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Šauška (Shaushka) is the Great Goddess of the ancient Hurrian pantheon. She's cognate with goddesses Ishtar and Inanna . Her domains are those of love, sexuality, war and rage. Shaushka is also goddess of incantations, magic, medicine and healing. Lelwani - Hittite Underworld Goddess Hurrian Primordial Gods & Creatures Natural Glass Gemstones: Cataclysmic Fusion Shaushka, Great Goddess of the ancient world A Hurrian Mother Goddess, Shaushka is adopted into the pantheon of the Hittites as the two groups mingle with Hattians in Anatolia c. 2nd millennium BCE. Shaushka has a key role in the meeting and marriage of King-to-be Hattusili III and remarkable young priestess Puduhepa . Shaushka has both male and female attributes, as noted on her kaluti or offering lists. She's sometimes depicted as a male god in procession reliefs. Her overall sexuality is ambiguous though she usually takes a feminine role. Hurrian Bronze Age Gods & Goddesses Tiamat - Queen of Chaos & the Sea Inanna (Ishtar) - Goddess of Ancients Shaushka is a deity of contrasts and ambiguity Although her worship centers on the city of Nineveh in northern Anatolia, Shaushka is revered throughout the ancient near East. She's mentioned on god lists at Uruk and Babylon in Mesopotamia. The worship of gods and goddesses cross-culturally means a steady base and following. It also gives people from other cities something in common. Bronze Age Europe - The Amber Roads Sphinx - Mythical Monster of Ancients Asray: Ugaritic Underworld Goddess As a deity of love, Shaushka holds the power to guarantee conjugal love, return or deprive potency, and turn women into men and vice versa. Sex-changing aspects of divinity also appear in the history of Hittite Underworld Goddess Lelwani . In mythology, Šauška often appears as an ally of her brother Teshub, or a heroine in her own right. She uses any weapons at her disposal, including feminine wiles, to conquer heroes and monsters alike. Seduction of Hedammu, Father of Snakes Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Pretty Poisons: Holly, Yew, Mistletoe None can resist when she turns on the charm In one popular myth, Shaushka does battle with the sea monster Ḫedammu, after her brothers have failed to incapacitate him. Just as he's about to consume her, Shaushka seduces him. With Hedammu she gives birth to all the snakes of the world. Shaushka and her brother Teshub are targets of their father Kumarbi, who wants to kill them due to a prophecy they'll usurp him. Shaushka is also linked to the diorite giant Ullikummi , and mountain god Pišaišapḫi. She appears in folklore as a protector of olive trees. Mušḫuššu - Snake Dragon Animal of Marduk Kaska - Mountain Raiders of Anatolia Silver - Queen of Precious Metals She's a protector deity of olive trees Šauška is accompanied by two handmaidens, Ninatta and Kulitta, a dyad of Hurrian goddesses. Dyads and twins or pairs are common deific manifestations, such as Šeri and Ḫurri, the twin Bulls who pull the chariot of Teshub, and the warrior portal gods . Ninatta and Kulitta are considered divine musicians, though they also have warlike aspects, reflecting the nature of the Goddess. While Shauska may switch gender, the maidens are always shown as female. Rabbit Fever Plague & Warfare: Hittites 12 Days of Zagmuk: Chaos & the King Allani - Hurrian Underworld Goddess divine maidens Other servant or attendant deities associated with Shaushka appear in offerings lists and descriptions of rituals. They include: Šintal-wuri (Hurrian: "seven-eyed") Šintal-irti ("seven-breasted") Šinan-tatukarni ("twofold love") Namrazunna ("shining") Zunna , a Hurrianized spelling of Suen, Mesopotamian god of the moon the sukkal Undurumma A Hittite description of god statues mentions two depictions of Šauška. One is female, seated, winged and holding a cup. The other is masculine, also winged and armed with a golden ax. Both are attended by Ninatta and Kulitta and accompanied by an awiti , a winged lion. Care & Feeding of Ancient Gods - Enlil Curse of the Evil Eye & Apotropaic Magic Nekhbet - Vulture Goddess of Egypt Shaushka (Šauška) - Great Goddess of Love & War, Ancient Near East Like many divinities Shaushka is a creature of contrasts. She's goddess of love but also war; female but also male; vibrant day and mystic night. She's much like life itself, for without the contrast of darkness, none would know the light. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Youngest of four sons, Hattusilis (Hattusili) doesn't expect to take the throne. In fact he's not expected to live. Weak and sickly as a child. Hattusilis credits Queen of Heaven Goddess Ishtar (Inanna) for saving his life. He's a devout worshipper of Ishtar for the rest of his days. Purulli: Hittite New Year & Spring Fest Amurru: Amorite Bronze Age Kingdom Bronze Age Cultures - the Hittites Hittite King Hattusili III Hattusili is born the last of four children to Hittite king Mursili II and queen Gassulawiya . To the surprise of everyone including himself, Hattusili grows out of his youthful ailments. Aside from the occasional bout of illness he's a strong, healthy man. His father Mursili II is crowned at Tarhuntassa, south of the former Hittite capital, Hattusa. The capital was moved to Tarhunassa by Mursili's father, but the exact reason isn't known. Hapkis - Hittite & Kaska Hostilities Kaska - Mountain Raiders of Anatolia Nerik: Ancient Life in the Kaska Zone Remains of powerful Bronze Age capital Hattusa, with its mystical green stone It could be political, to be closer to disputed trading town Kadesh, or religious, to promote a new storm god. His death notice states he received an omen. Mursili II re-relocates the Hittite capital to Hattusa. After a reign of 25 - 27 years, Mursili II passes into the Dark Earth. His exact date of death is disputed. His eldest son Muwatalli II, brother of Hattusili, succeeds him. His other two older sons are viceroys of Hittite regions. Pala, Anatolia - Bronze Age Mysteries Tarhunna (Tarḫunna) Storm God of the Hittites Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg The Turquoise Coast - Aegean Anatolia Due to ongoing conflicts with Kaskian mountain raiders , King Muwatalli forms a vassal state in the north, and calls it Hakpis . The purpose of the Hittite territory is to contain the Kaska. Muwatalli gives the lands to his youngest brother, Hattusili, to govern. After an initial show of support, such as reinforcing two nearby towns with watch towers, Muwatalli goes back to Hattusa and leaves Hattusili to his own devices. Rise of the Phoenicians - Early Years Zagros Mountains - the Way to Kur Sherden Sea Peoples in Ancient Egypt Sunset on the Black Sea The new governor of Hakpis rises to the challenge. Hattusili has inherited his father's diplomatic skills. Either by force or friendship he defeats hostilities and secures his holdings. He succeeds in repopulating much of the northern territory with Hittite allies and citizens. Meanwhile, conflict erupts between Hittites and Egyptians. The Hittites, led by Muwatalli and Egyptian forces of Ramesses II clash at the city of Kadesh in 1274 BCE. At the border between Hittite and Egyptian lands, the prosperous trade town of Kadesh is hotly contested. Ugarit - Trade Hub of Bronze Age Syria Lusatians - Nordic Bronze Age Cultures Sun God of Heaven - Hittite Solar Deity Trade and Commerce It's currently in Hittite lands because the former Pharoah, Ramesses' father Seti I, preferred to focus on domestic policy. Seti and Ramesses are also harried by seafaring tribal groups on the coasts of Egypt and holdings. When Ramesses II (r. 1279 - 1213 BCE) takes the throne, he upsets all former agreements. He focuses on pushing the Hittites out of Kadesh. The Hittites push back. Turquoise: Precious Stone of Ancients Kur - Underworld of Mesopotamia Enuma Elish: Marduk & the Chaos Monsters "Get out!" "Make me!" At the Battle of Kadesh 1274 BCE, all hell breaks loose. Hittite spies infiltrate top Egyptian ranks and tell them the Hittites are twenty miles further away than they are. The Hittite forces arrive strategically sooner than expected. The spies are exposed and severely beaten, but the Hittites are already at the gates. Ramesses hardly has time to gird his loins before the attack. The fighting is ferocious. Tollense Valley Battlefield: Ancient Germania Cleopatra the Alchemist of Alexandria Copper - Ruddy Metal of Mystic Magic Another day, another disaster Hattusili commands the Hittites as a military general under his older brother the King. Both Hittites and Egyptians make ample use horses and war chariots. Depending on source, up to 10,000 chariots are involved in the Battle of Kadesh, a Bronze Age world record. Finally, surrounded by Hittites, Ramesses II barely makes his escape with some members of his guard. He returns to Egypt to declare his resounding victory and has several steles and relief carvings created in commemoration. Urnfield Culture - Iron Age Europe Steppe Trade Routes: Before the Silk Roads Shurpu: Ancient Rite of Curse Removal Ramesses II colossal red granite sculpture Meanwhile, the Hittites declare their victory and stay at the site to rebuild, or head home. On the way back from the fighting, General Hattusili stops off in the town of Lawazantiya in the Hittite / Hurrian region Kizzuwatna. At a temple to the Goddess Ishtar (Hurrian Shaushka ), he gives gratitude and reverence. He's about to leave when his eye is caught by a young woman lighting candles. He wants to talk to her but doesn't move. Perhaps she feels him staring, for she turns around. For a moment she meets his gaze. Then she is gone. Puduhepa - Queen of the Hittites Nefertari Queen of Peace Ancient Egypt Ebony - Precious Wood of Ancients Not just another pretty face Who is she? A priestess of Ishtar, to be sure, from her demeanor. Who is her family? Who is her father? Who cares? Her name is Puduhepa , daughter of the head priest of the cult of the great goddess Shaushka. Shaushka is honored here because Puduhelpa's mother is Hurrian. Her father, a Hittite high priest, is instrumental in the worship of the goddess at a time when many deities are adopted cross-culturally. Myrrh - Mystique, Death & Divinity Bes: Household Protector God of Egypt Lavender (Lavandula) Health and Nature Hattusili has a vision of goddess Ishtar. She tells him he will find happiness with Puduhepa as his wife, and she with him as husband. That's all the incentive he needs. When he departs Lawazantiya, it's with Puduhepa and the blessing of her family. She's young, excited about her future, perhaps in awe such a powerful man would desire her as a wife. She knows the many responsibilities of her position, besides producing heirs, and intends to fulfill them rightly. Baltic Amber - Gold of the North Gold - Precious Metal of the Sun Telipinu - God of Farming & Crops He's charming, and by the time they get to Hattusa she's in love. They whisper and giggle like teenagers. She marries Hattusili and returns with him to the occasionally-peaceful Kingdom of Hakpis. Although Hattusili had several concubines, he has eyes only for Puduhepa. Hattuslili becomes King of Hakpis. Hakpis is declared a kingdom due to its suppression of numerous uprisings in the north with the relocation of the Hittite capital. After Muwatalli goes into the Dark Earth in c. 1272 BCE, his son Musilli II takes the throne as King. Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Kulullu - Fish Man Monster of Tiamat Uluburun - Bronze Age Shipwreck King enjoys his throne. Good boy, King. Again rebellions break out. Musilli is the son of a concubine and not a true wife. Still, Hattusili sticks by him to honor the wishes of his brother. Finally, Musilli decides to take the Hakpis Kingdom and other northern Hittite lands for his own holdings. That does it. Hattusili incites a rebellion overthrows Musilli, banishes him to Syria and takes the throne. At his side is Puduhepa as queen, or tawananna . He's now the leader of one of the most influential powers of the Bronze Age. Ugallu - Lion Headed Storm Demon Minoan Genius (Genii) Helper Spirits Ephedra - Medical Stimulant Plant of Ancients Walk this way ... No one argues. Hattusili has proven his capabilities. He's a strong leader with significant influence, and shows respect for the priests and houses of the deities. Hattusili and Puduhepa have three children, the eldest of which, Tudhaliya IV, will succeed his father to the Hittite throne. Both Hattusili and his Queen are skilled in diplomacy. Puduhepa and the Egyptian Queen, Nefertari , exchange gifts and letters. Sacred Scarab: Lucky Bug of Ancient Egypt Yazilikaya: Sacred Site of the Hittites Hashamili - Metal Work & Smith God Egyptian blue faience scarab - lucky bug Hattusili corresponds with Ramesses II. With the encouragement of Nefertari and Puduhepa, a cordial relationship develops between the two alpha powers. It leads to the world's first peace treaty in c. 1258-9 BCE. This maintains genial relations with Egypt until the end of the Hittite Empire in c. 1190 BCE. Kassite Empire: Rise of the Kassites Saffron - Most Precious Ancient Spice Wolpertinger - German Myths & Folklore Peace treaty is written on clay and a silver copy was made for each ruler. This is the first true peace treaty By then, both Hattusili and wife Puduhepa have passed into the Dark Earth. Puduhelpa outlives Hattusili and departs the world at the age of 90 in 1203 BCE. Meanwhile, she arranges marriages for her daughters with the Egyptian Pharaoh, organizes the thousands of Hittite deities and undertakes her functions as Goddess Queen or Queen Mother. Under her guidance Tudhaliya IV becomes a strong, reverent and much beloved king. Bird Woman Elwetritsch: German Folklore Amber Trade - Bronze Age on the Baltic Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Waters of life In a time of prolonged drought, he builds thirteen dams to provide water. One still survives today. The drought, an onslaught of earthquakes, inner revolts and attacks by seafaring and barbarian tribes bring the Hittite Empire to an apocalyptic end. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Sublimation is a process of refinement, purification or extraction of specific elements. The aludel, a unique alchemical apparatus, is often shown as a stack or progression of vessels, pipes or tubes in medieval labs, used in the process of sublimation. The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Anima Mundi: Soul of the World Panacea: Goddess of Universal Health The Aludel The term aludel emerges in the 14th century. It comes from the Arabic ﺍﻟﻮﺛﻞ ( alwthl ) meaning "the first one", a specialized pot designed for the sublimation process. Sublimation is also mentioned in 1393 by English poet John Gower. Much of history is written by poets. Alternate names for the aludel include the Hermetic Vase, Vase of the Philosophy or the Philosophers' Egg . The latter also refers to a vessel used in alchemical digestion . Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Hypatia: Scholar & Martyr Alexandria Victorian Trends: Sailor Suits to Taxidermy In full form, an aludel is a series of earthen or glass tubes or pots, stacked atop one another, with each pot diminishing in size as it ascends. The lowest pot, containing the raw materials to be sublimed, is set in the furnace. A constant temperature must be maintained. The uppermost section of the apparatus is a head designed to capture the re-solidified gasses. As a condenser in the sublimation process it's comparable to the alembic . Traditional aludels are typically crafted from clay or similar ceramic materials due to heat transfer and durability. John Dee - Talking to Angels Sinope: Poison, Honey, Greeks & Clay Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty vessels with holes at top and bottom make up the basic structure of the apparatus Clay or ceramic vessels fare better in high heat conditions. Glass, on the other hand, is ideal for watching the experiment in process. Either way the apparatus and its parts can be engineered in different ways to suit the purpose. The aludel extracts pure elements by transitioning from solid to gas without the liquid phase. The vessels enable alchemists to concentrate desired materials effectively. The method removes impurities, which are left behind in the apparatus to be discarded or further processed. Sublimation Process Sublimation is a physical process through which a solid transforms directly into a gas without first becoming a liquid. This transformation occurs when the molecules in a solid gain enough energy to break free from their fixed positions and enter the gas phase. Solnitsata - Neolithic Salt Trade Town Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Sulfur - Treasures of the Underworld Dry ice (frozen CO2) is a common example of sublimation The word sublimate comes from Latin verb sublimare , meaning "to elevate", the root of "sublime". At one time sublimate meant "to elevate to a place of dignity or honor" or "to give a more elevated character to," but these references are obsolete. In the context of alchemy and the use of an aludel, materials such as antimony , sulfur and arsenic are subjected to heat. This prompts the change to gas or vapor. The vapors ascend to the top of the aludel and re-condense. Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy medieval sublimation the horizontal way "The contrivance serves to sublimate mercury  (zaybak), sulfur, orpiment (zarnīkh) and the like. It is made of glass or clay (fakhkhār) and consists of two tubes (ziḳḳ, actually hoses) fitted together. The mineral is put in the lower tube, the two tubes are fitted together with clay and the whole is put on the fire. The ascending smoke gets to the upper tube, cools down and produces the desired sublimate." ~ from a 14th century text originally attributed to Pseudo-Geber Mercury, a favorite of alchemy, cannot itself be sublimed as the process calls for a change of solid to gas, and mercury is liquid, hence the name quicksilver. It will solidify by freezing, at -38.83 °C ( -37.89 °F). Compounds such as mercury II chloride can undergo sublimation. The Liber de aluminibus et salibus (Book of Alums and Salts), a Latin treatise translated from Arabic, includes a procedure for subliming mercury with vitriol and “common” salt . According to the text, this mixture sublimes to the top of the vessel as white shining crystals. Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate Natural Health: Paracelsus & Hermetic Principles Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients Johann Glauber's vapor trap for fulminating gold Examples of Sublimation Several chemical substances can be produced or refined through sublimation. Among these are: Flowers of Antimony (Alchemy) : antimony trisulfide (Sb2S3), used historically in medicinal and chemical applications. Flowers of Sulfur (Alchemy) : A fine sulfur powder known in medicinal and agricultural uses, prized for its soft yellow color and elemental purity. In medieval times and later, flowers of sulfur commands markedly higher prices than simple sulfur alone. Sublimated Caffeine (Industry) : extraction of pure caffeine from other substances. Caffeine appears as a white microcrystalline powder when re-solidified. Sublimation of Iodine (Education) : Iodine's purple sublimation is a striking visual often used to demonstrate the process in schools. Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval Iodine (I): Origin, Properties, Uses & Facts Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health About 30% of chemical compounds in the pharmaceutical industry today use sublimation techniques for purification and medication development. Today's techniques can achieve sublimation at temperatures as low as -78 °C ( -104 °F). While the use of aludels in contemporary practice is rare, their principles are absorbed into modern scientific techniques. Sublimation is conducted through controlled environments using advanced laboratory apparatus designed to optimize efficiency and safety. Flowers of Sulfur (Brimstone): Creation & Uses Science of Alchemy: Simple Distillation Process Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Flowers of Sulfur Modern Sublimation In modern science, sublimation is typically used to purify and collect compounds using vacuum sublimation apparatus or rotary evaporators. These methods expedite the sublimation process and mitigate risks of handling hazardous materials. In vacuum sublimation, chemists reduce pressure around a substance to reduce its boiling point and enable sublimation at lower temperatures. This method safeguards heat-sensitive compounds and can increases yield by up to 40%. Rotary evaporation uses a similar method with a rotary evaporator, or "rotavap." To eliminate excess solvents from samples chemists heat a rotating container under reduced pressure. Alchemy and the Art of Gold-Making Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Facts about Aludels and Sublimation Historical Context:  Although the term aludel first appears in the 14th century, the concept of sublimation exists in ancient cultures. Cultural Variations:  Different cultures recognize the benefits of sublimation for medicinal purposes, promoting evolution of the process over centuries. In spiritualized alchemy the