his mighty wings and soared up into the sky, flying higher than any other bird. As he was about to proclaim himself King the little wren popped out from under his wing and few even higher, winning the contest. The wren attunes to domestic bliss and harmony. She likes to visit the neighbors and see what they're up to. People with a Wren personality or totem have an engaging nature. Appearance or a vision of the Wren could be a warning of gossip or false rumors. See also: Modern Mirrors, Elevators & Kindergarten German Traditions - Gingerbread Houses Germanic Mythology - Brook Horses She's inquisitive but not mean-spirited so it's more likely she's inviting you to a party. If social activities with friends, spouse and loved ones have been lagging lately, now's the time to renew the bonds and celebrate each other. The beautiful song of the Wren charms the whole land. A Wren person often has talents or abilities beyond the scope of others, bringing happiness and joy to those around her. Wren is the state bird of South Carolina and also appears on English farthings. Back to Top See also: Animal Spirits - Frog, Cat, Bull Animal Spirits - Puma, Butterfly, Dog Animal Spirits - Bear, Stag, Eagle Animal Spirits - Wolf, Mouse, Swan Animal Spirits - Fox, Rooster, Orca Animal Spirits - Horse, Otter, Goose Animal Spirits - Goat, Hare, Falcon Animal Spirits: Doe, Magpie, Wolverine

Rotifers are fascinating microorganisms, crucial to aquatic ecosystems. Enthusiasts and researchers can raise rotifers at home for microscopic delight and biological research. Rotifers are also used as natural food for baby fish, and filtration in ornamental ponds. How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Rotifers (Rotifera): Animalcules Under the Microscope Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes What are Rotifers? Rotifers are microscopic, multicellular organisms belonging to the phylum Rotifera . Between 0.1 to 0.5 mm in length, rotifers are also called "wheel animals" due to the crown of cilia resembling a rotating wheel when in motion. Found almost everywhere in freshwater environments such as ponds, lakes, and streams, rotifers also inhabit marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Adult rotifers have about 1,000 cells. Larger rotifers may be seen by someone with sharp eyes, as tiny dots under the water surface. Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move Foodborne Fungi and Mold: Facts & Dangers The Unseen World: Protozoans in Nature Filter Feeding Rotifers are filter feeders. They eat by filtering tiny particles from water around them. Water is drawn into their bodies by the action of their front cilia or "wheel", also called the corona. Food particles such as algae, bacteria, and organic detritus are trapped in a mucous net. From there the food is transported to the mouth, slightly further back from the animal's cilia. This feeding mechanism allows rotifers to consume a significant amount of food relative to their size, making them efficient micro-grazers in aquatic ecosystems. These are busy creatures. A rotifer can consume up to 1,000 bacteria per hour. Rotifers are among the "animalcules" seen under the early microscope by self-taught scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 17th century. Algae in Glass Houses: Diatomaceous Earth Vorticella: Mysterious Microscopic Pond Life The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Habitat and Role in Nature Rotifers can live in diverse environments, from freshwater ponds and lakes to tidal pools. They're important in aquatic food webs as primary consumers. They converting microbial biomass into forms consumable by larger organisms like fish, crustaceans and protozoa. Their presence indicates a healthy ecosystem, helping to maintain nutrient cycling and water clarity. Rotifers can thrive in both stagnant and flowing waters, as well as in moist meadows and some marine environments. Microbes: Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, Fungi & Viruses B. Linens Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Reproduction and Rotifer Life Cycle Rotifers have remarkable reproductive skills. Depending on environmental conditions, they can reproduce either sexually and asexually. In favorable conditions, up to 95% of rotifers reproduce by parthenogenesis, in which females produce eggs without fertilization. In stressful conditions, such as low food availability or unfavorable temperatures, males can emerge for sexual reproduction. Males are much smaller than females and generally not present when water conditions are good. Males don't usually have a functional digestive system, and are therefore short-lived. They're often sexually fertile at birth. Internal fertilization occurs when the male inserts his penis into the female's cloaca or penetrates her skin to inject