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Methanogenesis or biomethanation, is biochemical process influencing the Earth's carbon cycle. Specialized microorganisms, methanogens convert organic material into methane (CH4), an important energy source. Methanogens: Microbes of Methane Production Human Methane: Meet the Microbes of Flatulence Bacteria & Archaea: Differences & Similarities Microscopic anaerobic methanogens About Methanogenesis Methanogenesis the production of methane from organic matter in anaerobic settings. It occurs in wetlands, landfills and digestive systems of ruminants like cows and sheep. In anaerobic digestion, complex organic materials are broken down by various microbial communities. This culminates in methane production. Methanogens of the domain Archaea are able to produce methane in major amounts. Methanogens thrive in extreme conditions, like hot springs or salt lakes. Pyrococcus furiosus : Extremophile of Vulcano Yeast Fermentation: Nature, Brewing & Food Acetic Acid: Nature, Microbes & Health fumes They're exceptionally versatile, able to use substrates such as carbon dioxide, hydrogen, acetate , and methanol to drive methane production. Operating primarily in anaerobic, or oxygen-free, environments, methanogens perform the final act of breaking down organic matter during anaerobic digestion. Ammonia: Formation, Hazards & Reactions First Life on Earth: Microbes & Stromatolites Mandalas: Psychology & Art Therapy Some bacteria are also able to produce methane. Major genera include Methanobacterium , Methanosarcina , Methanococcus and Methanospirillum. Methanogens also have a strong effect on ecosystems. In wetlands, important to the carbon cycle, methanogenesis helps control greenhouse gas emissions. These environments create anaerobic conditions to support a diverse microbial community. They include both methanogens and methane eating bacteria. Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Acetate in Nature: Vital Functions & Health flourishing wetland ecosystem inhabitants - blue heron Wetlands emit less than 30% of carbon content as methane. This creates a balance between carbon storage and emissions. Some methanogens can survive temperatures exceeding 100°C (212°F). In digestive systems of ruminants, methanogens help decompose tough plant materials. The process enables animals to extract energy from fibrous diets. Methane produced during ruminant digestion promotes emissions in agriculture. Overproduction of methane from farm animals is due to the immense scale of livestock raised for meat production through the world. Mannose: Simple Sugar of Nature & Health Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction The Probiotic Yeast: Saccharomyces boulardii Angus beef cattle In humans, according to a PubMed study , 30 - 62% of healthy subjects produce methane. Methane is made through anaerobic fermentation of endogenous and exogenous carbohydrates by microbes in humans. While some methane may have beneficial functions, people with high methane levels often have problems like constipation, flatulence, bloating and diarrhea. Antibiotics reduce internal production of methane by humans. Lactose intolerant people may be especially vulnerable. Without enough lactase , the enzyme making milk sugar digestion possible, the unabsorbed lactose moves through the digestive system to the large intestine. Lactase: Nature's Milk Digestion Enzyme Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia Grayanotoxins: the Madness of Honey Bacteria in the colon ferment or break down the lactose, producing fatty acids and other products. Gases excreted include carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen gas or dihydrogen (H2) and methane. Microorganisms known as methanotrophs, primarily bacteria, consume methane. These include Gammaproteobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria and Methylacidiphilum infernorum . Methanotrophic bacteria break down 30 million metric tons of methane per year Various archaea species of phylum Euryarchaeot produce methane, and many also consume it. In the natural world this ensures energy for the consumers and control of methane emissions. White Lead Toxic Beauty, Art, Ancient Production Wine God Liber: Liberty & Liberal Libation Powder of Algaroth: Antimony Oxychloride Purgative The Methanogenic Process Methanogenesis comes after hydrolysis, acidogenesis, and acetogenesis as the fourth and final stage of anaerobic digestion. Microbes decompose organic materials like plant matter and animal waste. Methanogens convert byproducts of these into methane. Hydrolysis : Microorganisms break down complex organic materials into simpler substances like sugars, amino acids, and fatty acids. Seven Probiotics: Human Digestive Health Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Acidogenesis : Next, fermentative bacteria convert these simpler compounds into volatile fatty acids, along with hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Acetogenesis : Acetogenic bacteria then convert volatile fatty acids into acetate, adding more hydrogen and carbon dioxide to the mix. Methanogenesis : Finally, methanogenic archaea produce methane and carbon dioxide by using acetate and hydrogen created in earlier phases. Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Lactic Acid: Nature & the Human Body Jan Baptist van Helmont: Renaissance Medicine reactions can vary Methanogens use various substrates to produce methane. These include carbon dioxide (CO2), acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen (H2). Some methanogens produce methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen through CO2 reduction. Others use acetate as a substrate. Rotten Egg Sulfur Smell: Microbial Processes Secret Lives of Sulfuric Acid-Eating Bacteria Talc (Magnesium Silicate): Beauty, Art & Industry acetic acid is the active ingredient in vinegar Methanogens often exist in symbiotic relationships with other anaerobic bacteria. Bacteria reduce complex organic matter, creating compounds like hydrogen and acetate, used by methanogens for methane production. Environments vary widely. The archaea genera Methanococcus , some in extreme marine habitats, and Methanosarcina , often found in anaerobic digesters, use waste products exuded by other microbes. Natural Methane Accumulation: Earth’s Natural Gas Reservoirs Methanogenesis is also a foundational process behind some of the Earth’s natural gas reserves. An estimated 70-90% of methane in natural gas originates from biological processes, especially methanogenesis. Amygdalin: Bitter Almonds & the Cyanogenic Compound Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils cooking gas (natural gas) is more than 90% methane Methanogens function in biogas production, which captures methane from organic waste. Natural biogas is composed mainly of methane and carbon dioxide. Methanogenesis and Climate Change In nature, methane production is used as biofuel for microbe and essential processes. Methanogenesis is associated with climate change due to overactivity of organisms like humans. Science of Alchemy: Hydrochloric Acid Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice steel and concrete ruins Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Methane (CH4) is a familiar gas emanating from cow dung. Methane's creators are invisible creatures known today as methanaogens, specifically archaea. Microbial gas producers include Methanobacterium , Methanosarcina , Methanococcus , and Methanospirillum . Methanogens: Microbes of Methane Production Microbial Alchemy: Fermentation, Digestion, Putrefaction The Unseen World: Protozoans in Nature These minute organisms thrive in anaerobic (oxygen-free) environments, like marshes, intestines and stomachs of cows and other ruminants. They're also found in the breakdown of organic materials such as mud and sewage. Methanogens can survive extreme conditions, including high temperatures (100 °C or 212 °F) and dense salinity. These traits give them remarkable adaptability and resilience. They're important to the global carbon cycle as they produce methane through metabolic process. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Human Methane: Meet the Microbes of Flatulence Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Methanogens Cow dung, cow pats, cow pies, cow poop, or cow manure is the excrement of bovine animal species. This category comprises domestic cattle ("cows"), bison ("buffalo"), yak, and water buffalo. It's undigested remnants of plant material going through the animal's digestive system. Methane Production from Cow Dung Processes and Functions of Methanogenic Microbes In cow dung, methanogenic archaea embark on a series of metabolic processes to convert organic matter into methane. Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Alchemy & Heat: Decomposition of Horse Manure cow patty Anaerobic Digestion Methanogens break down complex organic compounds into simpler forms through anaerobic digestion. This process unfolds in stages: hydrolysis (breaking down solids) acidogenesis (producing acids) acetogenesis (forming acetic acid ), eventually leading to methane generation. Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles breaking it down Fermentation The decomposition of organic matter in cow dung begins with fermentation, where bacteria break down complex organic compounds into simpler substances. This process releases volatile fatty acids, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Hydrogen Use Archaea methanogens thrive in anaerobic (oxygen-free) environments, and exploit the hydrogen produced during fermentation. By combining hydrogen and carbon dioxide, these microorganisms generate methane. Microbes: Bacteria, Actinomycetes, Protozoa, Fungi & Viruses Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs Look what I did! Acetoclastic Methanogenesis Some methanogens can also produce methane by conversion of acetate, a short chain fatty acid and metabolic product of organic decomposition. In microbial digestion of cow dung acetate is an essential substrate. Here’s how the methanogens contribute to the ecosystem: Nutrient Recycling : As they decompose organic matter in cow dung, methanogens recycle nutrients back into the ecosystem. This enriches the soil and supports plant growth, which is vital for agricultural practices. Biogas Production : The methane generated during cow dung decomposition can be captured as biogas. The global biogas market is expected to grow from USD 57 billion in 2020 to USD 92 billion by 2027. Heavy Metals Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium & Arsenic Art of Egg Tempera: Paint Like the Old Masters Best Mortar & Pestles for Artists, Chefs, Scientists Where Methanogens Come From Methanogens are ubiquitous in nature and are found in diverse habitats, including: Rumen of Ruminants : In the digestive systems of cows and other ruminants, methanogens thrive alongside other microbes, helping to break down complex plant materials. This symbiotic relationship is essential for the cow's digestion and nutrient absorption. Wetlands and Marshes : These bacteria and archaea are also a common component of anaerobic soils, where they contribute to the methane emissions from natural wetlands. Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Peptides: Science of Human Health Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology anaerobic methanogens Sewage and Sludge : Wastewater treatment facilities harness methanogenic activity to break down organic waste, which results in methane production—a potential source for biogas. Termites: Globally, termites produce one to three per cent of all methane emissions. That's up to 20 million tonnes of methane each year coming out these bug bums. Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Proteins: Macronutrients of Nature & Health Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose worker termite Methane: Purpose in Nature Nutrient Cycling : Methanogens play an essential role in the carbon cycle by decomposing organic matter and ensuring the recycling of nutrients back to the ecosystem. Anaerobic Metabolism : For methanogens, methane is a by-product of their metabolic processes, allowing them to conserve energy while breaking down organic matter in oxygen-free conditions. Energy Production : In anaerobic environments, methanogens are critical in converting organic substrates into methane, which can serve as an energy source for other organisms. As an energy-dense form of carbon it can be consumed and used by different organisms. Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation Starch: Power of Plants & Human Energy 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Due to their high-fiber diets, elephants produce much methane Biodiversity : Methanogens are vital to maintaining anaerobic ecosystems and support a diverse range of microbial life. Their metabolic activities shape the dynamics of these systems and impact organisms that depend on them for survival. Biofuel Potential : Methane is a key component of biogas, which is increasingly used as a renewable energy source in electricity generation and heating. Byproduct Management : In natural ecosystems, methane is often produced as a byproduct of anaerobic decomposition, helping to manage excess organic material. Ecosystem Dynamics : Methane production is a natural mechanism to support essential nutrient cycling and energy flow in ecosystems. Glauber: Preparation of a Golden Spirit of Wine Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Nitric Acid: Aqua Fortis the Acid Queen Methanotrophs: Methane-Munching Microbes Some microorganisms known as methanotrophs dine on methane. These bacteria and archaea use it as their primary carbon and energy source, helping to reduce methane emissions. They thrive in diverse habitats, including soils and marine environments. By consuming methane, methanotrophs help lower atmospheric methane levels. Lactase: Nutrition & the Milk Sugar Enzyme Homeostasis: Internal Balance of the Body Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Facts about Methane Global Warming Potential : Methane is more than 25 times as effective as carbon dioxide at trapping heat in the atmosphere over a 100-year period. Natural Sources : Methane is emitted from natural sources such as wetlands, termites, and oceans, and especially from human activities like agriculture, landfills, and fossil fuel extraction. Energy Production : One cubic meter of methane can produce about 10 kWh of electricity, making it a valuable energy resource. Methane Hydrates : Huge deposits of methane hydrate exist beneath ocean floors. Lifecycle : Methane has a short atmospheric lifespan of about 12 years, thus reducing emissions can have a swift impact on climate change. Detection and Monitoring : Recent technological advancements provide effective detection of methane leaks to help manage human-induced emissions. Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Butzemann, Witches & Nyx - Scare 'em Good 5 Waters of Ancient Alchemy: Aqua Caustic unseen factors are always at work Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Talc or hydrated magnesium silicate is a naturally occurring mineral, primarily composed of magnesium, silicon, and oxygen. With its silky feel and unique properties, talc has significant impact in beauty and cosmetics and across various industries from ancient to modern. Paints of the Artist's Palette in Renaissance Europe Gouache Painting: Artist Essentials & Art Tips Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Talc has the chemical formula Mg3Si4O10(OH)2. It forms through metamorphism, undergoing structural changes due to heat and pressure over time. Just as pressure makes diamonds, and it also makes talc. Talc covers a wide range of natural minerals most of which are magnesium silicates. It is a soft material with hydrophobic or water repellent surface properties. A monoclinic mineral, talc has a sheet structure similar to the micas. Bacteria: Unseen Driving Force Behind All Life Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Living Metals & Genders in Ancient Alchemy Mica Talc has perfect cleavage that follows planes between the weakly bonded sheets. These sheets are held together only by van der Waals bonds, weak electrical forces. This allows them to easily slip past each other. This characteristic is responsible for talc's extreme softness, its greasy, soapy feel, and its value as a high-temperature lubricant. Talc originates from the metamorphism of magnesium-rich minerals like serpentine, pyroxene, amphibole, and olivine, in presence of carbon dioxide and water. This process is called "talc carbonation" or "steatization," resulting in formation of the rock group talc carbonates. Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Isabella Cortese: Renaissance Writer, Alchemist, Entrepreneur Talc Predominantly occurring in metamorphic environments, talc may be found in rocks such as serpentine or serpentinized peridotite, which are rich in magnesium and iron. Significant talc deposits are in the United States, France, China, Brazil and Italy. Mining of talc takes place primarily in open-pit mines. Once extracted, the material undergoes refining processes to produce grades for different applications. Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Science of Rust Earth Pigments & Colors Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Open Pit Mining History of Talc Use of talc dates back thousands of years, making it one of humanity’s oldest cosmetics. Because talc is readily available in many environments, ancient civilizations develops its use independently. During the Middle Ages, alchemists often experiment with talc, especially those exploring the nature of cosmetics, such as Italian noblewoman Caterina Sforza . Caterina, a beautiful and influential figure in Renaissance Italy, uses talc in her cosmetic alchemy and products. Talc can be mixed or blended with other minerals for lightening and coloring. Talc is used in eye shadow powders, blush and facial powder as well as for overall skin beauty and silky texture. It repels water in natural form, and absorbs it in processed powder form. 10 Ancient Spices of Trade, Health & Beauty Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine Red Ocher (Ochre) Ancient Pigments Caterina Sforza experiments with talc in alchemy Soapstone Soapstone or steatite, a type of talc, is known for its versatility. This malleable rock has a long history of being crafted into both decorative and functional items. It's used in creation of sculptures, bowls, oil lamps, cylinder seals, moldings, hearths, pipe bowls and other objects. Scientific Properties of Talc Talc is renowned for its distinctive properties: Softness : It is the softest mineral on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness, rated at 1. Hydrophobicity : Talc repels water, making it an excellent ingredient for moisture-absorbing products. High Lubricity : Its very smooth texture lends itself to lubrication, making it a desirable ingredient in various applications. Chemical Inertness : Talc is chemically inert and remains stable under a variety of conditions. Great Women Artists - Käthe Kollwitz Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs Talc is ideal for diverse industrial uses, including manufacture of ceramics, paper, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. Safety of talc is debated primarily due to potential contaminants like asbestos. Cosmetic-grade talc properly purified is considered non-toxic and safe for use. Regulatory agencies such as the FDA and the European Commission have established guidelines for its use in cosmetics. Gum Arabic (Acacia Gum) Art, Food & Medicine 10 Ancient Spices of Trade, Health & Beauty Alum: Tanning, Dye & Beauty Salts Powder Cosmetics Is Talc the Same as Talcum Powder? It's important to distinguish between pure talc and talcum powder, which often contains additional ingredients like fragrances and preservatives. While the terms “talc” and “talcum powder” are often used interchangeably, they refer to different concepts. Talc is the raw mineral substance, while talcum powder is a processed product made from talc. Talcum powder is often mixed with fragrances and other ingredients and is used widely in personal care products to absorb moisture, refine skin tone and reduce friction. Make Black Ink or Paint Pigment with Soot Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Kermes Insect & Ancient Red Pigments Talcum powder Baby powder is also not the same as talcum powder and often doesn't contain talc. Ingredients from Johnson & Johnson Aloe Vera & Vitamin E baby powder: " Corn starch , tricalcium phosphate [anti-caking additive], Aloe barbadensis leaf extract, vitamin E acetate, fragrance." Side note: Although a lot of products use aloe due to hype, the effective application of aloe is to squeeze the gum directly from the leaf to the skin. This type of application has extraordinary effects for healing sunburn and other burns. Black Pigments of Ancient Artisans White Pigments of Ancient Artisans Verdigris: Volatile Blue Green Pigment Aloe - good medicine Talc in Paint Pigment Beyond beauty applications, talc is used in industrial paint manufacturing. Due to its fine texture and chemical composition it's an effective filler and pigment in paint formulations. Talc improves overall quality of the paint, enhancing its texture, durability, and opacity. It also reduce gloss levels in certain applications. In art talc's properties of opacity, brightness and heat resistance make it a valuable ingredient in paint colors. Queen Eleanor & the Calamitous Crusade Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Valerian: Natural Health & Essential Oils Talc in Beauty and Cosmetics Talc has long been an essential ingredient in cosmetics and personal care products. From face powders to blushes and eyeshadows, talc’s absorptive properties make it an ideal choice for creating smooth, blendable textures. Its soft feel on the skin adds a luxurious touch. Talc also acts as a bulking agent, allowing manufacturers to create larger quantities of product with less active ingredient. Despite controversies surrounding talc safety, many cosmetic brands continue to use talc, but some have devised alternate ingredients. Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Soot & Lampblack: Beauty, Art and Medicine Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Facts About Talc Talc is found in a range of colors , including white, green, gray, and brown, depending on its inclusions. It has been mined and used for thousands of years , with documented usage tracing back to ancient civilizations. The global talc market continues to grow, fueled by demands from the beauty and cosmetics industry, as well as other sectors like plastics, paper, and pharmaceuticals. In laboratory settings , talc can be used as a carrier for drugs and active ingredients due to its non-reactive properties. Talc is the softest mineral known. With a Mohs rating of 1, it can be crushed by a hard look (and easily with mortar and pestle). Talc's unique lamellar structure, consisting of fine alternating layers of different materials, contributes to its lubricating and anti-stick properties. In the US and other countries, talc is included in salt up to 2% as an anti-caking material. Molybdochalkos: Nigredo Black Lead of Maria Chalcedony Gems: Secrets of Silicon Dioxide Carbuncle: Red Stone of Magic & Medicine Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