aludel is often depicted symbolically, representing the common clich é s of transformation and quest for enlightenment. Sublimation is also a fundamental principle in various fields today, including materials science, pharmaceuticals, and food processing. Certain ingredients are sublimated for preservation. Natural Product Extraction:  Sublimation remains essential for extracting components like essential oils and herbal extracts, highlighting its role in both traditional and contemporary wellness. Cornstarch: Cuisine, Beauty, Cleaning Uses Scheele's Green: History's Most Toxic Pigment Chlorine (Cl): Properties, Hazards & Uses Flowers of Antimony Art Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Nickel (Ni), a silvery-white metal with a lustrous sheen, is a transition element essential to industry and commerce, and known in history for centuries. Its unique combination of strength and versatility makes nickel a desirable metal but obtaining this prize is not so easy. Cobalt (Co): The Little Goblin Who Could Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Electronically refined nickel nodules and cube. Crystallized nickel-electrolyte salts (green) are in the pores of the nodules. If the green salts aren't visible in above pic, tap image to go to bigger pic. Properties of Nickel Nickel, with atomic number 28, is characterized by its robust physical and chemical properties. It has a melting point of 1455 °C (2,651 °F) and a boiling point of 2912 °C (5,274 °F). A lustrous, silvery white metal, nickel exhibits excellent corrosion resistance, especially when alloyed, and is ferromagnetic, or strongly susceptible to magnetism. Nickel is also notable for its durability and ability to withstand high temperatures. Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Calcite: Metal-Eating Bacteria to Coral Reefs Chalcopyrite (CuFeS₂): Shining Copper Ore George V (1865 - 1936) coin of nickel Nickel makes up about 0.008% of the Earth's crust. Oxygen is the most common element of the crust at 46%, followed by silicon at 28.2%. Commercially valuable metals such as copper , nickel, gold , silver , platinum , palladium and zinc are all trace elements in the crust. Nickel is highly ductile, meaning it can be drawn into wires without breaking. This metal resists oxidation and corrosion. It develops a protective layer, nickel oxide, when exposed to air, much like copper or silver, preventing further damage and extending its lifespan. Silver corrodes at a higher rate than nickel. Overall nickel is considered anti-corrosive, used as plating on various substrates and in jewelry, where it's famous for allergic contact dermatitis causing skin reactions like itching, dryness, pustules and flaking of skin. Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Antimony (Stibnite, Kohl) Ancient Metal of Science & Beauty Liver of Sulfur: Alchemy, Metal & Medicine This pic from VeryWell Health . Formation of Nickel Nickel is primarily formed through geological activity. It originates from the Earth's mantle, a layer of silica stone between the crust and outer core, often found in alloys with iron, cobalt, and various silicates. It is commonly found within nickel sulfide ores or as a lateritic ore, enriched through weathering processes. The most notable sources of nickel include ores like pentlandite, garnierite, and limonite . Nickel deposits often develop in magmatic processes, where nickel-rich magma cools and solidifies. Over millions of years, tectonic movements and sedimentation lead to concentrations of nickel, making extraction feasible. Cassiterite - Tin Source of Ancients Tin Mining in the Bronze Age c 3300 - 1200 BCE Seven Metals of Antiquity - Metallurgy Underground molten rock is magma. Once it emerges it's lava. Nickel's creation begins deep within the Earth. Nickel in Ancient Times Historically, nickel is not distinctly recognized as a separate element until the 18th century. First successful extraction of nickel is by Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751. Nickel usage goes back to ancient civilizations. Egyptians and Greeks use an alloy of nickel-bronze, which contains copper and nickel. Copper 88% is normally alloyed with tin 12% to produce bronze. Arsenic is also known to be used, yielding harder bronze. Arsenic Trioxide: Paris Green Paint Pigment & Pesticide Digestion & Horse Manure: Alchemy Process Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Arsenic Due to its close resemblance to copper in ore, it's often mistaken for copper and not specifically identified as its own elemental entity. This nickel-copper blend is notorious for giving no copper. According to medieval German miners this is "kupfernickel," translating to "copper devil." Nickel translates to "Little Nick", referring to a mischievous Kobold . In German lore there are three main types of Kobold in human environments: the house, ship and mine Kobold. Care and Feeding of Your German Kobold Klabautermann - Germanic Sea Kobold Belsnickel - German Yule Ghoul Mine, mine, mine! Natural Occurrence of Nickel Nickel does not occur in pure elemental form in nature; rather, it is primarily found embedded in minerals within the Earth’s crust. It needs to be processed to isolate it from its compounds. The pure metal is produced through extraction technique such as refining and smelting. Refining consists of purifying an impure metal. Smelting and calcining involve a chemical change to the raw material. In refining the final material is chemically identical to the raw material. Significant nickel ore deposits are located globally. Major reserves exist today in countries like Russia (accounting for about 30% of the world's supply), Canada, and Australia. Flowers of Antimony: Pure Medieval Purgative Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Ammonium Carbonate: Sal Volatile Smelling Salts The Big Nickel, symbol of Canadian mining center Sudbury, Ontario Discovery of Nickel Nickel's discovery is credited to Swedish chemist Axel Fredrik Cronstedt in 1751. He extracts the metal from a mineral called kupfernickel (cupronickel), which has previously been considered a copper-containing ore but upon examination yields a different product. Numerous chemists contribute to the discovery of nickel throughout the 18th century, but Cronstedt's work is pivotal in establishing nickel as a distinct element. During the Industrial Revolution(s), nickel comes into increased demand. Faust: Fact & Fiction German Renaissance Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Diana's Tree: Silver Crystals of Lunar Caustic Early European trains are based on mining equipment. Nickel Alloys Nickel is highly valued for its ability to form alloys with numerous other metals. Intriguingly, it is commonly alloyed with copper, chromium, and iron to create materials that exhibit enhanced strength, corrosion resistance, and heat tolerance. Some notable alloys include: Stainless Steel : Like other steels, stainless steel is composed primarily from iron and carbon, but with the addition of several other alloying elements including chromium nickel, magnesium, molybdenum, and nitrogen. Up to 75% of nickel produced goes into stainless steel. Monel : This alloy, primarily of nickel and copper, is used in marine environments due to its resistance to saltwater corrosion.  It's a component in ship hulls and propellers. Inconel : A family of austenitic nickel-chromium-based superalloys, Inconel is used for extreme temperature and corrosion environments. Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Almadén Mines: Ancient Mercury Extraction Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Stainless Steel Extraction and Obtaining Nickel Nickel is extracted through various methods depending on the ore type. The two primary methods are: Pyrometallurgical Process Pyrometallurgy involves smelting and roasting sulfate and nickel ores, converting nickel sulfides into nickel oxides. This process typically requires high-temperature heating to separate the nickel from its impurities. These oxides are then reduced to pure nickel using carbon or hydrogen. Hydrometallurgical Process This extraction method includes leaching the ore with sulfuric acid or other chemical solutions, allowing for more selective extraction of nickel from lower-grade ores. The nickel is subsequently purified through electrolysis. Metal Smelting & Metallurgy in the Ancient World Ancient Greek Discovery & Use of Mercury Pyrometallurgy: Ancient Processes of Modern Alchemy Historical and Modern Uses of Nickel Historically, nickel was used in coins, particularly in the United States and other countries. It was also used in the production of alloys for various tools and machinery. Today, nickel’s applications have expanded significantly: Electronics : Nickel is used in the production of batteries, such as rechargeable batteries, of nickel-cadmium (NiCd) and nickel-metal hydride (NiMH), including nickel-metal hydride batteries found in hybrid cars. Industrial Applications : Its corrosion resistance makes nickel ideal for equipment and piping in chemical processing and marine environments. Catalysts : Nickel serves as a catalyst in the hydrogenation process in the production of various chemicals and in food processing. Coins:  Nickel is commonly used in coinage for its aesthetic appeal and lasting durability. Today's coins are made from metals such as nickel, copper, and zinc. Instead of using one metal to make a coin, multiple kinds of metal are pressed together into layers. Carbon Steel: Origins, Composition & Uses Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Molybdochalkos: Nigredo Black Lead of Maria Interesting Facts about Nickel Nickel's Symbol : The chemical symbol for nickel, Ni, is derived from its Latin name 'niccolum.' Physically Durable : Nickel's exceptional durability makes it one of the essential components in the manufacture of coins, notably in the production of the U.S. nickel. Magnetic Qualities : Nickel is one of the few elements that are ferromagnetic at room temperature, influencing its use in various electronic applications. Environmentally Friendly : Nickel recycling is commonplace, with the metal being 100% recyclable without any loss of quality. About 90% of the nickel in stainless steel production comes from recycled sources. Toxicity:  While nickel is critical for some microorganisms, high concentrations can be toxic, causing allergic reactions in some humans. Nickel in Nature:  Nickel is a micronutrient in plant health. Specific green plants, like grasses, need nickel for growth. It's crucial for the enzyme urease, which hydrolyzes urea in plant tissues by binding with two nickel atoms. Space Exploration:  Nickel alloys are used in many space applications because of their strength and resistance to extreme environmental conditions. Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Niter (Saltpeter): Science of Alchemy Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Into the Future Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Noisy spirits of Germanic mythology are any who scream, moan, wail, knock or rumble. They include Klagefrau the wailing woman; Poltergeist, Klabautermann the sea kobold, and the strident Pfaffenkellnerin of the Lucerne Wild Hunt . Hags in Germanic Myth & Folklore Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Faust: Fact & Fiction German Renaissance Screaming, shrieking, howling, rumbling, knocking and slamming spirits Klagefrau - Wailing Woman Back to Top Klagefrau wails to foretell a demise or disaster. To hear her is a bad omen. To see her can be death. She's a shape-shifter who can manifest as an animal such as a howling dog, noisy dove, owl or shrieking black cat. She might be very tall, stretching over a house. Klagefrau: Wailing Woman of German Folklore Pentagram: Drudenfuß, Five Point Star Owl - Death, Messages, Mystic Wisdom Klagefrau on a hazy woodland path A tormented spirit, she often appears as a hazy black figure, or a hag with black shawl or robe. Most common in southern Germany, she's known to take part in the Wütendes Heer (Wild Hunt) or the Swiss Wild Hunt of der Türst . Poltergeist - "Noisy Spirit" Back to Top Poltergeist is a demonic spirit who slams, knocks, rumbles and crashes around the home. Incidents are small at first, such as moving or hiding items. More involved events include objects falling from shelves, doors slamming, furniture moving and noises in walls. Poltergeist - Nastiest Noisy Spirit Jimson Weed, Witches & Zombies Nature Spirits of German Mythology Poltergeist drives people mad Scratching sounds may be heard especially at night. The Poltergeist presence may be accompanied by other demonic or evil trickster spirits such as Druden and Schrat . Poltergeist events can include the feeling of being pushed or poked, bad dreams and severe anxiety. Klabautermann - Sea Kobold Back to Top Klabautermann is overall a benevolent spirit, living his life at sea and on ships. As a Kobold he may be mischievous. He screams and howls like the wind and batters around the sails. He loves music and may be heard whistling or playing an instrument like squeeze box. Klabautermann - Germanic Sea Kobold Schrat: German Nightmare Forest Elf Drude: Germanic Demon of Darkness Klabautermann is a Kobold and weather spirit He's found on the Baltic and North Seas, helping sailors and fishers with their work. He's also a weather spirit who can bring a favorable wind or a howling storm. Like all Kobolds he likes appreciation for his help. He's fond of sweet cakes, rum, or tobacco for his pipe. Die Pfaffenkellnerin - Lucerne Wild Hunt Back to Top Die Pfaffenkellnerin  (literally "the pastor's waitress") is a female spirit with glowing eyes. She sits like a Mare  atop fir trees  or mountains in raging storms and drowns out the howling winds with her manic shrieks of laughter. She often takes part in the Wild Hunt. Der Türst: Dread Huntsman & the Wild Hunt Witches' Night - Hexennacht German Myth: Lindwyrm, Mare & Pig Demons She used to be his housekeeper Her favorite perch is Seebodenalp, a mountain near Lucerne. Her spirit dates to the Middle Ages and the Protestant Reformation of the 1500s. Housekeeper / lover of a priest, she goes screaming insane when he refuses to marry her as the new law requires. Other noisy spirits include manifestations of White Ladies  as wailing women. The loud chirping of Heimchen  is sometimes used as a Kinderschreck or "child fright" to scare kids into going to bed on time. Nachtkrapp  or Night Raven can also make a big commotion. Sträggele: Witch Hag of the Wild Hunt Beer Goddess Siris of Mesopotamia Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Heimchen or House Cricket (Acheta domesticus) Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Simple distillation is a technique of ancient and medieval alchemists. It can be a process on its own or part of a larger work, involving separation and purification of elements. Simple distilling is the major process for centuries, and the basis for all other types of distillation. Distillation in Alchemy: Ancient Process & Equipment Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Simple distillation is one of the most straightforward and historically significant methods. It operates on the principle substances have unique boiling points. The process involves heating a liquid/solid or solution until it reaches boiling point of one component, which vaporizes. This vapor is then cooled and condensed back into liquid form, separating it from the non-evaporated materials. In an alembic or retort, the liquid drains into a collector vessel. The oldest distillation equipment is found at Tepe Gaura in Mesopotamia dating to c. 3500 BCE. Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Finding the Philosophers' Egg Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Heat source, retort and collector vessel Simple Distillation: Alchemists of Alexandria The ancient alchemists of Alexandria become proficient at the process of distillation. Not only is Alexandria an early center of glass-making, it has a tradition of medicine and philosophy catering to both the esoteric and practical alchemical adept.   Simple distillation can separate volatile liquids from non-volatile impurities; or separate two liquids with vastly different boiling points (greater than 25-30°C apart). In separating water from table salt, salt remains in the boiling flask and purified water collected as distillate. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Secrets of Aqua Vitae in Alchemical Science The Alembic: Essential Alchemy Equipment Alembic for alchemical process of distillation - these are used for over 2000 years In simple distillation, when a liquid mixture is heated, the component with the lowest boiling point evaporates first. The vapor is then collected and condensed back into a liquid, resulting in separation of components based on their boiling points. Key Steps in Simple Distillation: Heating the Mixture:  The liquid blend is heated in a distillation flask until the component with the lowest boiling point vaporizes. Vaporization:  As the liquid boils, the vapor rises through a tube connected to the flask. Condensation:  The vapor enters a condenser, a cooling tube where the vapor is cooled with water or air, causing it to condense back into liquid form. Collection:  The purified distillate is collected in a separate container, while the remaining mixture stays in the distillation flask. Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Alchemists of Ancient Alexandria Herbal Alchemy & Brew (fantasy art) Simple distillation is used for purifying water, producing essential oils and separating liquids when the boiling points are significantly different. The alembic body, cucurbit or mattrass, is placed over or in a heat source. The fluid or molten matter with the lowest boiling point will evaporate first, condense in the head or cup of the alembic and drip into a container vessel. The name "alembic" is based on Greek " ambix " for cup, prefixed with the Arabian al- meaning "the", or al-ambic . Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes apparatus for experiments fantasy art Although the process can be applied to any liquid at any vapor pressure, it is generally used to describe the boiling of water by lowering the container's internal pressure below standard atmospheric pressure. This causes water to boil at room temperature. Simple distillation is the basis for many more complex processes. It's commonly used in the purification of water, extraction of essential oils, and production of alcoholic beverages like whiskey and vodka. Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Alchemy of Mystical Herbal Elixirs & Cures 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine product of distillation Zosimos c. 300 mentions distillation when he describes teaching of alchemy experiments: "Knowledge is treated with great honor, because only a philosopher, who has acquired Wisdom, scientifically and practically, is able to use it. An experimentalist may obey his master when he tells him: Take this and do such and such a thing, evaporate it, dissolve it, distill it, and so on till the end of the work." 1. Medicinal Applications Early physicians use the process of distillation to extract concentrated essences and medicinal compounds from plants. In medicine from ancient to modern times, herbs and botanicals can be distilled to create potent tonics, elixirs, and remedies with natural healing properties. Zosimos: First Golden Age of Alchemy Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Roger Bacon: Medieval Science & Alchemy Copper retort used for distillation Essential oils extracted through distillation are valued for therapeutic qualities in treating a range of ailments. In ancient times there are no clear boundaries between medicine and alchemy, both having the same goals of healing. One of the curative aims of alchemy, besides the discovery or creation of the Elixir of Life, is a related search to produce a panacea to heal all disease. As for metals, zinc, cadmium and mercury can be purified using distillation. Mercury is extracted from cinnabar this way. Mercury: Miracle Metal of Madness Egyptian Blue Lotus: Visionary Beauty Lucrezia Borgia: Exploring the Enigma Mercury (Quicksilver) do not eat In Western alchemy, the Stone of the Philosophers is said to grant these powers, as well as having or giving the ability to turn base metals into precious ones. The stone is made from the pure prima materia , or prime matter making up all life. 2. Production of Booze One of the enduring legacies of distillation is its role in the creation of alcoholic beverages. Ancient cultures know the process of fermentation for centuries, and eventually produce distilled spirits. Distillation allows the concentration of alcohol, enhancing flavor and potency. Artisan and industrial brewers through millennia work to perfect the technique. Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia White Herb of Maria: Ancient Alchemy Secrets Copper distillation vessel According to Zosimos: “…wines can be made in a multitude of ways, [as shown] through many accounts that authors have left to us, and nature, and art such things, that is, grown wines from the vineyard and medicinal, or by adding various spices like palm, cannabis seed etc …” “Certainly brewers of Egyptian beer [‘zythi’], which is more powerful [then our beers] are not lacking in the false and wicked arts, and might be better used for intoxication. This [concoction] includes: borage, cannabis seeds and leaves, helenium, ivy leaves, strychnine, and darnel.” Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Helenium (sneezeweed) also used to make snuff 3. Extraction of Fragrances Perfume-making has ancient roots, with distillation playing a key role in creating fragrances from flowers, spices, and other natural materials. Essential oils extracted through distillation are used to craft perfumes both luxurious and highly valued. Fragrances are infused into incense, flavors blending into herbal remedies, healing properties used in skin lotions or medical treatments. Essential oils are still widely sold and applied today. Extraction of essential oils from plants uses alchemical processes in a specialized genre. Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Vial of Rosaceum Oil Distillation is a ubiquitous process in alchemy through the ages. It's essential in the alchemy of herbs and plants, termed spagyria in the 16th century by physician alchemist Paracelsus , and practiced centuries before, in the remote mountain villages he visits to gain herbal wisdom. Separating the essences of products, re-distilling and refining are alchemical processes used to purify substances and extract fundamental components. The materials can be recombined or blended with other ingredients Paracelsus: Renegade Renaissance Physician 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals Fantasy art, distillation processes Making of cosmetics and perfumes is alchemical in nature. Processes are found in ancient Egypt, medieval Islam and Europe. Renaissance alchemists Caterina Sforza and Isabella Cortese are two of the best known producers of cosmetics. Finally, simple distillation is also used in desalination to produce potable water from seawater. It can be accomplished on a large or smaller scale. This process effectively removes salt and water impurities. Freshwater vapor condenses in the head and runs into a collector vessel. Prima Materia: Elements of Alchemy Alchemy: Four Elements + The One Aether: Born of Darkness, God of Light fresh clean water Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Holly, yew and mistletoe, the most cheerful and celebrated of seasonal plants, are also the most poisonous. These three toxic beauties can cause health disruptions from indigestion to nervous collapse and death. Jump to: Holly Yew Mistletoe In the Northern Hemisphere the Winter Solstice falls on December 21, the longest night of the year, and heralds the return of light after a long cold winter. Solstice is a time of revelry, feasting, celebrations including Yule and Saturnalia , and gifts of light, such as candles. Herbology & Lore: Rowan (Mountain Ash) Apples: Myth, Nature & German Folklore Butzemann, Witches & Nyx - Scare 'em Good Yew Branches with Candles - Solstice & the Return of Light Ancient rituals of the solstice also include music and dancing, masks and elaborate costumes often representing nature deities, and bonfires. Bonfires represent the sun warming the earth, and the light caused the sinister demons of darkness to retreat. Bright colors abound. Red and green are popular colors of the season and both stimulate the warrior spirit. Green corresponds to the feminine principle, wisdom, nature, wood, nurturing, growth and creativity. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Amazons - Warrior Women History & Myth Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Panacea, daughter of physician god Aesclapius Red is the masculine principle, fire, relating to passion, positive action, protection. White, the color of mistletoe berries, is symbolic of light, virility and vitality. Symbols of life and rebirth, they all are toxic, causing symptoms from nausea to death. 1. Holly - Fertility, Magic, Eternal Life Back to Top Green and red are colors of the Yule season rooted in evergreen holly. This plant is abundant in the pagan Roman celebration Saturnalia (Dec 17 - 23). In ancient Rome Dec 25th is the Day of the Unconquered Sun, a few days after Solstice, when effects of light are noticeable. When the Romans invent Christmas in the 4th century AD, holly remains part of the festive season. European holly ( Ilex aquifolium ) is the plant most commonly used in wreaths and decorations. Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Holly Leaves and Berries The wreath attunes the energy of the circle . In spiritual meaning circles relate to wholeness or completion, infinity, symmetry, perfection and inner strength. The circle is a vessel for magic energies. Spells are often cast in a circle. Circle relates to the Sun and full Moon. Early solstice celebrations mark the end of long cold winter nights, and the new feeling of hope and optimism as days lengthen, sap flows and trees bud and both plants and animals have thoughts of love. With its cheerful bright red berries and shiny green leaves, evergreen holly doesn't wither in winter like other plants. The traditional holly retains its leaves and is a vibrant symbol of strength and perseverance. Along with Rowan and Elder , Holly is a favored wood for runes. Eschenfrau: Wicked Ash Tree Woman Witches' Night - Hexennacht German Myth - White Ladies & Changelings Bright colors for the season - green holly with red berries Holly berries are toxic to humans and other animals. Some birds, like the cardinals and robins, find them tasty and satisfying. Despite their small size, birds have a higher threshold of toxin resistance than humans. The poison is created by the toxin saponin, which infuses the berries but often ignores the leaves. Consuming holly berries can cause: vomiting diarrhea dehydration drowsiness Eating over 20 berries can be fatal to a child. Even a few berries can cause illness. Keep them out of reach of children and pets. Much like mushrooms, some species of holly leaves are safe to eat. Others cause mild to serious illness. Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Plight of the Lutzelfrau: German Myth Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Cardinals love berries 2. Yew - Life, Death, Rebirth Back to Top Themes of life, death and rebirth rule the seasons. The land goes into a death state over winter. It's also the time restless Undead and evil spirits roam. The Yew ( Taxus baccata ) is a significant symbol of the Solstice. It celebrates return of life to the Earth, hope and optimism. Green needles and red berries make this plant another holiday favorite. An evergreen, the yew tree can live for centuries, making it a tree of longevity and life everlasting. Goats in German Myth: Erntebock & Habergeiß Aufhöcker - Cursed Undead of German Myth Rhinestones: Treasures of the Rhine Deadly Yew is an evergreen shrub or tree Yew is toxic throughout, except the red flesh or berry parts surrounding the seed. Berries are eaten by birds and the seeds inside then pass into the droppings of the bird to propagate the tree species. Yew is known as the privy tree. It was planted near outdoor toilets or outhouses because the scent of the plant keeps insects away. One of the most common forms of plant poisoning, yew is highly toxic to people, cats, dogs, horses, livestock and wild animals. Mugwort (Wormwood) Herbal Lore Uric Acid: Kidney Stones & Peeing on Plants Ammonium Carbonate: Sal Volatile Smelling Salts According the Julius Caesar, during the Gallic Wars (58 - 50 BC), Cativolcus, chief of the Eburones, poisons himself with yew rather than submit to Rome. Similarly, yew is historically used in mass suicides by besieged or defeated people. Yew wood is considered ideal for longbows because of its hardness and flexibility. Yew is the hardest of the softwoods. Yew wood is preferred for making lutes and other musical instruments because of its resonant qualities. Nature Spirits of German Mythology Amazing Legacy of Alexander von Humboldt Perchta, Bright One: German Goddess Melody, 1895, Kate Elizabeth Bunce (1856-1927) - playing a lute A resilient tree, yew grows even in poor soil. It can handle massive pruning. Nonetheless it's a slow-growing plant and because of the popularity of yew wood, was harvested almost to extinction. In the mid 20th century yew was found to have cancer-fighting compounds. Yew berries, needles and bark contain taxine alkaloids which cause the toxic effects. Symptoms of yew poisoning include: trembling and nervous tremors dyspnoea (subjective awareness of difficulty breathing) cyanosis (blue color in skin, lips, nail beds caused by oxygen deficiency in the blood) nausea vomiting diarrhea neurological disturbance, loss of muscle control cardiovascular collapse death The lethal dose for an adult is about 50g (1.7 oz) of yew needles. Once the toxin is ingested, resuscitation is virtually impossible. 3. Mistletoe - Romance, Fertility, Vitality Back to Top Mistletoe ( Viscum album ) is a parasitic plant with a long history of use in medicine and magic. The early Druids were fond of herbal properties of mistletoe, and the mystic plant with white berries and green foliage became a symbol of love for the Solstice season. Herbology & Lore: Poison Hemlock Death Cap Mushrooms: Deadly Poison Chun Yuyan & Death of Empress Xu White Mistletoe Berries and Green Leaves of Wild Mistletoe An evergreen, mistletoe grows on trees such as oak and aspen. It can be seen in winter, fresh and green among the bare branches. Mistletoe inserts roots into the host tree and feeds from the nutrients. In the Asterix and Obelix series, the village Druid is often found up in oak trees gathering mistletoe. Mistletoe is strongly associated with male fertility as the white seeds represent semen . In Celtic myth mistletoe relates to Taranis, God of Thunder. Alchemy & Religion Al-Mi'raj: Unicorn Hare of Arab Myth Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Storm brewing For the Romans, mistletoe represents peace, love and compassion. They hang it over doorways to protect the household. The ancient Greeks call the plant oak sperm. Kissing under the mistletoe comes into practice in the later 18th century, popular among servants. In Norse mythology the tradition goes back to Frigg who decrees mistletoe will deliver a 'kiss' and nevermore be used in weaponry, after it kills her shining son Baldr. Nature Spirits of German Mythology German Harvest Spirits: Roggenhund (Rye Dog) Hags in German Myth & Folklore Solstice kiss In Victorian England, a man is allowed to kiss any woman who stands beneath a mistletoe, and bad luck befalls her if she