sperm into the body cavity. The Sex Demons - Incubus & Succubus Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health The egg forms a shell and adheres to a substrate, nearby plants or the female's body. In a few species of rotifer the mother carries an egg inside herself. In adverse conditions, in some species the mother can encyst her egg(s) as well as herself. The eggs hatch into larvae which are hard to tell from the adult. Within a few hours to a couple of days, females mature and start laying eggs approximately every four hours. Chlorine (Cl): Properties, Hazards & Uses Arsenic Trioxide: Paris Green Paint Pigment & Pesticide Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Lifespan of rotifers varies depending on species and environmental conditions, but they generally live for about 2 to 4 weeks. The ability to produce eggs and traverse different life stages often minimizes the impact of predation and resource scarcity on their populations. The common species Brachionus plicatilis above has a lifespan of 12 to 20 days. Not all rotifers are free-swimming past the larval stage, when the foot and toes develop. At that point the rotifer might hook herself to a substrate and remain there permanently. Cysts & the Rotifer Transformation Process When faced with environmental stressors like poor water quality or extreme temperatures, some rotifer species enter a dormant state by forming encysted eggs or cysts. The cysts have a robust protective shell, able to withstand harsh conditions. This transformation process is critical for their survival. When conditions improve the cysts absorb water and develop back into active rotifers in a matter of hours or days. 80% of rotifer populations can enter a dormant state during tough times. Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Rabbit Fever Plague & Warfare: Hittites What Conditions Do They Need to Thrive? For rotifers to flourish, they need well-oxygenated water free of pollution. Key factors include stable temperatures, moderately high nutrient levels, and adequate light. These conditions encourage the growth of their primary food sources, especially algae . Rotifers flourish in a range of conditions, but they thrive best in temperatures between 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F). They prefer slightly acidic to neutral water (pH 6 to 8) with a salinity of 0-1. Freshwater habitats enriched with organic material usually support dense populations. Maintaining a stable temperature is particularly crucial during rotifer breeding, as it directly influences growth rates and reproductive success. A consistent 22°C fosters optimal conditions for many rotifer species, though some breed best at 23-24°C. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses Silverpoint Drawing: Art of the Renaissance Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg What Conditions are Hazardous to Rotifers? Rotifers are sensitive to extreme environmental changes. Sudden fluctuations in temperature, drastic pH changes, and high concentrations of pollutants can be hazardous to their survival. Excessive predation from larger microorganisms or animals can also decimate their numbers. Exposure to harsh chemicals like chlorine and heavy metals can lead to increased mortality rates. There are dead rotifers floating in many backyard pools. High salinity can be fatal to freshwater populations. Even slight increases in salinity can reduce rotifer populations by up to 50%. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Sulfur (Sulphur): Underworld Treasures of Ancients Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Facts About Rotifers and Raising Rotifers Diversity : There are over 2,000 species of rotifers, each adapted to unique environmental niches. Feeding : Rotifers consume a variety of microscopic algae and bacteria, making them an excellent food source for baby fish and other small aquatic animals. Simple Cultivation : Rotifers can be relatively easy to raise at home or in educational settings. They require simple equipment like aeration, filtration, and light sources to encourage algae growth, which serves as food. Nutritional Value : Infusoria-rich in omega-3 fatty acids and proteins make rotifers an ideal food for the initial growth phases of fish fry or baby fish. Research Applications : Rotifers are often used in scientific research due to their unique biology and ease of cultivation, providing insights into ecological dynamics, evolutionary biology and developmental processes. Raising rotifers is a rewarding endeavor of learning, fun, and possibly even profit. Vorticella: Mysterious Microscopic Pond Life Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast, Fungi Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Nine Years War, also known as the War of the League of Augsburg, is a key conflict in European history. Fierce battles erupt, economies collapse, alliances shift dramatically, PTSD symptoms impair transitions back to normality, all affecting the privileged and the poor. Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman Thirty Years' War: Conflict, Antagonists, and Impact on Society Situation Europe 1688 When the Nine Years War breaks out, Europe is a madhouse of political intrigue, economic uncertainty and social strife. The end of the Thirty Years War leaves the Holy Roman Empire fragmented and weak, arousing tensions among European powers. France is a dominant force under the rule of Louis XIV, the Sun King, who seeks to expand territorial control and influence across Europe. England is embattled in civic strife, largely due to the Glorious Revolution of 1688. In January 1689 William of Orange ascends the throne. Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh Thirty Years' War Europe: Five Major Battles Medieval France: Peasants, Knights & Urbanites William of Orange (1650 - 1702) becomes King William III of England and of Ireland on 22 January 1689, and King William II of Scotland on 4 April 1689. In each case he rules as joint monarch with his wife, Mary II. Meanwhile, the Habsburg Monarchy in Austria is wrapped up in its own struggles against both France and Ottoman encroachment. By the late 1600s, Europe is a mosaic of competing interests. Other powers, including Spain and the Dutch Republic, fine-tune their strategies. Prague: Bohemians of the Renaissance Catherine de' Medici & the Occult Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Causes of the War Territorial Ambitions of France Louis XIV's desire to expand French territory through aggressive military campaigns, particularly in the Spanish Netherlands and along the Rhine, alarm other nations. Fears of French hegemony send tremors through the lands. Formation of Alliances In response to French aggression, several nations form the League of Augsburg, also called the Grand Alliance, consisting of England, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire, the Dutch Republic, and several German states. The goal is to counterbalance French power. Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Brunhilde: Tragic Germanic Warrior Queen Weapons & Warfare of Bronze Age Europe 1 Religious Tensions The conflict between Catholic and Protestant nations further fuels hostilities. Louis XIV's policies, including the revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1598) in 1685, intensifies anti-French sentiment, especially in Protestant regions. The Edict is a promise of protection for French Huguenots after the Religious Wars of France. In summary, the Nine Years War arises from aggressive territorial ambitions of France and the conflicts and reactions they cause. Louis' expansionism prompts opposition from the Grand Alliance of England, the Dutch Republic, and Holy Roman Empire and others. To this coalition, war is essential to countering the French threat. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Niter (Saltpeter): Science of Alchemy Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Antagonists The principal antagonists in the Nine Years War are: France Under Louis XIV, France aimed to establish dominance in Europe through military conquest. On one side stood France, a powerful kingdom with an influential monarch, Louis XIV, supported by allies such as Spain and Savoy. France was a titan in the 17th-century European landscape. The Grand Alliance This coalition includes England (led by William III), the Dutch Republic, the Spanish Empire, and several German and Italian states aligned against French expansionism. The alliance unites in an effort to curb French expansion and to maintain power balance through Europe. Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Major Battles of the Nine Years' War The Nine Years War is composed of numerous significant battles across the land, including: The Battle of Walcourt (1689) A crucial victory for the Grand Alliance, showcasing their ability to resist French advances. The Battle of Walcourt erupts 25 August 1689 amid the Nine Years' War. The clash is at Walcourt near Charleroi in the Spanish Netherlands, at the end of a long frustrating summer of uneventful marching and foraging. Soldiers are frustrated and many farmers lose their pigs or cows to the horde. The Battle of Captain Dungarvon (1691) The Williamite War occurs in Ireland as part of the wider internal conflict of England, aligning with the Nine Years War. This battle is pivotal in the broader struggle for control in the region. Medieval Alchemy: Jean de Roquetaillade Cosimo Ruggeri: Prophecies from the Dark Iodine (I): Origin, Properties, Uses & Facts The Battle of Aughrim on 12 July 1691 is a decisive part of the Williamite War. One of the bloodiest