With spiritual meaning as well as dusky allure, powdered black kohl (kajal, kajol, or tiro) is one of the oldest widespread types of ancient makeup. Kohl is in use by c. 3100 for eye health and beauty. Antimony (Stibnite, Kohl) Ancient Metal of Science & Beauty Oil of Philosophers: Alchemy Health & Beauty Earth of Chios: Ancient Alchemy, Cosmetics, & Medicine The Allure of Beautiful Eyes The first use of cosmetics is in Stone Age Egypt about 5000 BCE. People use rice bran, jasmine or lupine applied to skin as natural sunblock and skin whitener. Early makeup has special functions, protective or healing as well as decorative. All social classes wear kohl. The deep black powder comes from grinding stibnite, a silvery mineral. Cornstarch: Cuisine, Beauty, Cleaning Uses Chamomile - Herbology & Folklore Soot & Lampblack: Beauty, Art and Medicine Jasmine is used in skin beauty, perfumes, aromatherapy and more today Stibnite is a major source of antimony , an ancient semi-metal often used in alloys. Once the stibnite is ground to a dense, earthy black powder, kohl, it's applied with a small wood tool. Powdered kohl and application stick are often found by archaeologists packaged together. Ornamental holders for kohl are popular accessories. Immortal - Quest for the Elixir of Life Alum: Tanning, Dye & Beauty Salts Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Kohl container or cosmetics tube, Iran c. 800 BCE All genders use kohl in ancient times. Drawing kohl around the eye is considered to help protect against harmful magic and the evil eye. It's also practical in that it shields the eyes from the brilliant rays of the sun, much as football players put black grease under their eyes. Kohl use is widespread in Middle East, Caucasus and North Africa, South Asia, West Africa, and the Horn of Africa. Stibnite has been used since proto-dynastic ancient Egypt as medication and a cosmetic. Benu - Ba Heron God of Ancient Egypt 10 Wise Plants & Herbs for the Elixir of Life Divine Light - Sun Goddess of Arinna Powdered Kohl ground from Stibnite The Sunan Abi Dawood  reports, “prophet Muhammad said: 'Among the best types of collyrium is antimony ( ithmid ) for it clears the vision and makes the hair sprout.'" Stibnite and the metalloid antimony and can cause symptoms similar to arsenic poisoning if ingested. Some sources mention it as a treatment for indigestion. Myrrh - Mystique, Death & Divinity Ancient Land of Punt: Bronze Age Kingdom of Riches Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy Silvery stibnite mineral is ground to dense black powder kohl In alchemy , Eirenaeus Philalethes describes stibnite in his alchemical commentary An Exposition upon Sir George Ripley's Epistle in the 17th century. He considers stibnite as a precursor to philosophical mercury , itself a hypothetical precursor to the philosopher's stone . In ancient Egypt, experimentation with black galena and green malachite creates a look in which the upper eyelids are painted black and the lower lids green. The lustrous green of malachite derives from copper . Black galena is a primary source of lead. Rabbit Fever Plague & Warfare: Hittites Lelwani - Hittite Underworld Goddess Mulberry Tree (Morus): Uses, Folklore & Myth Polished Green Beauty - Malachite Stone. The brilliant greens come from copper. Kohl content and recipes to create kohl vary widely in history. In North Africa and the Middle East, homemade kohl is produced by grinding galena (lead sulfide). Most Western manufacturers today use carbon or organic charcoal to produce kohl. Plant oils, soot from certain nuts, seeds, and gum resins may be added to the carbon powder. Non-lead products are considered to be inferior to the older, traditional types. Lead is a popular ancient cosmetic, as in lead white . Kotharat - Bronze Age Birth Goddesses Turquoise: Precious Stone of Ancients Women Scientists of the Ancient World lead white Recent years see an increase in the use of handmade, lead-based kohl. It's important to be aware of possible side effects and knowledge of ingredients if using home-made kohl. Exposure to heavy metals like lead cause toxic optic neuropathy. Lead toxicity affects the macula, choroid and retinal nerve fiber layers, leading to visual impairment. Symptoms include a gradual, painless decrease in visual acuity in both eyes; color vision impairment and visual field abnormalities. Ammitt - Eater of the Heavy Heart Egyptian Blue Lotus: Visionary Beauty Mušḫuššu - Snake Dragon Animal of Marduk Beautiful eyes: non-toxic eye makeup Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Antimony oxychloride or Powder of Algaroth is a compound first appearing in 15th century Europe. During the Renaissance Powder of Algaroth is one of many purgatives used by the populace for health. Purgatories include laxatives, emetics and sudorifics . Antimony (Stibnite, Kohl) Ancient Metal of Science & Beauty 12 Steps to the Magnum Opus: Ripley Scroll Radioactive Gas: Radon (Rn) Noble & Deadly Antimony Oxychloride is a Granulose White Powder Antimony oxychloride is specifically used to induce vomiting and diarrhea, aiming to cleanse the body of perceived toxins. It's a combination of antimony (Sb) with oxygen (O) and chlorine (Cl), giving it the chemical formula SbOCl. According to historical texts, physicians prescribe Powder of Algaroth after the 15th century to patients suffering from various ailments. Hope is given to concepts of cleansing methods. In the Renaissance, antimony oxychloride is used to treat fevers. Reports suggest over 50% of people officially seek purgative treatments, with many more self-medicating. Due to fearsome recurrence of diseases like the plague and malaria, faith in medical science wanes. Invisible World: Prokaryotes & Animalcules Scientific Revolution Europe 1543-1687 Alchemy Process of Congelation: Freezing, Crystallization doctor, patients with black (bubonic) plague How Powder of Algaroth / Antimony Oxychloride is Made If one already has the ingredients it's a straightforward chemical process of heating antimony with hydrochloric acid. This process produces a chemical reaction yielding antimony oxychloride, along with formation of water. The end result is a fine white powder. A ton of antimony ore can produce approximately 100 kilograms of antimony oxychloride. Antimony Early History Antimony and its compounds are known since ancient times, with medicinal and cosmetic properties recognized through history. The specific identification and formulation of Powder of Algaroth emerges during the Renaissance. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Great Advances in Chemistry 1600-1800 Crystalline Antimony - Stibnite - known since ancient times, used in cosmetics Historical writings indicate antimony is used in healing practices by the 15th century. As alchemical practices evolve, a broad understanding of material properties took shape. Notable alchemists such as Paracelsus commonly refer to it in texts. With the progression towards modern science, antimony gained a foothold in medical literature, employed by physicians who valued its purging qualities to treat infections and other ailments. Properties Antimony Oxychloride has both emetic and laxative properties. Its white powder form is notable for its relative safety compared to other more toxic substances used at the time, Its emetic property can induce nausea and vomiting, for swift perceived cleansing action. Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy The Microscope: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek Kerotakis: Ancient Alchemical Equipment Powder of Azoth A single dose leads to purging within minutes, ostensibly aiding in the rapid removal of toxins. Additionally, its laxative qualities promote intestinal movement, facilitating thorough waste removal. Historically, it's common for patients to experience significant relief from ailments within two to three doses, reinforcing its popularity during medicinal treatments. It also provides a uroscopy , valued by Renaissance doctors as an indicator of health. Antimony oxychloride also has mild antiseptic properties. These are valued before the establishment of modern antibiotics. These attributes are instrumental in alchemical medicine. Sweet Wormwood: Malaria Miracle Cure Lunar Caustic AgNO3: Lapis Infernalis  of Alchemy Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Uroscopy, or diagnosis by urine color & texture, is a common practice in the Renaissance Uses in History and Today Historically, Powder of Algaroth is highly prized as a purgative. During the Renaissance many ailments are attributed to the imbalance of bodily humors. Purgatives like Powder of Algaroth are believed to cleanse the body of impurities, thus restoring health. Physicians prescribe it to treat ailments from fevers to indigestion, as part of a broader trend including use of diuretics and sweat inducers. This holistic approach to healing is rooted in the belief that by expelling toxins, people can rejuvenate their health. Doctors use Powder of Algaroth from the 15th and 17th centuries to treat diverse conditions. In contemporary times, antimony oxychloride is used in cosmetics for pigmentation or in glass manufacturing. Up to 5% of certain glass products include antimony. 