refuses. This is a significant departure from the social prohibition of public displays of romance in Victorian society. An extension of the tradition is to eat a berry with every kiss, and the kissing stops when the berries are gone. This causes numerous cases of mistletoe poisoning. Among the 1500 species of mistletoe, all are toxic to some degree. European mistletoe, active substance tyramine, is considered more toxic than American mistletoe ( Phoradendron serotinum ), active substance phoratoxin. Women of Alchemy - Mary the Jewess Erinyes - Vengeful Women of Ancient Greece Natural Glass Gemstones: Cataclysmic Fusion Toxins are active in leaves and berries of the plant. Adults experience less intense effects but the toxins can be fatal to children or animals. Symptoms of mistletoe poisoning include: blurred vision diarrhea nausea vomiting Severe toxic effects include: delirium hallucinations seizures hypertension cardiac arrest There's no actual cure for mistletoe poisoning. Symptoms are treated in hospital. On the other end of the health spectrum, mistletoe is considered to have medicinal properties. In folk and modern medicine its compounds are used to treat arthritis, headache, high blood pressure, symptoms of menopause, epilepsy and infertility. How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Hair Loss: 9 Natural Cures of Physician Dioscorides Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Chalk is fundamentally calcium carbonate (CaCO3) and takes hundreds of millions of years to form. This seemingly mundane mineral has a unique history and multiple uses in today's society. Chalk is an essential of art, beauty, industry and geology, and let's not forget fun. Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Calcite: Metal-Eating Bacteria to Coral Reefs Natural chalk deposits are exposed by weathering Chalk is made primarily of calcite, a mineral form of calcium carbonate, also with formula CaCO3. This enduring versatile material is known in prehistory, ancient history and along the path of time. It's beloved by artists for thousands of years. About Chalk Chalk is a soft, white, porous sedimentary rock made of accumulated calcific remains of marine microorganisms. It's primarily composed of the microscopic skeletons of foraminifer : a single-celled planktonic organism with perforated, chalky shell, from which emerge thin extensions of protoplasm. Most species are marine. S. pasteurii : Calcium Eating Limestone-Making Bacteria Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action coccoliths : individual plates or scales of calcium carbonate formed by coccolithophores, or single-celled phytoplankton. rhabdoliths : minute calcareous rodlike structures found at both ocean surface and floor, believed to be calcareous alga The purest varieties contain up to 99 percent calcium carbonate in the form of the mineral calcite. Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Chalcedony Gems: Secrets of Silicon Dioxide Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure White Calcite Formation of Chalk Chalk forms in an underwater environment, primarily during the late Cretaceous period, about 100 million years ago. It's created from accumulation of organic matter and sediments in warm, shallow seas. When tiny marine organisms die, their calcite shells accumulate on the ocean floor. Over millions of years, these layers compress and solidify into chalk. A product similarly created is diatomaceous earth, made by the silica shells of microscopic diatoms, a type of algae. The largest deposits of chalk originate from a primeval time when much of the Earth is covered by shallow seas. One-celled organisms dominate the waters. The famous White Cliffs of Dover in the UK are composed of chalk formed during this period. Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade White Cliffs of Dover Use of Chalk in Art Chalk has long been a favored medium for artists, particularly in the form of chalk pastels. Its fine particle size and vibrant colors make it ideal for creating soft, blended, and highly pigmented works of art. Chalk is used to creating temporary murals and street art. While the most common form of chalk is white, it can take on various shades. The color variations are primarily due to presence of other minerals. For instance, red, yellow, or grey chalks result from iron oxides or other mineral inclusions. Sanguine: Red Chalk of Renaissance Masters Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Chalk is used by gymnasts, climbers, pool players, weight lifters to improve grip and precision Use of Chalk in Beauty and Cosmetics Chalk has applications in the beauty and cosmetics industry. Due to its absorbent properties it's a common ingredient in face powders and other cosmetics. Its matte properties help enhance texture and skin tone. Powdered chalk is used in some skin treatment formulations for exfoliant properties. Its absorbency helps remove excess oil from skin and hair. Natural chalk, prized for its purity, is commonly used in formulations meant for sensitive skin. Antimony (Stibnite, Kohl) Ancient Metal of Science & Beauty Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Democritus: Laughing Philosopher Ahead of His Time Industrial Uses of Chalk Historically, chalk is used for purposes such as manufacturing of lime for mortar and plaster in construction. Is uses have expanded to agriculture as a soil conditioner, food as anti-caking agent, in writing chalk, chalk paints and production of some types of glass. Chalk & Eggshells The chemical formula of chalk is the same as that of eggshells. While both are predominantly calcium carbonate (CaCO3), their structures and functions vary significantly. Eggshells protect developing embryos, while chalk is found in geological formations and human applications. Both chalk and eggshells are compostable and provide a rich dose of calcium and other nutrients for the soil. In crafts, a type of home-made chalk can be created with finely ground eggshells and a binder such as gum arabic . Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Tycho Brahe: Golden Renaissance Astronomer Chalk Mining Exploration : Geologists identify high-quality chalk deposits through surveys. In the UK alone, there are extensive chalk reserves covering over 15,000 square kilometers. Extraction : Mining of chalk is done in large quarries. Open-pit mining methods remove substantial amounts of chalk. Drilling and blasting techniques extract the rock, or heavy machinery scoops it up from the surface. Transportation : Once extracted, the chalk is transported to processing facilities for refinement. Natural Glass Gemstones: Cataclysmic Fusion Algae in Glass Houses: Diatomaceous Earth 11 Favorite Drawing Mediums of Artists How Chalk is Refined The refining of chalk involves several steps: crushing, milling, and sieving to produce a fine powder. This powdered chalk is then often treated to remove impurities, resulting in various grades suitable for different applications. Crushing : Large chalk chunks are crushed into smaller pieces for easier handling. Grinding : The crushed chalk is ground finely to increase its surface area, making it more versatile in various applications. Sifting : After grinding, the product is sifted to ensure quality and uniformity, to meet industry standards. Etch Carnelian Beads Like It's Indus Valley 2500 BCE Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry 3 Great German Artists for Art Lovers Artists' chalk Where is Chalk Found in the World? Chalk deposits are found in various parts of the world, most notably in the UK and in regions like France, where Cretaceous chalk formations abound. Other notable chalk deposits are in the United States, China, Russia, and several other countries. Chalk is geographically widespread, with notable deposits in: United Kingdom : The White Cliffs of Dover are famous chalk formations visited by millions each year. France : The Champagne region is known for its chalk soils, which contribute to the region’s renowned sparkling wines. Germany : Extensive chalk deposits exist across various areas, supporting multiple industries, including paper and construction. In paper making, chalk or calcium carbonate is typically added to wood pulp to give the paper its opacity. It also reinforces paper structure. Ullikummi - Rock Monster of Legend Faust: Fact & Fiction German Renaissance Colorful World of Bacteria - Color Producers Facts About Chalk Fossilized remains of marine life often show up in chalk, providing valuable insights into prehistoric ecosystems. The purity of chalk can often be determined by its whiteness; higher purity results in brighter white chalk Natural Storage : Chalk effectively stores carbon, contributing to our understanding of past climate conditions. Habitat Creation : Chalk cliffs provide essential habitats for numerous marine species. Variety of Uses : Beyond art and writing, chalk is found in everyday items like toothpaste and chewing gum. Cultural Significance : Different cultures incorporate chalk into local traditions, from festive markings to intricate designs. Brownian Motion: Physics & Phenomena Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Women Scientists of the Ancient World strange markings Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Sanguine is a rich, reddish-brown chalk beloved by Renaissance artists such as Michelangelo. Creating flesh-like tones in the human form or drawing warm landscapes, sanguine has a unique ability to bring life into art and coax forth the quintessence of the subject. Mosaic Gold: Alchemy of a Forgotten Art Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) Art, Food & Medicine Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Figure Study 18th century What is Sanguine? Few drawing media inspire the imagination quite like sanguine or red chalk. Its warm, reddish-brown hue comes from natural hematite or red ocher . It evokes a range of emotions and encourages artistic expression, making it a favored choice among artists for centuries. Named for its color resembling dried blood, sanguine comes from the Italian " sanguigna ," based on the Latin word " sanguis " or blood. It brings life and warmth to artwork. Explore the nature of sanguine, its history, applications and how to make your own. How to Make Venetian Red Artisan Pigment Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids Limonite: Ancient Earth Pigments Leonardo da Vinci - two expressive faces showing versatility of sanguine Traditionally made from red earths like red ochre, sanguine has been a popular medium for drawings. Texture and hue of various papers allows artists to create stunning