battles ever fought on Irish soil, it results in over 7,000 battlefield deaths. William is wounded and his 75-year-old second in command is killed. However, this battle effectively marks the end of the Irish Catholic Jacobites’ resistance to William. The Siege of Namur (1692) A critical siege flexing the tactical muscles of the French army in taking fortified positions. In 1692, French forces aim to secure their position in the region with a successful siege displaying the military might of Louis XIV. The Battle of Landen (1693) One of the largest engagements of the war, Landen results in heavy casualties and a tactical draw. Fought 1693 in the Spanish Netherlands, this fierce encounter, results in about 24,000 soldiers killed from both sides. With developments in weaponry, warfare is brutal and intense. Religious Persecutions of Diocletian Expulsion of Intellectuals Alexandria 145 BCE Knights Templar Crusades & Medieval France Weaponry, Artillery and Armor During the Nine Years War, warfare technology is primarily characterized by: Muskets and Flintlock Firearms Muskets provide a significant increase in range and accuracy compared to previous weaponry. The matchlock musket is the standard weapon for infantry, deadly at close range. Pikes Companions to muskets, pikes are essential in countering cavalry charges. The pike, a spear-like infantry weapon, is later supplanted by muskets fitted with bayonets. The socket bayonet is used by the French army in the 1670s and subsequently adopted across Europe. Alum: Tanning, Dye & Beauty Salts Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Haruspices in History: The Gut Readers Artillery Cannons and siege guns take a central place in war machinery. These massive pieces deliver devastating firepower, especially during battles like the Siege of Namur. Protection : Armor is still in use but increasingly less common among regular soldiers. The wealthier ranks wear cuirasses and helmets, while soldiers often rely on padded layers for protection. At this time, infantry begins to favor lighter, more maneuverable attire. This begins a transition toward speed and tactical flexibility over the reliance on heavy protection. Liver of Sulfur: Alchemy, Metal & Medicine Powder of Algaroth: Antimony Oxychloride Purgative Roman Inquisition: Power, Prayer & Politics Statistics Casualties : An estimated 350,000 soldiers die during the conflict, with many more civilians affected through famine and disease resulting from the war. The war creates up to a million casualties across participating nations. Financial Costs : The war is costly for participating nations, with expenditures reaching several million livres for France alone, leading to substantial debts for involved countries. England incurs costs around £5 million, significantly affecting its economy for many years. Impact on European Society For the Rich Noble families bolster their fortunes due to government contracts and military positions. At the same time, their lands are ravaged by warfare, disease, famine and taxation increases to support military campaigns. Catholic Inquisitions: Chronology & Overview Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Protestant Reformation of Renaissance Europe For the Poor The war exacerbates the plight of the lower classes, resulting in tax increases, food shortages, displacement, and widespread suffering due to troop movements and skirmishes disrupting local economies. Soldiers on the march also confiscate food and supplies. Agriculture suffers due to military activities, causing widespread poverty and hardship. The number of impoverished families soars. In some regions poverty increases over 30% due to the war. The conflict also catalyzes social changes. The role of the ordinary soldier grows in importance. Communities are deeply affected by loss; returning veterans have problems challenges reintegrating into civilian life with both visible and invisible scars. Foodborne Fungi and Mold: Facts & Dangers Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move Rabbit Fever Plague & Warfare: Hittites Facts About the Nine Years War The conflict marks one of the first instances of a truly multinational coalition formed against a common adversary. It sets the stage for future conflicts, as tensions persist among the nations involved, leading to the War of the Spanish Succession (1701-1714). The war illustrates the shifting military structures of the time, with more organized and disciplined armies emerging as critical to warfare success. The Nine Years War exemplifies the rising tensions of the Late Medieval period and also transforms the power dynamics of Europe. This critical conflict throws an entire continent into upheaval. Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus This is the tragic result of work by 13th century Franciscan friar Roger Bacon , who discovers gunpowder in the West due to his curiosity and amazement at a display of Chinese firecrackers. They're brought back to the Europe by traveling friars. Roger dies in 1292, with no idea of the horrendous impact his discovery will have. The earliest evidence for tactical use of gunpowder artillery on the European battlefield is Aug. 26, 1346, at the Battle of Crécy. In China, use of gunpowder in battle dates to 904 AD, though firecrackers for entertainment appear around the 2nd century AD. Scheele's Green: History's Most Toxic Pigment Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

