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Tannins are phenol compounds found in a variety of plants. Their survival strategies in nature produce benefits in wine, food, health and beauty. In human culture they're used in industry like dyeing, tanning and ink making. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Galls & Gall Nuts: Black Ink, Dye, Medicine Rosemary: Immortal Essence & Balm of Kings tea is high in tannins In previous centuries, tannins are recognized for biological functions. In history they're used in leather tanning, natural ink, mordant for dye, traditional medicine, incense and resins. Tannin compounds have strong astringent properties. These affect the taste, color and texture of food and beverages such as wine and tea. In human and other bodies, astringents shrink or tighten tissues. Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Mordants - Essential Ancient Dye Techniques Naturally occurring polyphenols, or phenol compounds, they can bind to and precipitate proteins, amino acids, and other macromolecules. This property is responsible for their piquant taste. Tannins are classified into two main categories: hydrolysable tannins and condensed tannins. Hydrolysable tannins can be broken down into smaller molecular units. Tanning Hides - the Ancient Process 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval oak leaves Condensed tannins are more complex structures. They're formed by the polymerization of flavonoids . Tannins are characterized by high molecular weight and ability to chelate metal ions, giving them antioxidant properties. They can form complexes with proteins and other macromolecules. When tannins bind to proteins they create flavor and texture effects. They can leave a dry or puckering sensation in the mouth, often associated with red wine. Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Tannins in Nature Tannins are synthesized by plants as secondary metabolites, not directly involved in growth or reproduction but with various ecological purposes. The process begins with phenolic compounds. Phenols are created in the shikimic acid pathways and the phenylpropanoid pathways of plants. When exposed to environmental stresses such as disease or UV radiation, plants intensify tannin production. Phenols: Powerful Compounds of Nature Brettanomyces : Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Tannins help deter herbivores and protect against pathogens. Oak leaves are bitter to repel insects and acacia trees produce foul-tasting compounds when overgrazed, especially by giraffes. Acacias also communicate the presence of these threats to other trees of their kind in the vicinity. Based on this information, nearby acacias are producing similar tannins before the giraffes get to them. Pan: Wild Rustic God of Music & Flocks Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) Art, Food & Medicine Tanning Hides - the Ancient Process In maturation of fruits tannins can regulate the ripening process. This extends the plant's potential for reproduction and generates increased sweetness as the ripe fruit produces more sugars. This creates another step in the natural process as the sugars catalyze wild yeasts, especially notable in vineyards. These can be used by wine makers to impart subtle flavor layers as a stage in fermentation. Cheese Making: Rennet & Natural Alternatives Flavonoids: the Big Five of Aroma, Flavor & Color Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Brettanomyces , a favorite wild yeast under microscope Tannins have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antiviral benefits. Some tannins are known to have antioxidant effects, helping protect plant cells from oxidative stress. Tannins are important to ecological interactions. Besides defense, tannins contribute to nutrient cycling. When tannin-rich leaves decompose, like most organic bodies they release nutrients into soil for other consumers. Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Difference Between Gram-Negative & Gram-Positive Bacteria Spores & Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Plants & Plant Products High in Tannins Many plants are recognized for their high tannin content. They include: Tea ( Camellia sinensis ): Both black and green teas contain significant levels of tannins, contributing to their characteristic flavors. Red wines : Grapes, particularly tannic varieties like Cabernet Sauvignon and Syrah, are rich in tannins, which enhance the wine's structure and aging potential. Skins, seeds, and stems of grapes are good sources of condensed tannins. Chestnut ( Castanea spp .): The wood and bark of chestnut trees contain high levels of tannins, historically used in tanning leather. Sumac ( Rhus spp .): Many species of sumac are rich in tannins, which have been used in traditional culinary applications. The berries and leaves are used in culinary applications, where their tannin content provides a tart flavor. Oak Trees ( Quercus spp .): The bark, leaves, and acorns are rich in tannins and have historically been used in traditional medicine. Witch Hazel ( Hamamelis virginiana ): Botanical astringent. Witch hazel is used to relieve itching, burning and irritation caused by hemorrhoids or bowel movements. Balsam Fir, Silver Fir : called Tannenbaum or tannin tree in German, it's the most popular Christmas tree, dispersing a fresh woodsy fragrance throughout the house. Tannenbaum - About the Yule Fir Tree Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Butter - Food of Peasants & Barbarians Fir foliage Use of Tannins in History and Today Tannins have been used for centuries by humans. The most well-known application is in leather tanning. Trees such as oak and hemlock are favored for their high tannin content. In tanning, tannins extracted from tree barks process animal hides, turning them into workable material for clothing, armor and tools. Tannins are also used traditional dyeing practices as mordants and often dyes. Historically, tannins are used for making ink by mixing them with iron salts , such as iron(II) sulfate. This creates complex, water-soluble blue-black compounds. Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits oak galls Tannins are used in food and beverage production, such as winemaking and brewing. They contribute to complexity of flavors in wines and beers and can influence texture and aging potential. Beyond culinary uses, tannins have potential health benefits. In herbal medicine, tannin-rich plants have been used for tonic properties and to treat conditions like diarrhea or bleeding. Pistachio: Turpentine, Resin & Nuts Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments fuzzy sumac berries have a sharp taste and are traditionally used to make a lemonade-type drink Tannin compounds from oak galls  are a major source of ink in ancient and medieval times. They're also desirable in dyeing. Acorns are bitter to humans, due to tannins. The taste is leached out by prolonged soaking in water. Tannins are important to the beauty industry. They're included in skincare products for their touted astringent and anti-inflammatory effects. Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Metal & Gemstone Dyeing in Alchemy Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Facts about Tannins Tannin Levels Vary : The concentration of tannins in a plant can vary dramatically depending on the growing conditions, maturity, and part of the plant being consumed. Wine Aging : Tannins in red wine contribute to its aging potential. Wines with higher tannin content are often believed to develop more complex flavors as they mature. Traditional Medicine : In folk medicine, tannins are given to treat ailments due to their antimicrobial properties. For example, they have been used in remedies for sore throats and gastrointestinal issues. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Yeast: Microbiology of Bread & Food Making Extracted tannins as powder Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Metal salts are compounds created from metals and acids. In history and today they enjoy uses in beauty, natural health, chemical medicine, agriculture and industry. Many are known in ancient civilizations and some can be created as modern DIY projects. Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Science of Alchemy: Alchemical Innovations Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Various metal salts, artistic Metal salts are a diverse group of chemical compounds made of metal cations and various anions. These salts have long been a significant part of human history. They include iron sulfate, copper chloride, calcium lactate, magnesium sulfate (Epsom), and potassium chloride. A Brief History of Metal Salts The story of metal salts is a long one. In ancient Egypt, copper sulfate is used in medicine and embalming. Alchemists of the Middle Ages seek to understand these substances through experimentation. The Renaissance is a prolific period as scientists explore chemical properties. Metal salts have also influenced art significantly. For example, the discovery of ultramarine or cobalt blue, sourced from cobalt salts, brings an intense blue pigment to the artists' palette. This vibrant blue is now made synthetically and beloved in contemporary artwork. Chloroauric Acid: Gold Salts & Extraction Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Hydrogen Peroxide: Chemistry, Production, Risks cobalt blue Types of Metal Salts - 5 Examples Iron Sulfate Iron sulfate (FeSO4), commonly known as ferrous sulfate, is essential in various fields, including agriculture and medicine. In fertilizer it improving soil quality, improving crops like corn and wheat. In health, it treats iron-deficiency anemia, a problem of 1 in 8 women (US). In ancient times, ferrous sulfate used as a dye for textiles as well as a mordant. Historically, it is essential in the production of iron. How to Make Iron Sulfate: Begin with iron filings or iron scraps. Carefully add diluted sulfuric acid to the