contrasts and depth. Sanguine comes in a range of shades from warm orange to deep brown and beige. Techniques in Sanguine Sanguine is beautiful in sketches, life drawings and rustic scenes. It's particularly effective for rendering volume and modeling, making it ideal for portraiture and the figure. Like charcoal and pastel, sanguine can be maneuvered with varying pressure to create textures and tones. Carl Wilhelm Scheele: Poisonous Chemistry Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health Lead White & Minium Red: Colors to Die For Rembrandt van Rijn self portrait 1637 One technique is layering. By starting with a light touch and gradually building up darker tones, an artist creates depth and realism. A fixative to repel smudges is applied to preserve the finished drawing, ensuring that the artwork remains vibrant for future generations. Sanguine is versatile in its form, sold as wood-cased pencils or manufactured sticks. It's found in several tones, ranging from orange to tan, brown and beige, allowing for a diverse palette and potential for varied artistic styles. Lapis Lazuli: Creating Ultramarine Earthy & Mineral Hematite: Differences Hematite: Iron Oxide Red Earth Pigment red chalk drawing by Raphael (1483-1520) Sanguine is an excellent choice for artists who value nuances in shade and shadow. The soft texture lends itself well to creating depth and dimension, while blending and layering add to its appeal. Sanguine in Renaissance Art The story of sanguine goes back to the Renaissance, where it's highly esteemed by artists like Michelangelo, Raphael and Leonardo da Vinci. These masters value its ability to capture the human form expressively, using warm undertones and highlights for a lifelike quality. Sanguine is believed to originate in the late Middle Ages, primarily for sketches and studies. The Renaissance brings it into widespread popularity. Many artists embrace its capacity for varied effects, solidifying its place within renowned art studios. Red Madder: Organic Ancient Colors Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Michelangelo, Studies for the Libyan Sibyl, ca. 1510–11. Michelangelo’s use of sanguine in his preparatory sketches allows him to illustrate not just the forms but the emotions behind them. The medium allows a level of detail essential for the study of form and movement. How is Sanguine Made? Creating sanguine can be a fascinating process. The basic steps involve sourcing red earth pigments and combining them with a binding agent, such as gum arabic or a similar medium. The mixture is then shaped into sticks and allowed to dry. While creating high-quality sanguine can be complex, artists and enthusiasts can easily experiment with DIY methods for personal use. Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Gouache Painting: Artist Essentials & Art Tips Paints of the Artist's Palette in Renaissance Europe Red Ocher Clay The main ingredient is natural pigments derived from red ochre or other red earths. These pigments are mixed with a binder, typically chalk or gum Arabic, to ensure a workable texture. The blend is then formed into sticks and left to dry DIY Sanguine: Make Your Own Making your own sanguine can be a fun project, combining creativity with a hands-on approach. To create sanguine red chalk sticks, gather these materials: Natural Red Pigment : Look for red earth pigments ( red ocher ) at art supply stores, or hunt down and grind your own . Binder : Common options include powder chalk, plaster of Paris and gum Arabic . Water : For desired consistency. Steps to Make Sanguine Mixing : In a bowl, combine approximately 2 parts red pigment to 1 part binder. Gradually add water, mixing until the texture is thick yet workable.    Shaping : Shape the mixture into sticks or molds. Alternatively, flatten it with a rolling pin for desired thickness.    Drying : Allow the sticks to dry completely for several days to become firm and solid. This DIY project enhances artistic skills and opens up new depths of understanding about pigments, sanguine's properties and its historical allure. Verdigris: Creation of Coveted Blue Green Pigment Egyptian Blue Faience - Ceramic Glass Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Art Gallery Facts About Sanguine In natural form it's used as a drawing medium since prehistoric times, with red ochre common in ancient cave paintings. Sanguine is often associated with the warm, rich tones found in flesh, making it a preferred choice for life drawing. In addition to being used for sketches, sanguine has also been incorporated into finished works, including oil paintings and mixed media. Historical Artists : Other notable artists like Degas and the Impressionists also prefer sanguine, incorporating it into their drawings. Color Variations : While traditional sanguine showcases reddish-brown tones, it's foundin all the earth colors such as gold, burnt orange and tan. Eco-Friendly Choice : Being a natural material, sanguine aligns with the growing movement towards sustainable art supplies.   Surface Versatility : Sanguine can be applied to various surfaces, including textured paper, inviting endless creative possibilities. Durability : Finished sanguine drawings, especially when fixed, can endure over time, preserving their beauty in any art collection. Flowers of Sulfur (Brimstone): Creation & Uses Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg 10 Ancient Spices of Trade, Health & Beauty Chalks of many colors Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Human taxidermy and death photography are ways to keep the loved one close. Science, nature and the occult are at the forefront of thought in labs and drawing rooms throughout Victorian Europe. 19th century advances in technology twine with Romantic trends in art, culture and literature. Here arises the tale of the Loreley , and industry creates monsters. Victorian Trends - Stripes to Taxidermy Industry & the Age of Monsters The Mystic Victorian - Fortune Telling A butterfly on the hand is worth two on the wall Pursuits such as butterfly collecting and taxidermy gain popular favor as a way to bring the outdoors indoors, for fun, mental health or study. Taxidermy is no longer the domain of professionals. Amateurs and hobbyists stitch, stretch and stuff everything from wildlife to pets. It's not long before interest turns to stuffing dead relatives. Human taxidermy arouses the imagination of scientists, philosophers and writers. Killer Yeast: Assassins of the Microworld Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Flowers of Antimony: Pure Medieval Purgative Human anatomy figure In 1820, Sarah Bowdich Lee, an English author, zoologist, botanist and explorer produces a taxidermy manual discussing the difficulties in use of taxidermy on humans, among other topics. The book goes through six editions up to 1843. The concepts of stuffing wildlife and human taxidermy are used to horrific extent in the 1960 Alfred Hitchcock film "Psycho." In German mythology, major goddesses Holle and Perchta dole out punishment by ripping out an offender's insides and stuffing the person with straw. The Anxious Victorian - Mental Health Great 19th Century German Woman Artists German Myth - Harvest Spirits Photography, developed in the 19th century , moves to celluloid film and cameras anyone could use, replacing the need for professionals. The first "personal" camera made by Kodak in 1888 comes loaded with 100 shots. The photographer sends the whole thing back to the company for developing. The company sends back the photos and the fully re-loaded camera. While human taxidermy is expensive and rare, the trend of death photography zooms. People often take pictures with the deceased , posing with the person, dressing and even seating the corpse at the dinner table as if still alive. Parents pose with dead daughter Rigor mortis sets in after about 2 hours in the facial muscles, and leaves 24 hours after death, about the same time maggots start to hatch. A body smells of escaping gasses and rotting flesh after a few days, depending on climate, so time is limited. Victorians are much closer to the reality of death than we are today. Wakes are held in the home for up to several days. The bereaved close the curtains and cover mirrors until after the funeral to prevent the deceased's reflection from being trapped in a mirror. In popular belief, if people see their reflections in a mirror at a home where someone recently died, they might be next to die. To avoid misfortune, all clocks are stopped at the moment of death. Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Steam & Coal in Victorian Germany Death protocol includes wearing black, a tradition dating back to the Romans. It becomes widespread after 1861, when Queen Victoria wears black to mourn her beloved husband Albert. Both human death photography and taxidermy are seen as a way to preserve the memory of the person, especially one much beloved. In terms of the occult or supernatural, it can also be a conduit to communication with the dead. Wiedergänger - the German Undead Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Famous Women Inventors - Anna Connelly Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Bdellovibrio predatory bacteria are gram-negative , obligate aerobic bacteria who hunt other gram-negative bacteria to feed on their proteins and nucleic acids. Here's insight into the unique biology and lifecycle of Bdellovibrio and its potential implications for human life. Predators of the Microworld: Vampirovibrio & Lysobacter Difference Between Gram-Negative & Gram-Positive Bacteria Killer Yeast: Assassins of the Microworld About Bdellovibrio Bdellovibrio is a genus of bacteria within the class Deltaproteobacteria , notable for its lifestyle of predation. Bdellovibrio species are model bacteria in the study of microbial predator-prey relationships. The name comes from Greek Bdella , leech, sucker; and Latin vibrio , vibrating. They target other bacteria, specifically gram-negative types with more vulnerable cell walls. Invading the outer membranes of its prey, the Bdellovibrio bacterium constructs a cozy home in the periplasm of the host. It sucks up essential molecules like proteins and nucleic acids. Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld Life cycle of Bdellovibrio sp. Bdellovibrio thrives in varied environments where prey are abundant. Common habitats include soil, lakes, oceans and intestinal tracts of animals. The bacteria are highly mobile, using a single polar flagellum. They nimbly navigate aqueous environments in search of prey. In their “attack phase,” Bdellovibrio show remarkable agility. Bdellovibrio can swim through liquid environments at speeds of up to 30 micrometers per second, very fast for a tiny organism. B. Linens Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. Rot & Decay: Process of Organic Putrefaction Wolfsbane (Aconitum) Ancient Poisons slice of Bdellovibrio under electron microscope Functions in Nature In ecosystems, Bdellovibrio sp. help regulate bacterial populations, which can influence the dynamics of microbial communities. This predatory behavior impacts the diversity and structure of bacterial communities. Bdellovibrio prey on gram-negative bacteria, many of which are harmful pathogens in humans and animals. For example, they can target Escherichia coli ( E. coli ) strains responsible for infections. Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Ammit - Eater of the Heavy Heart parts of a bacterium Not all gram-negative bacteria are harmful. Some like Pseudomonas putida are used to clean up toxic spills and wastewater, and Cupriavidus metallidurans goes one further by actually making visible 24k gold. By regulating numbers of bacteria, Bdellovibrio contribute to ecological balance and diversity. Their activities prove even microscopic bacteria can have a significant impact on the large ecosystems. Eliminating certain soil microbes raises soil fertility and health quality. Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses Invisible World: Prokaryotes & Animalcules good earth Hunt and the Kill: How Bdellovibrio Captures Prey Upon locating a susceptible gram-negative bacterium, Bdellovibrio attaches to its surface and initiates an invasion, releasing enzymes to break down the outer membrane of the host. Once in the host, it forms a bdelloplast, from which it consumes the other microbe's biopolymers. A bdelloplast is a specialized structure modified from a host cell. It forms as a response to attack and is used by this attacker. It maintains integrity of the cell while Bdellovibrio extracts nutrients. The bdelloplast promotes the predator's growth and reproduction until the host dies. Inside the bdelloplast, Bdellovibrio grows slowly and enters a state of dormancy, all while continuing to suck up the host's resources. A bdelloplast can significantly increase in size, to cause swelling of the host bacterium as it loses its nutrients. Brownian Motion: Physics & Phenomena Jan Baptist van Helmont: Renaissance Medicine Theriac: Miracle Snake Venom Potion inside a bdelloplast Targeting Specific Species Bdellovibrio is known to preferentially target specific species of gram-negative bacteria. Certain strains have been observed to attack pathogenic bacteria. This selective predation can have implications in developing biocontrol strategies to combat bacterial infections. Certain environmental factors, such as pH and nutrient availability, can influence their predation preferences. Bdellovibrio often favors species like disease-causing Pseudomonas aeruginosa due to its common presence in diverse environments. This selectivity contributes to ecological balance by controlling the growth of harmful species. According to the World Health Organization P. aeruginosa poses one of the greatest threats to humans in terms of antibiotic resistance. Stylonychia: Wonderful World of Ciliates Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Lifecycle and Reproduction Methods Bdellovibrio exists in two major forms: the host-dependent "attack phase" and a slow-growing, irregularly shaped "host-independent" form. In attack phase, Bdellovibrio actively searches for, attaches to, and invades host bacteria to formation the bdelloplast. After depleting the nutrients and resources within the host, Bdellovibrio begins to divide, creating a number of progeny. Eventually this causes the host cell to burst, releasing new Bdellovibrio cells into the environment. After feeding, Bdellovibrio may become dormant, which allows them to survive outside a host for extended periods. They continue to reproduce asexually through binary fission, generating daughter cells. The new cells re-enter attack phase when conditions are favorable. Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move Noisy Spirits of German Mythology Heliozoa: Microscopic Sun Animalcules Benefits of Predatory Behavior The predatory lifestyle of Bdellovibrio has several advantages. First, it allows these bacteria to access a rich supply of nutrients concentrated within their host's cell. Second, by preying on other bacteria, they avoid competition for resources. This form of predation can also result in significant population control of target bacteria, thereby shaping community dynamics. By controlling populations of other bacteria, Bdellovibrio secure their own survival in competitive environments. Bdellovibrio can reduce pathogenic bacteria in water samples by up to 50%. Algae in Glass Houses: Diatomaceous Earth Natural Glass Gemstones: Cataclysmic Fusion Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen Hazards to Humans Currently, there is no strong evidence to suggest Bdellovibrio is a significant threat to human health. These bacteria primarily target gram-negative pathogens, and their predatory nature gives them useful applications in medical and environmental biotechnology. Modern research explores potential use of Bdellovibrio in biocontrol, particularly for treating antibiotic-resistant infections. Early studies show promise, but more research is needed. Testate Amoebae: Single Cells with Shells The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Bdellovibrio Facts Unique Predator : Bdellovibrio is among the few known bacteria to predate other bacteria. Others include Vampirovibrio & Lysobacter . Diverse Environments : They can be found in various habitats, including fresh and saltwater, soils, and animal intestines. Biotechnological Potential : Owing to their ability to prey on harmful bacteria, there is interest in using Bdellovibrio as a biological control agent in agriculture and medicine. Microscale Dynamics : Their predatory interactions can influence broader ecological outcomes in microbial communities. Species Diversity : Among the various species, Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus  is the most well-studied, known for its effective predation abilities. Environmental Indicator : The presence of Bdellovibrio often indicates a balanced and healthy ecosystem, as they tend to thrive in environments with diverse microbial communities. Therapeutic Potential : Given their ability to specifically target harmful bacteria, researchers are investigating Bdellovibrio for potential use in treating infections resistant to traditional antibiotics. Cavernous Structures : The bdelloplast can be considerably larger than the Bdellovibrio itself, resulting in the swelling of the host cell as it loses nutrients. Survival Mechanism : Bdellovibrio can enter a dormant state during unfavorable conditions, allowing them to endure extended periods without hosts. Bdellovibrio represents a remarkable example of adaptation and survival in the competitive microworld. White Lead Toxic Beauty, Art, Ancient Production Faust: Fact & Fiction German Renaissance Colorful World of Bacteria - Color Producers Winner! Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

The Pauli Effect is a peculiar phenomenon named after physicist Wolfgang Pauli. In the early 20th century, quantum theory is a brave new world, and the field of physics sees a division between theorists and experimentalists. Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth Difference Between Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria Brownian Motion: Physics & Phenomena Theorists, who tend to steer clear of experimental work, sometimes acquire a reputation for unintentionally causing damage to experimental equipment. The Pauli effect is a mysterious example of this quirk. His exceptional skill as a theorist leads to a belief his mere presence can compromise any experiment. Due to fear of the Pauli effect, Otto Stern, an experimental physicist, forbids Pauli from entering his laboratory in Hamburg, despite their close friendship. Metal to Rust: Unseen Organisms in Action Women Scientists of the Ancient World   Andreas Libavius: Science & Controversy of Alchemy Go away! Pauli has a strong belief in the reality of the effect. He corresponds with several eminent bodies including Carl Jung. Jung and Pauli note certain parallels between physics and depth psychology . Pauli is an esteemed guest at the inauguration celebration of the C.G. Jung Institute in Zürich in 1948. A notable incident involving the Pauli effect takes place during the event when a vase mysteriously falls to the ground upon Pauli's arrival. Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Synchronicity: Psychology of Coincidence Poison Pigments of Painters: Renaissance This prompts him to write his work " Background-Physics ." In this piece, he looks deeper into the complementary connections between physics and depth psychology. Another event happens in the physics laboratory at the University of Göttingen, where a costly measuring device inexplicably ceases to function, even though Pauli isn't present. The institute's director calls him in Zürich, joking that Pauli is innocent this time. Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Science of Alchemy: Hydrochloric Acid Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Physicist Wolfgang Pauli 1924 It's later discovered Pauli, enroute to Zürich, was changing trains at the Göttingen rail station around the time of the malfunction. In a 1966 book by George Gamow, the author suggests the more gifted the theoretical physicist, the more pronounced the impact. In quantum entanglement, items far apart can react together despite no causal connection. Quantum entanglement manifests on subatomic levels. Once particles like photons or electrons entangle, they stay linked despite great distance between them. Killer Yeast: Assassins of the Microworld Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health As scientists report in a recent issue of Physics Letters B , particles made of quarks, the building blocks of ordinary matter, can also be entangled. The Pauli effect may present a case for synchronicity (Jung 1928), illustrated by quantum entanglement. If one looks for coincidences, one is sure to find them. On the other hand, documented effects have been confirmed. Science is still out to lunch on the concept. Democritus - Atomic Theory 400 BCE Active Imagination: Creative Therapy Quintessence: Elemental Life Force Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: A Little History World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top