In Eastern and Western alchemy, the transformation of metals into gold (Au) symbolizes a process of maturation for metal and alchemist. The elixir, Magnum Opus, prima materia or mystic philosopher's stone mark the culmination and perfection of the alchemical journey. READ: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Alchemy: Science, Philosophy, Magic Smelting Metals: Metalwork & Alchemy Pill of Immortality: Chinese Alchemy Sylvia Rose Books The alchemist seeks to enhance nature and control the passage of time, with the distinction that the aurum alchemicum or alchemical gold bestows health, eternal youth, and even immortality. In medieval times the metals are believed to mature in the ground. READ: World of Alchemy: A Little History Gold for example matures from bronze through silver to gold. This is noted by natural philosophers in the metal electrum , which is a combination of silver and gold. The silver, they assert, has not matured long enough to become gold. Silver - Queen of Precious Metals Electrum: Metal of Money & Myth Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Sylvia Rose Books In alchemy of the East, gold as a metal and spiritual value has many names. Gold by any other name is: the noble silver the sun the father of experience the jewel the tomb the discarded the knower the rays the light the day the red wax the permanent sulfur the cradle the balanced the head the knot the integral the complete the popular the patient the king of the bodies the gum Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Women of Alchemy: Anna Maria Zieglerin Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health Sylvia Rose Books These terms suffuse alchemy, a practice known for cryptic language, symbols, metaphors and allegories. Metals hold great spiritual significance. From Neolithic times and early forms of nature reverence, removing a substance from a cave or mountainside is a sacred practice. The earth, caverns and mountains are the womb and body or the Earth Mother. Almost every culture and religion has an Earth Mother figure, giver of life also associated with chthonic realms of death. Ereshkigal & the Mesopotamian Underworld Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Sylvia Rose Books Before opening a mine or beginning the mining process, incantations, rituals, rites of purification, offerings and astrology are used. In 18th century Germany, miners complain of a trickster spirit, Nickel, who inhabits copper mines, corrupts metal and gives no copper. The mythologies of mines and mountains represent the sacred presence encountered in geological levels of life. These include spirits of the earth. Gnomes are not invented until the 16th century but the Dark Earth is populated by many entities harmful or benevolent. Albertus Magnus: Alchemy, Arsenic, Astrology Vermilion - Scarlet Pigment of Death Romanesque - Magic of Light & Stone Sylvia Rose Books Ceremonies may be pagan or Christian. Miners perform rites of purity, fasting, meditation, prayers to enter a sacred place. The miner risks encountering a deeper and more dangerous spirit realm associated with the underground world and its mysteries. Even the Romans, with their emphasis on expansion and exploitation, are known to give prayers and offerings before taking treasures of the fertile Earth. In ancient Roman-owned mines such as Almadén, which processes deadly cinnabar , miners just pray to survive. Cinnabar (Mercury Sulfide) Red Death Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Baltic Aetsi & the Roman Amber Texts Sylvia Rose Books Rocks such as obsidian and metals such as copper have their own characteristics, properties and quintessence , being seen as living things. According to Jabir ibn Hayyan, medieval Islam the metals travel through the earth as vapors of mercury and sulfur. Where they settle, they form the metals, depending on the ratio of mercury to sulfur. Thus to make lead, the alchemist need only find the correct proportions. In fact, lead has to shed only three protons to become gold. Jabir ibn Hayyan: Alchemy of Islam Obsidian: Ancient Volcanic Black Glass Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sylvia Rose Books However this is an unstable