iron, observing the reaction. Gently heat the mixture until fully dissolved. Let the solution evaporate to reveal iron sulfate crystals. A mild sulfuric acid is created by steeping peeled sliced onions in water for several days. It's the ingredient responsible for onion tears , the bane of chefs. Divine Water: Sulfuric Acid in Alchemy Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Pistachio: Turpentine, Resin & Nuts Onion cells under a microscope This is the ancient procedure for making sulfuric acid: The maker burns sulfur together with saltpeter (potassium nitrate, KNO 3), in the presence of steam. As saltpeter decomposes, it oxidizes the sulfur to SO 3, which combines with water to produce sulfuric acid. Sulfuric acid is highly corrosive and causes painful scarring chemical burns. Use all safety precautions. Ferrous sulfate itself is not considered toxic and its products are often recommended to treat iron deficiencies. Science of Alchemy: Hydrochloric Acid How to Make Copperas Ferrous Sulfate: Process Caput Mortuum: Dead Head Purple Pigment Ferrous Sulfate aka Green Vitriol Copper Chloride Copper chloride is known for its striking blue-green color and is vital in the electronics industry. It conducts electricity effectively, which is crucial for creating printed circuit boards. Roughly 45% of the copper produced worldwide goes into electrical applications. How to Make Copper Chloride: Start with copper oxide or copper carbonate. Slowly add hydrochloric acid , watching for bubbling. After the reaction, filter to remove any leftover solid materials. Evaporate the liquid to yield blue copper chloride crystals. Copper chloride (CuCl2) has been integral to the development of ancient civilizations. The vibrant blue-green color of copper salts makes them valuable for ornamentation. In science, copper chloride has been used in chemical reactions, particularly in the synthesis of various organic compounds. It's also applied as a fungicide and algaecide in agriculture. Hydrochloric acid has a known history dating to the 8th century, when it's used by alchemists. It's first prepared in a controlled way by Jabir ibn Hayyan . The medieval name is spirit of salt , referring to its derivation from salt (sodium chloride) and sulfuric acid. Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Flowers of Sulfur (Brimstone): Creation & Uses After the Islamic conquest of Egypt c. 642, Arab alchemists build on the work of the Alexandrians Calcium Lactate Calcium lactate is an organic salt formed from lactic acid and calcium, an alkaline earth metal. Historically, it's used in the food industry as a preservative and a source of calcium, vital for human health. It can be found in dietary supplements to support bone health. Calcium lactate provides dietary calcium, essential for strengthening bones and teeth. An estimated 40% of adults do not get enough calcium, making this compound significant in nutrition. How to Make Calcium Lactate: Combine lactic acid with calcium carbonate. Stir until fully reacted, creating a mixture of calcium lactate. Filter the solution to isolate the solid calcium lactate. Calcium carbonate is familiar in crushed eggshells, limestone, chalk, shellfish skeletons and pearls. Apart from calcium and protein, eggshells also have trace amounts of other minerals such as strontium, fluoride, magnesium, and selenium, which can contribute to bone health. Lactic acid is primarily manufactured through bacterial fermentation, used in cheese. It can also be produced through chemical synthesis from acetaldehyde. Fermentation accounts for the majority of lactic acid production. Lactic acid can be acquired commercially. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses Silverpoint Drawing: Art of the Renaissance Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate Magnesium Sulfate (Epsom Salt) Epsom salt, or magnesium sulfate (MgSO4), has a rich history of both medicinal and agricultural use. Magnesium sulfate is valued for its relaxing properties. Added to baths it can soothe sore muscles and relieve stress, giving skin a healthy glow. How to Make Magnesium Sulfate: Add sulfuric acid to magnesium oxide. Stir thoroughly until dissolved. Evaporate the solution to yield magnesium sulfate crystals. A common magnesium supplement, magnesium oxide is found at drug stores and health stores. So is Epsom salt. Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Alum: Tanning, Dye & Beauty Salts Practical Alchemy of DIY Perfumes & Aromas A luxurious bath Potassium Chloride Potassium chloride (KCl) is a type of metal halide salt made of potassium and chlorine. It has no smell and appears as white or colorless glassy crystals. When solid, it easily dissolves in water. Its solutions taste like salt. Potassium chloride can be found in dried lakebed sediments. Potassium chloride is crucial as a potassium supplement in fertilizers and as a salt substitute for those on low-sodium diets. Approximately 98% of the body’s potassium is found within cells and is vital for heart health and proper body functions. How to Make Potassium Chloride: Start with potassium carbonate or potassium hydroxide as your base. Add hydrochloric acid to the mix gradually. Filter to remove impurities and then evaporate the residue to obtain potassium chloride crystals. Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) Caustic Potash Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Sanguine: Red Chalk of Renaissance Masters Potassium chloride powder Facts About Metal Salts Diverse Applications : Beyond industrial uses, metal salts find roles in medicine, agriculture, and even everyday cooking. Colorful Chemistry : Many metal salts boast vibrant colors and are essential in dye and pigment production. Eco-Friendly : Certain metal salts contribute to environmental efforts. Metal salts are being explored for their potential to remediate polluted environments. For example, iron sulfate can help treat contaminated groundwater. Historical Significance : The quest for transforming base metals into gold involved significant study of metal salts and their interactions. DIY Potential : Creating metal salts at home can be a fun, hands-on experience, promoting engagement with chemistry. Role in Agriculture : Many metal salts serve as crucial fertilizer components. Potassium chloride, for instance, is a primary ingredient in many fertilizers due to its potassium content. Industrial Applications : Metal salts like copper sulfate are indispensable in electroplating, a process that coats metals with a layer of copper to prevent corrosion and enhance appearance. Medical Uses : Beyond dietary supplements, metal salts have therapeutic uses, such as magnesium sulfate for pre-eclampsia treatment in expectant mothers. Gold-Making of Maria: Tetrasomia Four Metals Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Brown glass medicine bottles Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Rennet is a complex set of enzymes central to many cheeses. It coagulates milk to form curds.  The primary enzyme in rennet is chymosin (rennin), responsible for curdling milk to separate solids from whey . Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia specialty cheeses About Rennet Rennet comes from the stomach linings of ruminant animals, especially calves. When added to milk, rennet causes proteins like casein to curdle, separating liquid whey from solid curds. In nature, rennet serves a biological function for young mammals. It helps them digest raw milk from their mothers and absorb nutrients efficiently. B. Linens Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. Phenols: Nature's Creations in Daily Life How Lactic Acid Bacteria Make Yogurt cow and calf In cheese making, rennet mimics the natural process, as cheesemakers transform liquid to solids. The curds will eventually be pressed and aged to yield various cheese varieties. Rennet influences both texture and flavor of the cheese. For example, mozzarella made with rennet is chewy, while a soft cheese like ricotta has a creamy consistency. Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Mold: Cultivation & Use in Food Fermentation Ricotta & blueberry canapes Historical Use of Rennet Rennet has a long history, dating back thousands of years. Records show cheese making starts c. 8000 BCE, integrating rennet from the start. Other records show it begins c. 5000 BCE with Egyptians and Sumerians. Ancient cultures store milk in animal stomachs, which preserve and convert it into a nutritious product. For Neolithic humans, many of whom have not yet developed the lactose gene , cheese is perfect nourishment. About 90% of lactose is removed during the cheese making process. Archaeological findings show cheese is a common food in ancient civilizations. Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Acetic Acid: Food, Health & Science Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose old hard cheese Enzymes in Rennet and Their Functions Rennet primarily contains the enzyme chymosin, but it also includes other proteolytic enzymes such as pepsin, which further break down proteins during the coagulation process. Chymosin specifically targets casein proteins in milk, making them aggregate and form curds. This enzymatic action is essential for the structure and texture of the cheese, from soft to hard aged varieties. Milk & Dairy: Ancient Lactose Gene Gingerbread Houses: German Folklore Figs - Food of the Ancient World soft cheese curds Scholars suggest chymosin can curdle milk 70% more effectively than acid (vinegar, lemon juice) alone.   Lipase is another important enzyme. Useful for fat breakdown, lipase contributes to the flavor profile of certain cheeses, such as the distinct sharp taste of aged cheddar. Starch: Power of Plants & Human Energy Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Yeast: Microbiology of Bread & Food Making orange cheddar, color created by addition of annatto, a yellow-orange carotenoid Cheese Using Rennet Rennet is a fundamental ingredient in most traditional cheese making, and it is used in a wide variety of cheeses, including: Cheddar Parmigiano-Reggiano Brie Gorgonzola Gouda Havarti Artisan cheese makers rely on rennet to craft specific textures and flavors unique to their creations. The rich, nutty flavor profile of an aged gouda is attributed to the type of rennet used. Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Flavonoids: the Big Five of Aroma, Flavor & Color Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Parmigiano-Reggiano Rennet provides consistency and a particular flavor profile to the cheese. While many artisanal cheese varieties use traditional rennet, some opt for vegetarian or microbial rennet alternatives. Microbial-derived rennet substitutes consist of relatively purified proteases secreted by fungal species, such as Rhizomucor miehei , which affects milk in similar ways to natural rennet. Rennet from microbial sources is usually created through fermentation, using microbes such as modified Kluyveromyces lactis or Aspergillus niger . Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Difference Between Gram-Negative & Gram-Positive Bacteria Spores & Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aspergillus niger spore head, highly magnified Are Calves Killed for Rennet? One of the ethical concerns surrounding use of rennet relates to its source. Traditional rennet is derived from the stomachs of young unweaned calves, which raises questions about animal welfare. While some calves are slaughtered for their stomach linings, many cattle farmers raise the animals with the intent of producing milk and veal. There is a growing movement towards cruelty-free cheese production. More cheesemakers are seeking rennet alternatives, or sourcing from farms prioritizing ethical treatment of animals. More consumers are taking time to consider the source of food. Hathor: Cosmic Cow Goddess of Ancient Egypt Book of the Heavenly Cow - Myths of Egypt Eye of Ra Egypt - Wrath of the Woman Natural Alternatives to Rennet Several natural alternatives to animal-derived rennet are on the shelves. These include: Vegetable Rennet : Derived from certain plants, such as thistle, nettle, and fig, vegetable rennet can be used to coagulate milk for cheese production. An example is use of thistle rennet in some Mediterranean cheese. Microbial Rennet : Produced through fermentation of specific fungi or bacteria, this type of rennet is commonly used in commercial cheese production. Acid Coagulation : Some cheeses, such as ricotta, use acid (like vinegar or lemon juice) to curdle milk, completely avoiding the need for rennet. Genetically Engineered Rennet : Created using recombinant DNA technology, this alternative mimics the function of traditional animal rennet and is widely adopted by large-scale cheese manufacturers. These alternatives not only address ethical concerns but also provide cheese makers with creative avenues for experimenting with unique flavors and textures. Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Phenols: Powerful Compounds of Nature Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Facts About Rennet Ancient Preservation : The method of using rennet to coagulate milk predates recorded history and is regarded as one of humanity's earliest forms of food preservation. Flavor Influence : The type of rennet and the source (animal, microbial, vegetable) can significantly influence the flavor and texture of the resulting cheese. Cultural Variety : Different cultures utilize different types of rennet and cheese-making techniques, leading to diverse cheese varieties around the world. Historical Significance : Certain exclusive cheese recipes are passed down through generations. Aspergillus Flavus  Mold: Origins, Behavior, Dangers Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid): Key to Life's Energy Flavor Depth : The rennet type used can significantly influence cheese flavor. Microbial rennet can produce cheeses with unique notes distinct from those made with animal rennet. Vegetarian Cheese : Although traditional rennet is animal-derived, many cheeses labeled as “vegetarian” use non-animal sources of rennet to cater to a broader audience. Global Movement : As more consumers become aware of animal welfare issues, the cheese industry is adapting by creating more ethical and sustainable cheese options. Biotech Breakthrough : Advances in biotechnology have led to the development of rennet produced through fermentation. This method strongly reduces the environmental impact of industrial production. Difference Between Pickling & Fermentation Famous Women of Ancient Rome Food Pathogens: Family Health & Safety Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Flavonoids are plant compounds created to facilitate life of the plant. They produce vibrant colors, scents and flavors to attract pollinators or repel pests and hungry herbivores. Here are the big five of the flavonoids. Flavonoids: Sensory Compounds of Nature Phenols: Effects on Health & Environment Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits As polyphenolic compounds, flavonoids contribute to pigmentation of fruits, vegetables, and flowers, and also plant metabolism. Several subclasses of flavonoids exist. They include flavanols, flavones, isoflavones, flavanones, and anthocyanins. Each subclass has distinct features favorable for plant nutrition, protection and human health. Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Krausen (Kräusen): Bubbles of Brewing Success Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle anthocyanin gives red cabbage its red to purple color, and can be used as a natural dye 1. Flavanols Flavanols are a subclass of flavonoids characterized by their chemical structure, which includes a specific hydroxyl group. They're found in foods such as tea, dark chocolate, apples, berries, and red wine. Flavanols are the most recognized subclass of flavonoids. One significant example of flavanols is epicatechin, abundant in green tea and dark chocolate. Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Brettanomyces : Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast Mugwort (Wormwood) Medicine & Herb Lore dark chocolate cocoa According to the National Institutes of Health, large-scale epidemiological studies demonstrate an association between consumption of these foods and cognitive function, as well as improved blood flow. 2. Flavones Flavones are another subclass of flavonoids recognized for their bright yellow colors. They are abundant in foods like parsley, thyme, celery, and citrus fruits. A pigenin, a flavone found in parsley, celery and chamomile, has potential anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer properties according to lab studies. Flavones are shown to have neuroprotective effects in humans. Brownian Motion: Physics & Phenomena Glycerin (Glycerol): Darling of Cosmetics, Health & Science Difference Between Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria Flavones contribute to the vivid colors of plants and protect against environmental stressors. Their antioxidant properties help shield plants from damage due to UV rays and pathogens. Flavones also enhance the unique flavors and aromas of plants. The taste of celery is largely attributed to its high flavone content. Phenols: Powerful Compounds of Nature Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers 3. Isoflavones Isoflavones are unique among flavonoids as they're predominantly found in soybeans and other legumes. They mimic the hormone estrogen and are sometimes called phytoestrogens. They are particularly recognized for functions in women's health especially menopause symptoms. Isoflavones are primarily found in soy products like tofu, edamame and soy milk. Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Artisan Perfumery: Four Degrees of Fragrance Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature tofu - made of coagulated pressed soy milk 4. Flavanones Flavanones are primarily found in citrus fruits and create the bitter taste of some citrus juices. Sources include oranges, grapefruits, lemons, and limes. The flavanones are aromatic, colorless ketones derived from flavone and appearing in plants as glycosides, or sugar compounds. Flavanones have neuroprotective properties. The medical compound is hesperidin, especially abundant in oranges. It's considered to lower blood pressure by around 7%. Butter - Food of Peasants & Barbarians Phenols: Nature's Creations in Daily Life Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast & Mold 5. Anthocyanins Anthocyanins are the pigments responsible for the red, blue, and purple colors found in many fruits and vegetables, such as blueberries, cherries, red cabbage, and blackberries. Bright fruits attract consumers like birds and animals who help distribute seeds in their droppings. The seeds are hard to digest due to their starchy structures and many grow better after passing through an intestinal tract. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Natural Purple Dyes: Ancient & Medieval blueberry picking Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Hepat (Hebat, Ḫalabatu) is a primary deity or patron goddess of Aleppo, a bustling crossroads town in northern Syria. In the 3rd millennium BCE, the Goddess Hepat first makes an appearance. At various times in her history she marries three weather gods. Her weddings are entirely strategic. Luwians - Mysteries of Ancient Anatolia Allani - Hurrian Underworld Goddess Divine Light - Sun Goddess of Arinna Hepat is Sun Goddess and Tutelary Deity of Aleppo One of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Aleppo might have been populated since c. 6000 BCE. Its location between Mesopotamia and the Mediterranean Sea makes it a vital center of trade, and an often disputed territory. In the last part of the third millennium BCE, Aleppo is home to the Amorites. Known as Halab, the city is the capital of Yamhad, the Amorite Empire. Both industrious and ambitious, the Amorites build a significant regime, which comes to an end about the same time the Hittites are rising to power in the 17th century BCE. Teshub: Hurrian Bronze Age Storm God Famous Women of Ancient Rome Puduḫepa - Queen of the Hittites A new power arises Another forceful culture vies for control of the town. The Hurrians construct an empire ranging through northern Syria, upper Mesopotamia and southeastern Anatolia. The city of Halab becomes Aleppo and continues to flourish as a hub of business and trade. The Goddess Hepat already has a growing cult at the time of the Amorites. During Hurrian occupation she retains and strengthens her position as patron Goddess of Aleppo. She also has a cult center at Kummanni, Kizzuwatna, to the north-east. Ereshkigal & the Mesopotamian Underworld Alchemist Dippel: the Frankenstein Files Ancient Weather God of Nerik: Bronze Age Gods Excavations, Citadel at Aleppo c.2300 - c. 800 BCE In the 3rd millennium BCE Hepat is the wife of Haddad, the storm and weather god in the Canaanite and ancient Mesopotamian lands to the south. Haddad (Adad) has counterparts with Hittite Tarḫunna, Luwian Tarḫunz, the Hurrian Teshub (Teššub) . When the Hurrians take over, they marry Hepat to their Storm God, Teshub. The divine wedding symbolizes the unity of Empires, to keep the peace with citizens. In Hurrian ritual texts Hepat has her own extensive kaluti , god lists or offering lists detailing her inner circle and family, who also receive offerings. Ancient Deities: Proto Indo European Gods Weather God of Zippalanda: Bronze Age Gods Ancient Wild Predators - Eurasian Lion Kaluti lists can be complex The kaluti of Hepat include: her son Šarruma her two daughters Allanzu and Kunzišalli Takitu, the goddess sukkal of Hepat Hutena and Hutellura , goddess of fate & divine midwives in Hurrian myth Allani , Hurrian Queen of the Underworld Ishara , tutelary deity of the royal family at Ebla; goddess of love in wider regions Shalash, Syrian Goddess known as wife of Dagan, Mesopotamian All-Father God Damkina, wife of Mesopotamian God Enki ( Umbu -) Nikkal, wife of Mesopotamian Moon God Ayu-Ikalti (Aya) , Mesopotamian Goddess of Dawn Šauška (Shaushka) , highest ranked Goddess in the Hurrian pantheon Servants of Šauška Ninatta and Kulitta ... and more. Hepat is associated with certain religious rites, paraphernalia, incantations and prayers to be carried out by a priestess. She enjoys great popularity. Ḫurri & Šeri - Hurrian Divine Bulls Rabbit Fever Plague & Warfare: Hittites Copper - Ruddy Metal of Mystic Magic Hepat (Hebat) is a popular Goddess In the 14th century BCE, after a fallow period caused in part by rabbit fever , the Hittite Kingdom rises again to power. Aleppo comes under Hittite control. The Hittite Storm God, Tarḫunna, is already married to the Sun Goddess of Arinna . During Hittite occupation the Hurrian Hepat and Teshub are seen as their equals or equivalents. Hittite Queen Puduhepa writes an incantation or prayer linking the Sun Goddess of Arinna with Hepat: "O Sun-goddess of Arinna, my lady, queen of all the lands! In Hatti you gave yourself the name Sun-goddess of Arinna, but the land which you made that of the cedar, there you gave yourself the name Ḫebat." Anatolia - Kārum City of Trade Kültepe Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Sun Goddess of Arinna In religion Hepat holds a place of honor among the pantheon, highly listed as an important Goddess. In Hittite documents she's called "Queen of Heaven", and often referred to as Queen or Great Goddess. A Hurrian ceremony dedicated to her involves the concept of allašši , "ladyship", analogous to Teshub's ceremony of šarrašši , "kingship". Ḫepat also has maternal characteristics, and is invoked in rituals connected with midwifery and childbirth. Shaushka (Šauška) - the Great Goddess Earth Mother - Goddess of Life Eileithyia: Birth Goddess of Ancient Greece In the Iron Age, a temple to Tarhunz, the Luwian storm god, is erected at Aleppo. Hepat's third and final marriage is to this God. In the end, Hepat outlasts all her husbands. Her cult continues until the Romans arise in the 8th century BCE. Greek neoclassical philosopher Proclus says she plays a central figure in one of the works of Orpheus. In divine midwife status she receives the newborn Dionysus, who is born from a thigh of Zeus. According to Proclus she carries a winnowing basket or liknon , and snake. Sun-loving creatures, snakes are symbolic of healing and fertility. Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Pomegranate - Food of the Ancients Žaltys: Sacred Snake & Serpent Queen Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Phenols have both harmful and beneficial effects on human health and the natural environment. In nature they have varied purposes, like defending plants from pathogens, and attracting pollinators with color and flavor. Phenols: Nature's Creations in Daily Life Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits Chemically, phenols are a class of organic compounds characterized by a hydroxyl group (-OH) directly attached to a carbon atom in a benzene ring. They're ubiquitous in both the natural world and industrial processes. For instance flavonoids, a group of over 5000 hydroxylated polyphenolic compounds, contribute to the vibrant colors of fruits and vegetables. Tannins, commonly found in tea and wine, influence taste and texture. Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Tannenbaum - About the Yule Fir Tree Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Quercetin found in apples and onions also has beneficial effects. Salicylic acid, the active ingredient in aspirin, comes from a phenol naturally found in white willow bark. Phenols such as anthocyanins are natural food colors. Beneficial Effects of Phenols on Health and Environment Phenols offer benefits for human health and the environment. Flavonoids lower blood pressure and risk of heart disease. Phenolic compounds in foods like berries and dark chocolate can improve cognitive functions. Phenolic compounds are important in phytoremediation. The process allows plants to absorb and break down pollutants in soil and water. Some release phenolic substances to help detoxify heavy metals. Phenols: Powerful Compounds of Nature Starch: Power of Plants & Human Energy Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science arsenic, a heavy metal Natural Antioxidants:  Plant-derived phenols, like flavonoids in berries and green tea, are potent antioxidants, scavenging free radicals and promoting human health. The antioxidant trend is largely based on phenol benefits. Ecosystem Services:  The functions of phenols in plants, such as defense, pollination, and UV protection, are integral to healthy ecosystems. They protect plant biodiversity and overall system health. Medicinal Applications:  The medicinal use of plant-derived phenols, and synthetic phenols in pharmaceuticals, is undeniable. Many prescription drugs are based on, or are derived from, phenolic compounds. Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Practical Alchemy of DIY Perfumes & Aromas Negative Effects of Phenols on Health & Environment Many industrially produced phenols are toxic and can result in serious health issues. Phenol itself is a potent irritant, capable of causing skin burns and respiratory problems when inhaled or absorbed. Prolonged exposure to phenolic compounds has been linked to health concerns, including endocrine disruption and potential carcinogenic effects. Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Starch-Loving Bacteria: Nature, Science, Nutrition Mold: Cultivation & Use in Food Fermentation Exposure to phenol can lead to health effects including skin burns and respiratory issues. In laboratory settings, phenol has a lethal dose (LD50) of about 300 mg/kg in humans. The discharge of phenolic pollutants from industrial sites can cause serious ecological damage. Phenolic compounds can be toxic to aquatic life such as fish, frogs, turtles, dragonflies, salamanders and shorebirds. Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Famous Women of Ancient Rome The persistence of these chemicals complicates remediation efforts and points to the ever-present need for stricter waste management regulations. Water Contamination:  Phenols are relatively persistent in the environment and can leach into groundwater, posing a risk to drinking water supplies. Human Toxicity:  High exposure to certain phenols can cause skin irritation, respiratory problems, and degrade liver, blood, or kidneys. Occupational exposure in unsafe manufacturing plants poses significant health risks. Brettanomyces : Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast Beer Goddess Siris of Mesopotamia 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Endocrine Disruption:  Some synthetic phenols, like bisphenol A (BPA), are known endocrine disruptors. They mimic natural hormones and interfere with the endocrine system, potentially causing developmental and reproductive problems. BPA is one of the main ingredients of plastic, and its use has been a topic of constant scrutiny. Off-flavors in Drinking Water:  Even low concentrations of phenols can impart an unpleasant taste and odor to drinking water, making it unpalatable. This is a common complaint in areas near industrial activity. Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Gingerbread Houses: German Folklore Honey Bees (Apidae): Nature & Myth Allergic Reactions : Many people are allergic to certain phenols, such as those found in poison ivy and poison oak. Disruption of the reproductive system : Some synthetic phenols have been shown to disrupt hormone function and negatively impact reproductive health. Climate Change: Biomass combustion releases phenolic compounds that can react in the atmosphere, contributing to particulate matter and influencing climate dynamics. Women Scientists of the Ancient World How Lactic Acid Bacteria Make Yogurt Green Coffee: Consumer Facts & Information Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Phenols are aromatic compounds important to ecosystems, human health and industry. Their functions go beyond fragrance. They're used in many ways from natural medicine to enhanced food preservation. Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Notable phenols include: Resveratrol:  Found in grapes and red wine, resveratrol is popular for potential heart-protective effects. Capsaicin:  This phenolic compound gives chili peppers a spicy kick. Vanilla:  The delicate aroma of vanilla is due to the phenol vanillin. Lignin:  Responsible for the strength of wood, lignin is one of the most abundant organic polymers on Earth. Tannins:  These phenolic compounds give tea and red wine their astringency and are found in many plants for defense. Phenols appear across the various kingdoms of life. They're especially prevalent in the metabolic processes of plants. Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Weld Yellow: Ancient Nature Pigments Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life This innocuous roadside weld plant contains phenol compounds to create its celebrated yellow dye Phenols are abundant in plants, making up a large group of compounds known as plant secondary metabolites. They’re found in nearly all parts of a plant such as leaves, roots, stems, fruits, and seeds. Many plants produce phenolic compounds through their metabolic processes. For example, flavonoids in some berries give not only antioxidant properties but also contribute to their vibrant colors. Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength Phosphorus, Uroscopy & Power of Pee Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Elderberries have abundant concentrations of phenols Tree bark, especially from conifers, contains phenols which help protect against insects and diseases. Lignin, a major component of wood, is a complex phenolic polymer providing structural support and protection. Fruits and vegetables such as apples and onions are high in phenols or phenolic compounds. Essential oils from plants like clove and oregano contain abundant phenolic compounds. Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Artisan Perfumery: Four Degrees of Fragrance Gingerbread Houses: German Folklore pine tree bark Other Phenol Producers Fungi: Many fungal species produce phenols, often as pigments or antimicrobial compounds. Animals: While not as prevalent as plants, some phenols are found in animal-derived products like honey. Milk is a rich natural source. Microorganisms: Various bacteria and other microorganisms produce phenols as part of their metabolism. Yeast can create a phenol with the scent of cloves. Soil & Water: Phenols are often present in soils and aquatic environments, arising from the decomposition of plant matter. Phenols in soil are decomposed by bacteria or other microbes in aerobic or anaerobic habitats in about 7 days. Mold: Cultivation & Use in Food Fermentation Amazing Yeast: Feeding, Breeding & Biofilms Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Characteristics of Phenols Solubility : Many smaller phenolic compounds are soluble in water because they can form hydrogen bonds with water molecules. For example, catechol, a common phenolic compound, dissolves easily, making it accessible for biological functions. Acidity : These compounds are mildly acidic. This property allows them to donate protons in solutions, which is essential for their biological activities, like molecule signaling in plant metabolism. Lye (NaOH): Caustic Soda for Soap & Glass Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Reactive:  The -OH group found in phenols is highly reactive, making them useful in chemical reactions in biosynthesis and other biological processes. The hydroxyl group is active in alkylation for synthesizing pharmaceuticals. Aromatic:  Because it's partially composed of a benzene ring, a phenol often has distinct smells. Many aromatic elements are esters  and phenols. Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Create Artisan Apple Cider Vinegar Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Variety:  Hundreds of different phenols exist in nature, each with unique chemical properties due to variations in their molecular structure. Antioxidant Potential:  Many phenols are powerful antioxidants. For instance, flavonoids can neutralize free radicals, reducing oxidative stress in cells and potentially lowering the risk of diseases like cancer. Green Coffee: Consumer Facts & Information Difference Between Pickling & Fermentation The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek things are shaping up Uses of Phenols in Nature Defense Mechanisms: Many phenols act as antimicrobials, protecting plants from bacterial or fungal infections. Others hope to deter herbivores with their bitter taste or toxicity. Tannins interfere with digestion in animals. Tannins in oak leaves deter insects due to their bitter taste. Pollination : Specific phenols enhance flower scent and color, drawing in pollinators. Flowers richer in phenolic compounds attract more pollinators compared to those with lower concentrations. Aspergillus Flavus Mold: Origins, Behavior, Dangers Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid): Key to Life's Energy Pigmentation: Anthocyanins and flavonoids, both groups of phenols, are responsible for the vibrant colors in flowers, fruits, and autumn leaves. Structural Support: Lignin, a complex phenolic polymer, provides structural rigidity to plant cell walls, enabling them to grow tall and withstand external forces. How Lactic Acid Bacteria Make Yogurt 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Cornstarch: Cuisine, Beauty, Cleaning Uses Protection from UV Radiation: Certain phenols act as UV-absorbing compounds, shielding plants from the harmful effects of too much sunlight. Plant Growth Regulation : Phenols can influence hormonal pathways, modifying cell growth and development in plants. Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Khaos: Primal Goddess of Greek Myth intricate detail of plant leaf Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Phenols are found in the aromatic compounds of plants and synthetic variants. These compounds influence the environment and health in colorful and aromatic ways. Phenols: Powerful Compounds of Nature Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose In nature phenols are created on the shikimic acid pathway. This biochemical process enables plants to synthesize aromatic compounds from simple carbon sources, such as sugars, available in their environment. The shikimic acid pathway is essential for producing aromatic compounds in bacteria, fungi, plants and some protozoans. Animals lack this pathway and obtain shikimate-derived aromatic amino acids from food and drink. Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine One familiar natural phenol is resveratrol, abundant in grapes. Resveratrol is praised for antioxidant properties, which may help reduce risk of heart disease. Red wine and dark chocolate both contain significant resveratrol. Phenols offer benefits in some contexts while posing significant risks in others. Creation, uses, and impacts of these ubiquitous compounds is base knowledge for navigating a world increasingly shaped by organic chemistry. Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Phenols in Nature Defense: Phenols like tannins and flavonoids are natural pesticides, deterring herbivores and protecting plants from pathogens. The astringent taste of unripe fruits, often due to tannins, is a classic example. Pigmentation: Anthocyanins, a family of phenolic compounds, contribute to the vibrant colors of flowers, fruits like blueberries and cranberries, and autumn foliage, attracting pollinators and seed dispersers. Starch: Power of Plants & Human Energy Foodborne Fungi and Mold: Facts & Dangers Soap & Medicine Herb of Ancients berry boxes Structural Support: Lignin, a complex phenolic polymer, provides rigidity to plant cell walls, playing a key role in the structural integrity of trees and woody plants. You could say that the mighty oak owes its strength, in part, to phenols! UV Protection: Certain phenolic compounds act as natural sunscreens, protecting plants from damaging ultraviolet radiation. Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Microbial Activity: Bacteria and fungi are also capable of producing phenols during the decomposition of organic matter in soils and aquatic environments. Volcanic Activity and Forest Fires: These natural events are triggers which can release phenols into the environment through the combustion of organic materials. Industrial processes include: Petroleum Refining: Phenol is produced as a byproduct of the chemical processes used to refine crude oil. This is arguably the largest source of industrial phenol. Broad Beans ( Fava ) - Bronze Age Crops Mold Spores: Power Packs of Creation & Purpose Solnitsata - Neolithic Salt Trade Town oil rig Cumene Process: This is the most common method for large-scale industrial production of phenol. It involves oxidation of cumene (isopropylbenzene) to produce phenol and acetone. Coal Processing: Historically, coal tar distillation is a significant source of phenol. It remains a small contributor today but less widely used due to environmental factors. Industrially produced phenols go into making a wide array of products including: Resins and Polymers: Phenols are used to create phenolic resins, a key ingredient in adhesives, plywood, circuit boards, and other composite materials. Bakelite, one of the first synthetic polymers, is a phenolic resin. Mold: Cultivation & Use in Food Fermentation Difference Between Pickling & Fermentation Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Pharmaceuticals: Phenols are integral in the synthesis of many drugs, including aspirin and antiseptics. Salicylic acid, a precursor to aspirin, is a simple phenolic compound derived from willow bark. Disinfectants and Antiseptics: Phenol itself, and related compounds like cresols, act as disinfectants and antiseptics, used in cleaning products and medical settings. Herbicides and Pesticides: Many agricultural chemicals use phenols as key ingredients. Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Agriculture drones Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Sprites are small, charming faerie people with no grudge against humans. Their interest in the mortal realm is limited. Sprite magic is based on nature and the elemental energies. They're most associated with air and water. Nature Spirits of German Mythology Ambrosia: Divine Nectar & Immortal Gods Lavender (Lavandula) Magic of Nature Flow with the Grace of Water Water sprites interact with freshwater creatures such as fish, water weeds and other water spirits like nixies . Like many magical beings the sprite has a protective and creative aura, which stimulates its environment. Sprites can be male, female or androgynous. As they occupy fresh water they relate in Germany to Rhenos Pater , the Rhine River God , who rules all the lakes and rivers. Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Victorian Health: Sea Water Hydrotherapy Cress, Watercress: Natural Health of Ancients Together with solar spirits these intuitive personalities are responsible for sparkling drops and rainbows from a waterfall. They often gather at water sources where fresh springs emerge from the deep-delved earth. In ponds and rivers they help care for tadpoles who will grow into frogs. Incapable of flight, water sprites may hitch a ride on ducks, fish, turtles, drifting river flora or friendly beavers. German Myth & Folklore: Moss People Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Butzemann, Witches & Nyx - Scare 'em Good Need a ride to the poplar patch? Air sprites can fly by magic, much like fairies. Fairies are wingless until the 19th century. Some air sprites are known as sylphs or sylphids, created in the 16th century by Paracelsus , also the founder of gnomes . The sylphs of Paracelsus are invisible. Air sprites themselves are rarely seen, taking on the nature of the element. They may appear as wisps of fog or cloud, or maybe a seed caught in an updraft. Caraway Spice - Herbology & Folklore Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers dandelion seed It's said elderberry wine lets a person see pixies, but sprites are elusive. They cross into magical dimensions and see the world in both its simplicity and complexity, aware of natural connections and processes. Like imps, sprites are about the size of a human finger, can however be smaller or larger. They can alight on a shoulder and whisper in someone's ear, leading the person into a daydream. Rise of Pan: Fertility Goat God Péh₂usōn Warrior Queen: Kriemhild of the Burgundians German House Spirits: Beer Donkey Whether water or air their favorite food is nectar and plant sugars. Nectar rich plants in the garden, especially near a pool, will attract Faerie folk. They fear the Harvest Toad but get along well with gnomes. People might hear sprites laughing or singing as these small entities go about their jobs as environmental caregivers. The garden or wild pool is fresher and more vibrant when sprites are on the job. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Mold is a fungus related to yeast and mildew. In fermentation mold has complex and cultivated functions. It's used in soy sauce, salami, specialty cheese and traditional treats like Indonesian oncom. Difference Between Pickling & Fermentation Mold Spores: Power Packs of Creation & Purpose Foodborne Fungi and Mold: Facts & Dangers Koji, cooked grain (rice) inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae Fermentation, the timeless process of transforming food through microbial action, is a metabolic process. Microorganisms like bacteria, yeast, or mold convert sugars and starches into alcohol or acids. This method is important to food production, enriching flavors, preserving foods, and raising nutritional content. Molds such as Aspergillus  and Penicillium  excel at breaking down complex carbohydrates and proteins. Starch: Power of Plants & Human Energy Aspergillus Flavus Mold: Origins, Behavior, Dangers Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans Mold is used to cure many meats. Olives are cured in brine. In doing so, they help unlock a wide range of flavorful elements, creating complex tastes in foods. For example, the fermentation process of soy sauce can involve up to 12 different flavor compounds. While some molds are contaminants causing food spoilage and potentially harmful mycotoxins, mold primarily of the genera Penicillium , Aspergillus , and Rhizopus , have been cultivated for centuries for fermentation abilities. The molds actively break down complex molecules. This creates new compounds forming to fashion the texture, aroma, and flavor of various foods. It's important to know beneficial from potentially harmful molds. Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Nigella Sativa: Black Seed of Healers Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science This Penicillium sp. breaks down complex surfaces like citrus peels, but is harmful to humans How Mold Works in Fermentation Molds produce enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, fats, and carbohydrates into simpler forms, in a process known as extracellular digestion. Mold releases enzymes into the surrounding environment. As molds decompose starches and proteins, they release organic acids, alcohol, and carbon dioxide. Enzymes such as amylases break down starch into sugars, while proteases release amino acids from proteins. This transformation enhances flavor and digestibility of the food. Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Wild Yeast: Microbes Acting Naturally Starch (under microscope); a compound of simple sugars such as glucose and galactose The fermentation environment created by mold also encourages beneficial bacteria while suppressing harmful microbes. The acids produced help lower pH to naturally preserve food. Fundamental details of the mold fermentation process include: Protein Breakdown: Some molds, especially in cheese production, release proteases that break down proteins into amino acids. These amino acids contribute to the complex flavors and aromas found in aged cheeses. Fat Modification: Lipases, another type of enzyme from molds, break down fats into fatty acids, which can contribute to distinct flavors and textures. Carbohydrate Breakdown: While less common in mold-based fermentation compared to yeast, some molds break down complex carbohydrates like starch into simpler sugars, which can then be used by other microorganisms in the fermentation process. Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat grapes are among the foods highest in glucose Examples of Mold in Fermentation Cheese A famous use of mold in fermentation is cheese production. Penicillium molds are responsible for the characteristic blue veins in blue cheese like Roquefort and Gorgonzola. Mold also creates the rind on cheeses like Brie and Camembert. Molds produce enzymes to ripen the cheese, creating distinctive flavors and textures. Esters: Nature's Fragrance & Flavor Makers Artisan Perfumery: Four Degrees of Fragrance Starch-Loving Bacteria: Nature, Science, Nutrition Ripening is the aging process. Natural cheeses are made by milk coagulation, using either rennet or acid. Ripened cheeses are further matured to develop a stronger taste and an ideal texture. Varieties like Brie, Camembert, and Roquefort depend on specific molds for their unique flavors and textures. For example, Penicillium camemberti  is introduced to milk to create Brie. As cheese matures, molds form a protective rind while generating enzymes to break down fats and proteins. This process creates creamy textures and distinct flavors to the cheese. How Lactic Acid Bacteria Make Yogurt Yeast & Mold: Ancient Fungi, Modern World Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Soy Sauce The classic umami flavor of soy sauce is largely due to Aspergillus molds. Soybeans and wheat are inoculated with Aspergillus oryzae or Aspergillus sojae , which produce enzymes that break down proteins and starches. The molds produce enzymes essential for converting starches found in soybeans and wheat into simpler sugars. Once the mold has completed this conversion, yeast and bacteria begin their fermentation work. This multi-step fermentation process can last anywhere from six months to two years, creating deeper flavors aroma. Mold helps create the characteristic dark color and complexity for which soy sauce is renowned. Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Fungal Biofilms: Ecology of Biofilm-Producing Molds & Yeasts Gingerbread Houses: German Folklore soy sauce Tempeh This Indonesian creation is made by fermenting soybeans with Rhizopus molds. The mold mycelia bind the soybeans together into a firm cake, creating a unique texture. Oncom Oncom is a fermented food of the Sundanese cuisine of Indonesia . There are two kinds of oncom: red oncom and black oncom . The food is closely related to tempeh . Typically, oncom is created from by-products of other food production processes. These include soy pulp leftover from tofu production or cassava tailings from starch extraction ( pati singkong ). The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Isolate Yeast & LAB Strains for Artisan Flavors Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses Red oncom made with Neurospora sp . Black oncom is produced using Rhizopus oligosporus . Red oncom is made with Neurospora intermedia var. oncomensis and is the only traditional human food made from Neurospora . Sake While the main fermentation in sake production is done by yeast, certain molds play a crucial role in koji, derived from steamed soybeans. Aspergillus oryzae is used to break down starches in rice. Koji refers to the cooked rice and/or soybeans inoculated with the fermentation culture Aspergillus oryzae . It's especially known in Japan. Spores & Yeast: Saccharomyces cerevisiae Oil-Dwelling Microbes: Bacteria, Yeast, Fungi Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Once starch is converted to simpler sugars (glucose and galactose), the yeast can feast. They absorb the sugars and industriously ferment them to alcohol. Miso Another celebrated product of fermentation, miso is a seasoning or thick paste. It also relies on koji, derived from steamed soybeans. Mixed with salt and water, koji creates a fermentation environment for bacteria and yeast. Fermentation can last anywhere from two weeks to three years. Extended fermentation process breaks down sugars and generates enzymes to convert proteins into amino acids, which enhance miso's savory flavor. Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Foodborne Fungi and Mold: Facts & Dangers miso, a soybean paste Meat Curing Dry-cured meats like salami and prosciutto are often surface-inoculated with mold. This contributes to their unique flavor profiles and prevents growth of unwanted bacteria. Facts About Mold in Fermentation Mycelia Network: Molds grow in a network of thread-like structures called mycelia. These mycelia are responsible for the visible growth on mold-ripened foods and also act as enzymes carriers. Mold Species: The species of mold in fermentation is vital. Using the wrong mold causes off-flavors and unhealthy byproducts. Safe use of mold in fermentation requires controlled environments and careful species selection. Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Acetic Acid: Food, Health & Science Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Ancient Practice: Use of mold in fermentation is detailed in ancient Chinese texts from around 3000 BCE, regarding fermentation of soy products. White Rind: The white mold on Brie and Camembert creates a soft white rind while also producing enzymes that mature the cheese during the aging process. Noble Rot : Botrytis cinerea , or "noble rot," is a mold used in making sweet wines in vineyards like those of Sauternes, France. It contributes to flavors and aromas coveted in dessert wines. Radioactive Gas: Radon (Rn) Noble & Deadly Pan: Wild Rustic God of Music & Flocks Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Sauternes wines Probiotic Rich : Foods containing mold, such as miso and certain cheeses, contain probiotics, which promote digestive health and help strengthen immune system. Flavor Complexity : Mold used in cheese and other fermented foods helps develop complex flavor profiles. Roquefort owes much of its character to the interaction between mold and the milk it's made from. Aging Effects : The aging process often determines flavor intensity. For example, Parmigiano-Reggiano is aged a minimum of 12 months, formulating a nutty, complex cheese. Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Invisible World: Prokaryotes & Animalcules Lactic Acid Fermentation: Beneficial Bacteria Parmigiano-Reggiano Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Spices come from distant lands along ancient trade routes. These commodities bring flavor to food, health and beauty to consumers and immense wealth to those who control the flow. These aromatic substances have practical, medicinal and cosmetic value, especially for skin. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Colorful fragrant spices These spice are known in organic health and can be found in ancient medicines and beauty concoctions. In beauty and cosmetics they're especially beneficial to the skin in face and/or body masks, astringents and exfoliants. Before using them on skin, do a test patch. These days the trade routes are mechanized and these spices are easily found in grocery stores, health food outlets and in the millions online. The spices can be processed by the manufacturer or at home with ye olde mortar and pestle. Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Irrwurz or Mad Root: German Folklore Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore 1. Cinnamon Origin: Ceylon (Sri Lanka), Southeast Asia Harvesting: Cinnamon is harvested from the inner bark of the Cinnamomum tree. The outer bark is stripped away, leaving the inner bark to be dried into the familiar curled cinnamon sticks. Health Benefits: Known for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, cinnamon is used to help stabilize blood sugar levels and improve heart health. Cinnamon has antibacterial and insect repellent properties too. Cosmetics & Beauty: Cinnamon is used in facials to treat acne, smooth and soften skin. Importance in Trade: Historically, Ceylon cinnamon's revered and highly priced in trade. It's common in ancient Egypt for both culinary and embalming purposes, making it a precious trade commodity. Cinnamon - Spice Trade of Ancients Giant Cinnamon Birds of Arabia Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs Cassia and cinnamon are similar and cassia is often sold as cinnamon 2. Cassia Origin: China and Indochina Harvesting: Similar to cinnamon, cassia is derived from the bark of the Cinnamomum cassia tree. It is thicker, darker, and has a stronger flavor than true cinnamon. Health Benefits: Cassia contains compounds used to treat gut health and reduce inflammation. Cosmetics & Beauty: exfoliant for bright complexion; similar benefits as cinnamon. For cassia and cinnamon concoctions, a few drops of vitamin E help nourish the complexion. Importance in Trade: Cassia is often used as a more affordable substitute for cinnamon, making it an essential spice in Eurasian trade. It's found in many Western culinary traditions. Celandine: Plant Toxins & Medicine Secrets of Renaissance Herbal Recipes Stymphalian Birds & Greek Heroics 3. Cardamom Origin: India and Guatemala Harvesting: Cardamom seeds are harvested from the pods of the Elettaria cardamomum plant. The pods are handpicked before they fully ripen, preserving their fragrance. Health Benefits: Cardamom is rich in antioxidants and has been known to aid digestion, freshen breath, and support oral health. Cosmetics & Beauty: Cardamom oil is a nourishing and beautifying hair mask. Oil comes from the seeds. Mix with honey, Vitamin A or use alone. If hair is oily or full of product, wash first with baby shampoo and let dry naturally. Importance in Trade: Deeply rooted in ancient trade, cardamom is prized not only for its flavor but also for its use in traditional medicine. Its high market value made it a favored commodity on early spice routes. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Gum Arabic, Guar, Xanthan: Guide for Artists & Artisans Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries 4. Ginger Origin: Southeast Asia Harvesting: Ginger is harvested from the rhizome of the Zingiber officinale plant. It can be harvested year-round, but is best collected when the rhizomes are mature. Health Benefits: Ginger is renowned for its digestive properties and anti-nausea effects, often used to relieve motion sickness and improve overall digestion. Cosmetics & Beauty: this miracle root is a common addition to Elixirs of Life . It's used to combat aging, accelerate hair growth and reduce facial blemishes. Make it into a hydrosol or tea application to take advantage of its astringent qualities. Importance in Trade: The global demand for ginger has been constant since ancient times, leading to its widespread cultivation and trade across Asia, Europe, and eventually the Americas. Starch: Power of Plants & Human Energy Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Flowers of Sulfur (Brimstone): Creation & Uses 5. Pepper Origin: India Harvesting: Black pepper is harvested from the berries of the Piper nigrum plant. The berries are picked while green and then fermented to yield the pungent black spice. Health Benefits: Black pepper is rich in piperine , which enhances nutrient absorption and possesses antioxidant properties. Cosmetics & Beauty: Pepper is used to treat the skin pigment condition vitiligo. It may also combat dandruff. Importance in Trade: Pepper, known as the "King of Spices," is so valuable it's also called black gold. Its high economic value leads to the establishment of trade routes which shape geopolitics throughout history. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Eight Dye Plants & Natural Dyes in History Fermentation: Yeast & the Active Microworld 6. Nutmeg Origin: The Spice Islands (Moluccas, Indonesia) Harvesting: Nutmeg is harvested from the seed of the Myristica fragrans tree. After harvesting the seeds, they are dried to develop the distinctive flavor. Health Benefits: Nutmeg is known for its potential to relieve pain, promote sleep, and improve digestive health. Cosmetics & Beauty: In masks and scrubs, improves skin tone and diminishes blotchiness. Importance in Trade: Nutmeg is a highly sought-after spice during the Age of Exploration, leading to fierce competition among European powers for control over its production and trade. Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen Babylonian Astrology: Destiny in the Stars Glass & Arts of Ancient Glass Making 7. Star Anise Origin: China and Vietnam Harvesting: Star anise is harvested from the fruit of the Illicium verum tree. The fruit is picked while green and then dried to reveal the star-shaped pods. Health Benefits: Star anise is rich in antioxidants and is used in traditional medicine to treat coughs, as well as digestive and skin issues. It's sometimes added to medicinal wine recipes. Cosmetics & Beauty: star anise is used to treat blotchiness or inflammation of the skin. It can soothe dry skin and help treat eczema. Importance in Trade: Star anise is a crucial ingredient in spice trade routes due to its distinctive flavor and aroma, often used to enhance both food and traditional medicines. Secrets of Elemental Carbon Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans Tycho Brahe: Golden Renaissance Astronomer 8. Cloves Origin: The Spice Islands (Moluccas, Indonesia) Harvesting: Cloves are harvested from the flower buds of the Syzygium aromaticum tree. The buds are picked while still unopened and are then dried until they turn dark brown. Health Benefits: Cloves are known for their antiviral and antiseptic properties and are commonly used to relieve dental pain and improve digestive health. Cosmetics & Beauty: Cloves are marketed in anti-aging serums. Importance in Trade: Cloves were extremely valuable in trade during the Middle Ages, with their use in food preservation and flavoring making them a necessity for long voyages. Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Cinnamon or cassia, star anise and cloves 9. Turmeric Origin: India Harvesting: Turmeric is derived from the rhizomes of the Curcuma longa plant. The rhizomes are boiled and then dried before being ground into the bright yellow powder. Health Benefits: Turmeric is celebrated for its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects, particularly due to its active compound, curcumin, which has been widely studied for its potential health benefits. Cosmetics & Beauty: Turmeric is used to reduce appearance of scars, and combat bacteria causing inflammation. It can be used to temporarily dye hair blonde, orange or yellow. Importance in Trade: Known as "golden spice," turmeric has been a key component of trade routes due to its flavor, color, and medicinal properties, making it a staple in various culinary traditions. In Indian weddings turmeric is traditionally well-sprinkled on the bride and groom. Knowing the Three Primary Oxides of Iron Spirit of Wine of the Wise: Alchemy Recipe Johann Glauber: Fulminating Gold & Sodium Sulfate Turmeric Golden Tea - Turmeric tea (ukoncha ウコン茶) originates in Okinawa, Japan, made of tumeric rhizomes. 10. New World: Chile Peppers Origin: Central and South America Harvesting: Chile peppers are harvested from the Capsicum plant and can be picked while still green for less heat or allowed to ripen to red for maximum flavor. Health Benefits: Chile peppers are high in vitamins A and C and contain capsaicin, known for its pain-relieving properties and metabolism-boosting effects. Cosmetics & Beauty: Beta-carotene in chile peppers combats free radicals which cause premature aging. Do not apply near eyes. Importance in Trade: Following Columbus' voyages, chile peppers spread rapidly across Europe and Asia, transforming cuisines and leading to new culinary innovations. They quickly become essential in global trade, reshaping diets worldwide. Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Gnomes: Earth Spirits of Renaissance Mythology Copperas Green & Red Pigment Process Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

After three years of famine, legendary King Domalde is sacrificed at Uppsala, Sweden . Icelandic poet Snorri Sturluson chronicles the event in Ynglinga Saga. Blood of a king is the ultimate gift to the gods. Domalde, cursed by his stepmother, is just unlucky. Aufhöcker - Cursed Undead of German Myth Women of the Wild Hunt: Holle, Diana, Frigg Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Only males are sacrificed at Uppsala The people link prosperity of the land to fortunes of the king. During the reign of King Domalde crops fail and starvation prevails. The first year, a sacrifice of oxen has no effect. Next year, several men are sacrificed. The gods are not pleased, and the famine continues. Finally, a citizen assembly decides the king must be sacrificed. Domalde has been cursed by his stepmother with ósgæssa or bad luck. He's born of his father Visbur's lust for another woman. Visbur disinherits the sons of his first wife, triggering her curse on Domalde. Woad, the People's Blue: Ancient Pigments Elderberry Tree: Germanic Nature Lore Germanic Mythology - Brook Horses Blood of the King A curse on the king is a curse on the land. Old Norse blót, blōt or Old English geblōt mean blood sacrifice. In German it's Blut (pron. bloot), meaning blood or geblutet meaning bled. Blood is the life force, the essence of life. Blood of a king is the highest honor. Blood spilled on the ground in sacrifice is a ritual of fertility lore and nature magic. Another vital element of creation is semen , thought to run through the bones of animals such as bulls and oxen. Semen - Life & Death in the Ancient World Cult of the Bull - Prehistoric Aurochs Apis - Sacred Fertility Bull of Egypt The Bull's crescent horns associate him with the moon, cosmos and divinity In people it's initially thought to be stored in the head to flow down through the spine. Semen is associated with life force, power and masculinity. In some beliefs, ejaculation drains the body of vital energy. In many myths, the god creates life or water with his semen. The Temple at Uppsala is well documented. Around its roof parapets runs a golden chain. Statues of three gods, Thor, Odin and Freya (Frigg) dominate the space. Offerings to Thor are made in times of plague or famine. Sacrifice is given to Odin for war, and Frigg for weddings. A Viking Christmas Yule Lora Ley Adventures - Feast of Fools Pretty Poisons: Holly, Yew, Mistletoe Power of Thor - an agriculture as well as weather god According to 11th century historian Adam of Bremen, "every nine years there is a communal festival of every province in Sweden held in Ubsola; and those already converted to Christianity have to buy themselves off from the ceremonies." Adam continues on to describe activities at the temple, including blood sacrifice of the males of every living species. Dogs, horses and other animals are slain, their corpses hung from the trees of a grove in the temple. Neolithic Skull Cults & Ritual Skulls Garnets - Gemstones of Blood and Life Ancient Marsh Muse - Rough Horsetail Hang around ... Adherents or priests wave sticks dipped in blood, spraying the gathered people. Blood is a blessing of life as well as a symbol of death, a duality found in both pagan nature worship and contemporary philosophies. Early Germanic people are animists. Spirits reside in all things and dark and light aspects exists for all. Fire can be nurturing or destructive. Water can give life or take it away. Poison can be healing or deadly. Pagan Solstice Fests: Saturnalia Neolithic Europe - Danube Valley Culture Herbology & Lore: Poison Hemlock snake venom has been used in medicine Whether human or other animal, only males are sacrificed at Uppsala. On dying they often release body fluids to the earth. Certain magical plants grow in the nitrogen-rich soil under the bodies of hanged men. In Scandinavia, the fly agaric mushroom , a hallucinogen, grows in soil near spilled blood and decomposing bodies. At one time it's thought the Viking berserkers use the mushroom to induce their legendary battle rages. Agrippina & Son: Poisonous Plots of Rome Ephedra - Oldest Medical Stimulant Herb Hags in German Myth & Folklore Fly Agaric Mushrooms are fungi of mortal and magical plant lore Later evidence points to use of the toxic plant henbane (stinking nightshade), a hallucinogenic, body stimulating plant. Henbane seeds have been found in a Viking grave in Denmark. Nutritionally, blood is good for the soil. Blood contains nitrogen, copper, iron, chromium, magnesium, manganese, potassium and selenium. All these elements improve plant health. Blood meal and bone fertilizers are used in gardens today to increase fertility of the earth. Eschenfrau: Wicked Ash Tree Woman Queen Eleanor and the Calamitous Crusade Apples: Myth, Nature & German Folklore Sacrifice of King Domalde At Uppsala, the corpses of many men hang among those of the rotting animals. When none of these appease the gods, the next rational step is the life essence of a King. And so, the King dutifully becomes the sacrificial lamb. He doesn't have much choice. Blood spills, blood sprays, epithets and chants filled the air and the royal corpse hangs on the branch of a tree among the other unfortunate creatures. German Nature Folklore - Fruit Trees Visigoths, King Alaric & the Ruin of Rome Fairy Rings, Moon & Nature Magic Good Harvest of Golden Wheat Next year, according to the myth, the crops grow strong and tall, trees are fruitful and the harvest excellent. The people rejoice, justified in spilling the blood of the King. Adam of Bremen describes an enormous tree with spreading branches, evergreen both in summer and winter. Beneath is a spring or well, where sacrifices are also made. It's custom to throw a man into the well. If he doesn't re-surface, the wishes of the people will be fulfilled. Witches' Night - Hexennacht German Vampires - Nachzehrer Goats in German Myth: Erntebock & Habergeiß Woodcut of the Temple of Uppsala, with tree and wellspring In nature lore, wells and springs are associated with spirits such as nixies and water entities who can pull a person in to drown. In some regions it's customary to toss coins of silver or copper into wells and springs and wish for luck from the resident spirit. The Spring Equinox marks nine days of sacrifice at Uppsala. Every day, a man is sacrificed with two animals, to a total of twenty-seven sacrifices. Nine is significant, as it's three threes relating to triples, triangles, trinities and triptychs. Three is especially strong in magic. Spiritual Magic - Numbers Three & Nine Castle Frankenstein - Legend & Lore Oldest Cult Megaliths - Gobekli Tepe Lucky Three - fortunate, mystical, revealing Due to his efforts to Christianize Scandinavia, King Haakon the Good of Norway causes a religious feud by opposing the blót. While the peasants elected him king, strife breaks out when he won't participate fully in rituals. Raised at the Anglo-Saxon court to be Christian, he's appalled and refuses to eat of the sacrificial meat. People hurl insults. Humiliated, King Haakon regrets his conversion to Christianity, and later reverts to the Old Ways. German House Spirits: Beer Donkey (Bieresel) Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life When he dies he's given a proper Norse funeral. By that time, King Haakon the Good has already changed the course of Yuletide . Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top