isotope of gold (Au205) and changes quickly. One must remove a further eight neutrons to achieve Au197, the only stable isotope of gold. The metallurgist, blacksmith, alchemist and the potter are skilled in the use of fire and heat. These occupations are all considered creative. Through fire a material transforms from one state to another. Guido Bonatti: Medieval Astrology Star Alkahest: Panacea & Solvent Alchemy Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books Smelting is not only a way to work more quickly, but also a method to transform raw materials into something new. In ancient societies, smelters and blacksmiths were revered as fire masters, alongside shamans, healers, and magic practitioners. Metallurgists and blacksmiths are held in high regard, yet also feared for their associations with magic, fire and the realm of the dead. In West Africa, blacksmiths belong to secret societies and receive the same respect as sorcerers. Alkanet: Ancient Dye Magic & Medicine Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Witches & Witchcraft: Ancient World Sylvia Rose Books In the Kongo and surrounding regions, they have a close association with priests and chiefs sometimes the same person; elsewhere the metal worker is feared and respected. In Hamitic and steppe cultures, smiths are scorned and form a caste set apart. In Indonesia and other parts of South Asia, the smith and the smelter are esteemed for their mysterious abilities. Implements used by African smiths such as hammer, bellows, and anvil are seen as alive and extra-ordinary. They have their own magical and religious power. Ge Hong: Teachings Alchemy Medicine Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Sylvia Rose Books Blacksmiths take a crucial role in ceremonial practices of ancient Germans as well as in the male societies of Japan. In ancient Scandinavia, there's a strong link between the skilled creations of the smith and those of the poet and musician. Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Among the animal spirits in shamanic lore are the Goat, Hare and Falcon. Each brings unique talents, magic or insights we can use to help us live harmonious lives. Animal spirit work puts us in touch with the myriad of energies all around us. Animal Spirits - Frog, Cat, Bull Animal Spirits - Puma, Butterfly, Dog Animal Spirits - Bear, Stag, Eagle Animal Spirits - Wolf, Mouse, Swan Animal Spirits - Fox, Rooster, Orca Animal Spirits - Horse, Otter, Goose Animal Spirits: Doe, Magpie, Wolverine 1. Goat - Invigoration, Strategy, Discovery The gregarious Goat brings in elements of the trickster, the achiever and explorer and brews them together for a mix with a kick. Goat energy invigorates a weary mind. Laughter is the best medicine for an overload of woes, and the Goat is a natural clown. Don't take this temperamental spirit too lightly, though. Behind a playful exterior lurks a devious mind. The Goat can help find a way out of a tricky situation. Ideas come quickly as this totem animal triggers brain activity, but beware of following a deceptive route. Goats love to explore and there's plenty to discover. A nimble opportunist, the Goat can easily navigate trails unsuited to others. This spirit encourages individuality in a group and inspires confidence when taking the path less traveled. Sylvia Rose Books on Smashwords Lora Ley Fantasy Fiction Series Reiker For Hire Murder Mysteries Sylvia Rose Art on Zazzle People with the Goat totem or animal spirit are fun to be around. They have a great sense of humor, and you may find yourself the brunt of it now and then. Being a good sport always wins favor with the Goat. However the Goat can easily find weakness in a person and may try to push acceptable limits in society or relationships. See also: Germanic Mythology - Brook Horses Inspiring Words from Shakespeare Chicken Soup: Chickens in German Folklore Goat people are quick on their feet and intellectually. They love to figure things out. They may be inventors, creators, artists, entrepreneurs or trouble-shooters. Due to their unique eyes, horns and uncanny minds, goats have been associated with the Devil, witches and other entities who gained reputations for evil. When you see the gleam in the billy-goat's eye just before he rams someone innocently bent over, you understand the relation. The Goat is also a Harvest spirit in German folklore known as Haferbock (oat buck) among other names. A large male goat, he waits in the crops to steal children, hit with his horns or trample them with sharp hooves. Female goats may accompany him, also dangerous. Like other nature spirits he's a Kinderschreck , meant to keep children from ruining the oat fields or getting lost in the corn. In German lore, the Haferbock is one of the animals who fertilizes the fruit trees in the Yuletide season. See also: Awesome Art & Artsy Deals German Myth - the Lutzelfrau German Folklore - Irrwurz or Mad Root In Eastern astrology, the Year of the Goat (aka Year of the Ram, Year of the Sheep) happens every twelve years. It's a time of art, beauty, awareness, cultural expansion and helpful friends. Emotions may be sensitive. The next Year of the Goat is 2027. 2. Hare - Earth Magic, Abundance, Madness The agile Hare is in tune with the energies of the Earth. This animal spirit has a shadow side much like cats and owls, relating to the night, secrets and mystery, crossing dimensions, secrets of nature. The Hare brings hidden knowledge to light. It's one of the animals preferred as a familiar by spirit workers. Hare energy enhances the senses of hearing, sight and smell. The Hare can see almost 360 degrees around itself and is far-sighted, aware of details. It moves around meadows with ears flat, sniffing along the ground. Hare energy can help detect danger. Unlike rabbits, who live in burrows, the Hare nests above ground, creating a flat area where it sleeps. The hare is solitary, occasionally found in pairs, while the rabbit is a social animal. The Easter bunny was originally a hare. Greylag geese lay their eggs in abandoned hares' nests in meadows, thus the association between hares and eggs. Later, the bunny rabbit took over the Easter season. Goats in German Myth: Erntebock & Habergeiß German Myth: Lindwyrm, Mare & Pig Demons Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore The Hare is associated with madness as hares are known to exhibit strange behavior in March, the usual breeding season. They box with other hares, run around in a frenzy or jump straight up in the air for no apparent reason. The saying 'mad as a March hare' comes from this behavior, and according to a poem from 1500: Thanne þey begyn to swere and to stare, And be as braynles as a Marshe hare (Then they begin to swerve and to stare, And be as brainless as a March hare) Relating to rhythms of the Earth and the cycles of spring and fall, the Hare spirit brings grounding, wisdom and abundance. Hare people may enjoy gardening, spending time in natural environments and bringing nature indoors. People with the Hare spirit animal are active, independent but social, with great interest in the environment or the world around them. Another potential trickster energy, the Hare can be wily and may seem erratic at times. This person might prefer time in the background before stepping to the fore, and may avoid certain situations altogether. With swift powerful hind legs, Hares can run up to 80 km/h (50 mph) for short distances, up to 55k (35 mph) over longer distances, and can leap up to 3 m (10 ft) into the air. The Hare is lucky for athletes, dancers, people who work or think on their feet. The Hare finds balance between light and dark, life and death, yin and yang. This spirit may avoid the spotlight, but has many interesting tales to tell if you take time to listen. 3. Falcon - Speed, Perspective, Achievement A high-flying bird of prey, the Falcon brings gifts of speed, perspective and personal achievement. A hunter, this bird knows when to conserve its strength and when to give all. The falcon flies above the land, keen eyes seeking details or movement. With the Falcon totem, powers of perception increase. Winter Tales - 4 Novellas German Myth - Harvest Spirits Care and Feeding of Your German Kobold Falcon has narrow wings especially developed for speed. Peregrine falcons are the fastest creatures on Earth, with diving speeds of 320 km/h (200 mph). Unlike broad-winged birds like Eagles, the falcon has evolved a tooth on the side of its beak for quick kill of prey. This spirit helps find special talents or abilities within us to guide or assist on our life's journey. The Falcon animal spirit can identify hidden or obscure traits or details of the Self, as well as the whole world order. This bird of prey is a symbol of achievement and success, prosperity, and overcoming challenges to reach a goal or desire. People with the Falcon totem or spirit animal are usually successful at what they do. Sometimes it takes a few tries. Falcon people see the bigger picture and don't want to waste energy on dead ends or shallow thinkers. Although they may seem arrogant at times, people with the Falcon spirit guide know what they want. In love, the Falcon enjoys the thrill of pursuit and will go after the object of desire with passion and determination. In the long term this bird is monogamous. The Falcon settles down after a showy courtship replete with aerial acrobatics from both partners. Animal Spirits - Frog, Cat, Bull Animal Spirits - Puma, Butterfly, Dog Animal Spirits - Bear, Stag, Eagle Animal Spirits - Wolf, Mouse, Swan Animal Spirits - Fox, Rooster, Orca Animal Spirits - Horse, Otter, Goose Animal Spirits: Doe, Magpie, Wolverine