19th Century: Home Gym, Bicycles, Antiseptic Amoebae: Microbial Predators on the Move Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Roman glass mercury flask Purgatives as a Health Trend In the Renaissance During the Renaissance, there's a marked trend towards the use of purgatives, diuretics, and sweat inducers as a means of achieving balance and health. The prevailing theory of the time revolves around the humoral system. This propagates the belief of bodily fluids directly affecting both physical and mental health. Scholars and physicians recommend rigorous cleansing regimens using various purgatives to eliminate the believed harmful substances causing disease. People engaged in these practices driven by the desire for health and longevity. The purging process is believed to liberate individuals from the "bad humors" festering within their systems. Despite risks associated with such regimens, like dehydration and electrolyte failure, the fear of illness has many seeking out these treatments. Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness Rasayana: Alchemy & Health of India Ancient Egypt Remedies: Ebers Papyrus ... do you mind? As the Enlightenment approaches, innovative scientific methods finally challenge these practices, leading to a reassessment of purgatives. Other Names of Antimony Oxychloride Antimony Oxychloride is known by several names, reflecting its rich history and varied applications. Some of the most common alternative names include: Powder of Algaroth : The most historically recognized name within alchemical texts. Tartar emetic : Derived from its use in certain medicinal solutions. Antimonium Oxychloratum : The Latin designation used in classical texts. Stibium Oxychloride : Frequently used in scientific literature. Kermes Mineral : For reddish-brown color; Kermes mineral or Alkermes mineral is a compound of antimony oxides and sulfides, historically in dyes and pigments. It's named for the Kermes insect , a source of red dye in antiquity, medieval times and later. Kermes mineral or Alkermes mineral consists of antimony oxides and sulfides, specifically antimony trioxide and trisulfide. This compound can be synthesized or acquired in a laboratory setting through reaction of potassium carbonate (K2CO3) with antimony sulfide. Malevolent Microfungi: Hazards of Health & Home Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Radioactive Gas: Radon (Rn) Noble & Deadly Kermes, a type of scale insect specifically loving oaks. A new and brighter breed is found in the New World. 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Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) are tiny molecules, usually fewer than six carbon atoms. They exert strong influences on health, especially digestion and metabolism in organisms like humans and chickens. Chicken Soup: Chickens in German Folklore Homeostasis: Internal Balance of the Body Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health About Short Chain Fatty Acids Certain types of fat are essential for physical and mental health. These beneficial fats are the short-chain fatty acids. SCFAs are created mainly in the digestive tracts of humans and farm animals. Short-chain fatty acids are shown to maintain intestinal health in poultry. They're a primary energy source for enterocytes, the absorptive cells of the small intestine. Peptides: Science of Human Health Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Carbohydrates: Sugars of Nature & Health human lower digestive tract SCFAs prevent pathogen invasion and colonization by reducing the intestinal pH to create a more acidic environment and deter pathogens. They can also travel through the bloodstream to other body parts. Unlike long-chain fatty acids of olive oil or avocados, SCFAs are produced when beneficial bacteria in the intestines ferment dietary fiber indigestible to the human body. There are three main types of SCFAs. Proteins: Macronutrients of Nature & Health Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Acetate: The most abundant SCFA, acetate is used as energy by other bacteria in the GI tract and also travels to the liver, muscles, and brain where it functions in metabolism. Propionate: Primarily metabolized in the liver, propionate helps regulate glucose production. Butyrate: Butyrate is the primary energy source for colonocytes, the cells lining the colon or large intestine. Starch-Loving Bacteria: Nature, Science, Nutrition Terroir in Wine & Food: Expression of Place Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life The liver metabolizes propionate. It releases acetate when under nutritional stress. Creation of Short Chain Fatty Acids SCFA production in bodies begins starts with dietary fiber, found in foods like fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and legumes. Upon reaching the colon, they become food for symbiotic bacteria. In fermentation, the bacteria break down fiber into sugars, ultimately glucose, and create SCFAs as byproducts. Efficiency of SCFA production varies based on factors such as type and amount of dietary fiber eaten by the host. Five Types of Resistant Starch: Fiber & Health Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science A hen may supplement with worms and insects but up 90% of her diet is grain. Plenty of fiber goes through her digestive tract, creating a lot of SCFAs. Cows, other ruminants and horses also depend on them for health. Reams of benefits are associated with short chain fatty acids. Besides digestive health they're variously linked to anti-inflammatory, blood sugar, brain, immune system, mental health, probiotic and heart health benefits. To Increase SCFA Production Eat more fiber and limit processed foods. Fiber is found naturally in whole grains, legumes, nuts, fruit and vegetables. Apples, bananas, barley, cabbage and woody plants are very high in fiber. Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Lignin: Ecology, Wood & Natural Health Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose ... brought lunch! Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Acetate is a short chain fatty acid produced by microbes. In natural processes and biological functions, acetate has many tasks in environment, health and everyday life. Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Mannose: Simple Sugar of Nature & Health The Probiotic Yeast: Saccharomyces boulardii About Acetate Acetate is the salt or ester derived from acetic acid, marked by the presence of the acetate ion. It's a precursor for the body's synthesis of biomolecules such as amino acids  and fatty acids . Fatty acids are created by bacterial species like those of the Lactobacillaceae, Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae families. Lactobacillus is a well known lactic acid bacteria genus. Lactobacillus spp. are active in yogurt making and vegetable fermentation Acetate is an anion or negatively charged ion. It's stable, and readily forms salts with positively charged ions like sodium (sodium acetate) or potassium (potassium acetate). Following absorption, sodium acetate generates sodium bicarbonate, thereby raising blood and urine pH. Potassium acetate is used to treat low potassium levels and their effects such as poor electrolyte functions. Short Chain Fatty Acids: Form & Function ATP: Nature of Energy & Vital Functions Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health Baking soda can increase alkalinity in soils, water and humans Acetate & Acetic Acid in Nature Acetic acid (CH₃COOH) and acetate (CH₃COO⁻) are intimately related. Acetic acid is a weak acid, meaning it can donate a proton (H⁺) to form its conjugate base, acetate. The relationship between the two is governed by pH. In acidic conditions, acetic acid predominates, while in basic conditions, acetate is the more prevalent form. Interconversion between acetic acid and acetate contributes to many chemical and biological processes. In biological systems, maintaining a balance between acetic acid and acetate helps pH regulation and metabolic function. In the human body, a balanced ratio of acetic acid to acetate helps maintain blood pH, crucial for homeostasis or internal body balance. Secret Life of Rust: Power of Bacteria Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Yeast Enzymes: Maltase, Invertase & Zymase Properties of Acetate Solubility:  Acetate salts are highly soluble in water, making them readily available for biological processes. Acetate flows through biological systems and the environment.   Biodegradability:  Acetate is easily biodegraded by various microorganisms. pH Buffer:  The pH level of an acetate solution is usually around neutral (7). Many organisms need stable pH levels for optimal functioning. Acetate can evaporate without breaking down at standard temperature ranges. Reducing Agent:  Acetate is a reducing agent in some chemical reactions. Zinc (Zn): Essential Metal in Alchemy & Medicine Phenols: Powerful Compounds of Nature Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Acetate in Nature & Health Microbes use acetate for energy production and biosynthesis. Many bacteria can use acetate as their primary carbon source, fueling their growth and reproduction. It's produced in aerobic and anaerobic environments. When bacteria decompose plant materials, they convert up to 40% of carbon into acetate. Natural processes, like decay of plants and animals, contribute to acetate presence across terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. In living organisms acetate is generated during breakdown of fat, proteins and carbohydrates. Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health Peptides: Science of Human Health Anaerobic microbes prosper in oxygen-deprived environments like the digestive tract or in sediments. They use anaerobic fermentation to decompose organic matter like sugar compounds. Aerobic bacteria are oxygen lovers. They create acetate in low oxygen as a byproduct of their metabolic processes. In aquatic systems, acetate is necessary to carbon cycling. Microorganisms produce and consume acetate. For many bacteria, acetate is a metabolic intermediate and source of carbon and energy. Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice lactic acid bacteria In soil, acetate facilitates microbial reduction of organic matter and nutrient availability for plants. When matter decomposes, the acetate stimulates activity of soil microbes. These enrich the soil with nutrients. Acetate also contributes to the breakdown of organic matter and the cycling of carbon. In can be a signaling molecule, influencing behavior and interactions of microbial populations. As a product of fatty acid oxidation, acetate can be transformed into usable energy. In humans, acetate transforms to the molecule acetyl-CoA in the Krebs cycle (or citric acid cycle) to create ATP energy in cells. Carbohydrates: Sugars of Nature & Health Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation Pick me! Biosynthesis: Acetate contributes to biosynthesis of essential molecules such as fatty acids, including short chain fatty acids like butyrate; amino acids and cholesterol. These support such functions as cell structure and hormone production. Digestive Health: Acetate produced by GI bacteria helps maintain digestive health. It's a primary energy source for colonocytes, the cells lining the colon. It contributes to production of other short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like butyrate. Seven Probiotics: Human Digestive Health Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Yeast & Vineyard Microbes: Flavors of Wine Facts about Acetate in Nature Vinegar: Vinegar is a dilute solution of acetic acid, typically around 5-8%. Acetate gives vinegar its characteristic sour taste and its pickling and preserving properties. Cryoprotectant Properties: Acetate solutions protect cells and tissues from damage during freezing. Nutritional Influence: Acetate affects appetite regulation and energy metabolism. Acetate can stimulate hormone GLP-1, considered to control hunger and increase feelings of fullness. Acetate also has many industrial uses. Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Brettanomyces : Favorite Artisan Wild Yeast Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Acetate creates a healthy environment Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Acetogenesis influences ecosystems and human health. Reducing organic matter by microorganism action, acetogenesis makes acetic acid, the main ingredient of vinegar; and the vital short chain fatty acid acetate . Create Artisan Apple Cider Vinegar Lactic Acid: Nature & the Human Body Acetic Acid: Nature, Microbes & Health Acetic acid as vinegar is a major constituent in pickling About Acetogenesis Acetogenesis is a metabolic process. Microorganisms, called acetogens, convert carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H2), and other simple organic molecules into acetate (CH3COOH). This transformation is a form of anaerobic respiration, occurring in the absence of oxygen. This transformation is crucial in natural settings from wetlands to animal digestive systems. Bacteria include members of the genera Clostridium , Bacteroides , and Syntrophomonas . They digest complex organic compounds, reducing substrates like sugars, fatty acids and alcohols to acetate, hydrogen and carbon dioxide. Yeast Fermentation: Nature, Brewing & Food Acetic Acid: Food, Health & Science Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter plants use carbon dioxide to make oxygen Acetogenesis in Nature Acetogens are found in: Soil: Waterlogged soils, especially in rice paddies and wetlands, provide ideal conditions for acetogenesis, contributing to the cycling of carbon and nutrients. Aquatic Sediments: From freshwater lakes to marine environments, sediments often lack oxygen, allowing acetogens to thrive and break down decaying organic matter. Animal Digestive Tracts: The digestive tracts of termites, ruminant animals, and even humans host acetogens, which contribute to fermentation processes and influence overall digestive health. Wastewater Treatment Plants: Acetogens break down organic waste and convert it into biogas. Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Bacteria: Unseen Driving Force Behind All Life Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits ... we have acetogens Acetogens are crucial decomposers and recyclers, preventing toxic buildup of hydrogen gas. They function in the global carbon cycle, capturing CO2 and converting it into acetate, for engineering by other organic molecules. In symbiotic relationships, acetogens work alongside other microbes, like methanogens, to complete the breakdown of complex organic matter. This feeds into methanogenesis, which can further increase nutrient availability. Hanseniaspora : Wild Lovers of Sweet Grapes Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Microbe pH Levels: Acidophiles, Neutrophiles & Alkaliphiles Acetogenesis is beneficial in agriculture. By using controlled anaerobic digestion, macroorganisms like agriculturalists can manage waste effectively and generate biogas, a sustainable energy source. Healthy microbial communities promote acetogenesis and enrich soil fertility. Farmers and gardeners use cover crops and composting to foster the unseen populations. A gram of soil can contain billions of microbes. Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Lactase: Nutrition & the Milk Sugar Enzyme Peracetic Acid: Origin, Reactions, Hazards One tablespoon of soil is about 14.3 grams if dry Acetogenesis and Human Health Trillions of microorganisms inhabit the digestive tract, including acetogenic bacteria essential for health. These bacteria ferment dietary fibers and leftover carbohydrates, producing short-chain fatty acids like acetate. Short-Chain Fatty Acid (SCFA) Production: Acetate, the end-product of acetogenesis, is a short-chain fatty acid (SCFA). SCFAs provide energy for colonocytes (cells lining the colon) and show anti-inflammatory properties. GI Tract Microbiome Composition: Acetogens compete with methanogens for hydrogen in digestive tract. This can influence abundance of microbial groups and overall GI tract microbiome composition. Seven Probiotics: Human Digestive Health Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose human digestion begins with the salivatory glands and ends with the anus, a long & complex journey A balanced microbiome is important for digestion, immunity and overall well-being. Bad digestion can affect physical and mental health. Acetate is considered to help regulate blood sugar levels and cholesterol metabolism. Potential Therapeutic Applications: Researchers are exploring the potential of manipulating acetogenesis in the digestive systems of humans to affect health conditions like obesity and type 2 diabetes. Dysbiosis and Disease: Imbalances GI tract microbiota, including altered acetogen populations, are linked to such conditions as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). B. Linens  Bacterium: Big Cheese of B.O. Silent Destroyers: Microbes of Concrete Corrosion Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe microbe colonies Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Acetic acid is well known in cuisine for its pleasantly sour taste and sharp scent. From kitchen vinegar to major functions in ecosystems, acetic acid helps maintain ecological balance and promotes human health. Lactic Acid: Nature & the Human Body Acetate in Nature: Vital Functions & Health Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter About Acetic Acid Acetic acid is an organic compound found throughout nature. It's has connections to microbial life, human health, and environmental vitality. Also called ethanoic acid, acetic acid is a colorless liquid with the formula CH₃COOH. Store bought vinegar contains 4-6% while artisan or specialty vinegars can range up to 20% acetic acid, sour and biting. Acetic acid is used in industries like food processing, sanitation and biofuel production. The food industry depends on acetic acid as a preservative and flavor agent in products such as pickles and salad dressings. Yeast Fermentation: Nature, Brewing & Food Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Acetic Acid: Food, Health & Science Balsamic vinegar in oil Ethanol to Acetic Acid: Microbial Transformation Acetic acid is a weak carboxylic acid. It can be synthesized chemically, but production often relies on microbial power, especially acetic acid bacteria (AAB) like Acetobacter . These microbes are often found with yeast. This process, known as acetogenesis, involves the microbial fermentation of ethanol (alcohol) into acetic acid. Ethanol Breakdown: Specialized bacteria, predominantly acetic acid bacteria, oxidize ethanol in the presence of oxygen. Ethyl Alcohol: Science of Solvents & Booze Red & White Tartar: Wine Salts of Alchemy Short Chain Fatty Acids: Form & Function Acetaldehyde Formation: The initial oxidation converts ethanol into acetaldehyde. Acetic Acid Production: Acetaldehyde is further oxidized to produce acetic acid. Acetobacter aceti  can convert around 90% of the ethanol into acetic acid during fermentation processes. Besides Acetobacter , species like Gluconobacter  partake in fermentation. Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health How Yeast Transforms Sugars to Booze Alchemical Salt: Essential Salts of Alchemy Gluconobacter sp. colonizing They can produce high-quality vinegar from substrates such as wine, sake, and fruit juices. Komagataeibacter xylinus  (formerly Gluconacetobacter xylinus ) is another popular acetic acid bacterium. It's known for creating bacterial cellulose as a byproduct. Microbial species often work well together. During the fermentation of Shanxi traditional Chinese vinegar, a multitude of microbes are found. These include 47 yeast isolates, 28 lactic acid bacteria isolates and 58 acetic acid bacteria at different fermenting times. Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology Carbohydrates: Sugars of Nature & Health Kohl: Eye Beauty Magic of Ancients hanging temple in Shanxi province, China Acetic acid can be created through chemical synthesis and biological fermentation. Chemical Synthesis Acetic acid can be produced through carbonylation of methanol. In this method, carbon monoxide is combined with methanol in the presence of a catalyst, yielding acetic acid. This process is widespread in industry. Microbial Fermentation The common and ancient method is microbial fermentation, where sugars and starches are broken down by bacteria. In making apple cider vinegar for instance, yeast convert sugars to alcohol. Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment Structures of Starch: Amylose & Amylopectin Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Then, Acetobacter  bacteria oxidize alcohol to create acetic acid. This process not only creates acetic acid but produces beneficial compounds like vitamins. Acetobacter spp. are considered potential probiotics. Acetic Acid and Acetate In solutions, acetic acid and acetate exist in equilibrium. The balance depends on the pH. Acetate is the conjugate base of acetic acid and is often found in salts like sodium acetate, with pH of 5.2. Acetate is as a key energy source for cells, enabling metabolic pathways. These convert it to acetyl-CoA. Acetyl-CoA is a structural molecule for fatty acids and is critical in the citric acid cycle, which creates energy for cell functions. Amygdalin: Bitter Almonds & the Cyanogenic Compound Prussic Acid: Secrets of Hydrogen Cyanide Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria Acetic Acid in Nature Acetic acid and acetate are integral to the workings of nature. Acetic acid is a signaling molecule affecting the behavior and interactions of some bacteria. Plant Defense & Pheromones:  Some plants release acetic acid as a defense against herbivores or pathogens. Some insects use acetic acid and acetate compounds as pheromones for communication, attraction or defense. Fruit flies Drosophila melanogaster manufacture acetic acid in their digestive systems. Insects associated with AAB include fruit flies of the Bactrocera oleae species, and mosquitoes of genera Anopheles and Aedes . Maillard Reaction: Science & Flavor in Browning Food Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health fruit flies are often plentiful around grapes The honey bee Apis mellifera  supplies acetic acid to honey . Leafhopper Scaphoideus titanus  and mealybug Saccharicoccus sacchari  associate with with bacterial genera Acetobacter , Gluconobacter  and other AAB. Natural Preservative: The acidic nature of acetic acid inhibits the growth of many spoilage microorganisms, helping to preserve food naturally. Nutrient Cycling: Acetate is produced during anaerobic decomposition of organic matter, acting as a substrate for other microorganisms in nutrient cycling. Maltose: Sweet Delight of Brewing & Energy Honey Bees (Apidae): Nature & Myth Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) honeybee Apidae sp Environment & Health Hazards Water Acidity: Runoff from industrial processes using acetic acid could potentially acidify water bodies, harming aquatic life. Skin Irritation: Concentrated acetic acid is corrosive and can cause skin burns and irritation. Potential Liver Damage:  Prolonged exposure or high concentrations of acetic acid could impair liver function. Air Pollution:  Industrial releases of acetic acid vapors can contribute to air pollution. Inhalation of acetic acid vapors can irritate the respiratory tract, with coughing, shortness of breath and pulmonary edema. Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Create Artisan Apple Cider Vinegar Facts About Acetic Acid Historical Significance: Acetic acid is first identified in the 9th century AD. Long before then, vinegar is use in food preservation and medicine. Dioscorides , physician in the army of Nero, uses vinegar to disinfect wounds. Glacial Acetic Acid: Pure, anhydrous acetic acid solidifies at temperatures below 16.7°C (62°F) and forms ice-like crystals, hence the name "glacial acetic acid." Cosmic Acetic Acid: Acetic acid has been detected in interstellar clouds. Natural Production : Acetic acid is created in the human body during carbohydrate and fat metabolism. Diverse Vinegar : Different vinegar types, such as apple cider and balsamic vinegar, provide unique flavors due to varying raw materials and fermentation methods. Safety Precautions : While vinegar is generally safe, concentrated acetic acid must be handled with care because of its corrosive properties. Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid): Key to Life's Energy How Lactic Acid Bacteria Make Yogurt "Did somebody say corrosive? Hee hee hee!" Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Lactic acid affects human bodies and the physiology of organisms large and small. From climbing stairs to breaching athletic limits lactic acid helps keep systems operational. Too much can cause health problems. Acetate in Nature: Vital Functions & Health Mannose: Simple Sugar of Nature & Health Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation The body is made of organ systems working in harmony. The muscular system has functions like movement and blood circulation. A byproduct of muscle activity is lactic acid. About Lactic Acid Lactic acid, or 2-hydroxypropanoic acid, is an organic byproduct of the decomposition or breakdown of glucose or glycogen. Lactic acid fermentation occurs in the absence of oxygen. Lactobacillus : Nature of Lactic Acid Bacteria Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Lactic acid has the chemical formula C3H6O3. An organic acid produced during lactic acid fermentation, it's found in food such as tofu, soy milk, cheese, yogurt, legumes, salami and sauerkraut. Lactic acid in unpacked tofu at 10 °C increases from 67.95 to 285.07 µg/g during 15 days of storage, according to the National Institutes of Health. To extend shelf life of packaged food items like bread, desserts, olives, and jam, food manufacturers often add lactic acid. Muscles can generate it too. When muscle activity exceeds oxygen supply, the body struggles to supply energy through oxidative phosphorylation. It uses glycolysis, a metabolic pathway to converts glucose into pyruvate. The Probiotic Yeast: Saccharomyces boulardii Short Chain Fatty Acids: Form & Function Homeostasis: Internal Balance of the Body Lactic acid creates the texture and flavor of brine-fermented green beans Under low oxygen conditions, pyruvate is transformed to lactic acid, providing a rapid burst of energy. Lactic acid fermentation provides the continued production of ATP (adenosine triphosphate) , the primary source of energy for cells. Lactic acid is a buffer to maintain pH levels and prevent acidification. It tries to prevent muscle tiring or tearing. Lactic acid fermentation is associated with muscle fatigue and soreness, but also muscle recovery and growth. Create Artisan Apple Cider Vinegar Lactic Acid Fermentation: Beneficial Bacteria Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation As lactic acid levels rise in the muscles and bloodstream, several reactions happen. Muscle Fatigue & Cramping : One of the most recognized consequences of lactic acid is muscle fatigue. While it is not the main cause of delayed onset muscle soreness (DOMS), its accumulation can lead to a noticeable burning sensation during and after exercise. Recovery Post-Exercise : After exercise, lactic acid levels fall quickly as oxygen becomes more available. The body has several pathways to clear lactic acid, including converting it back to glucose in the liver (known as the Cori cycle) or using it directly for energy. Training Adaptations : Regular training can improve the body’s ability to manage and use lactic acid more effectively. Many athletes report enhanced performance over time. Lactic acid is also a signaling molecule influencing metabolic pathways and cell responses, contributing to body homeostasis. Lactic acid fortifies genes involved in metabolism and endurance. GI Yeast Hunter: Bacteroides thetaiotomicron Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes Milk into Cheese: Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) Occurrence in All Animals Lactic acid fermentation occurs in many but not all animals, and not always as a primary energy source. Humans, dogs and rabbits produce and use lactic acid. In ruminants like cows and sheep, anaerobic fermentation breaks down cellulose. Lactic acid pulls fluid into the rumen from the tissues and blood to cause dehydration. Electrolytes: Vital Minerals of Human & Environmental Health Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation Five Major Proteins of Nature & Human Health The blood may become more acidic, causing heart failure, kidney failure, and death. Lactic acid damages the rumen wall in rumenitis, enabling fungal or bacterial invasion of the body. Fish and amphibians have very low levels of lactic acid. Their cold-blooded natures promote different systems. Lactase: Nutrition & the Milk Sugar Enzyme Flavors of Coffee: From Harvest to Homestead Cellulose: Plant Fibers of Structure & Strength Health Benefits : Lactic acid is important for fueling the heart and other organs during exercise. It may have therapeutic applications for conditions like ischemia and mitochondrial disorders. Dairy Industry : In dairy, lactic acid bacteria convert lactose into lactic acid. They thickens products like yogurt and contribute to unique flavors. Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria How Lactic Acid Bacteria Make Yogurt Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology yogurt Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Vinegar is a dynamic culinary ingredient with a rich history and unique flavors. Created through fermentation of ethanol, including fruits, grains, or honey, it's made by acetic acid bacteria in tandem with yeast and often lactic acid bacteria to get the job done in style. Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Mother of Vinegar & Microbial Life in a Bottle Acetic Acid: Vinegar 🜊 in Ancient Alchemy Vinegar is the product of a fascinating biochemical process. At the heart of this process is the mother of vinegar. She's a gelatinous mass containing acetic acid bacteria (AAB), primarily Acetobacter species, and yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Brettanomyces spp. For artisans wanting to create a everyday or signature vinegar, attracting these beneficial bacteria is the way to success. The process of vinegar production, or acetous fermentation, starts with yeast converting sugars into alcohol. Isolate Lactic Acid Bacteria for Artisan Flavors Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Amazing Yeast: Feeding, Breeding & Biofilms Wild yeast Brettanomyces , often found on fruit with Acetobacter or other acetic acid bacteria The yeast absorbs sugars like fructose for energy, and excretes ethanol and carbon dioxide. Here the acetic acid bacteria join the party. These microorganisms consume the ethanol, converting it into acetic acid, the essence of vinegar's characteristic tangy flavor. Attracting these beneficial bacteria and cultivating mother of vinegar can be an enjoyable and fulfilling experience. Complicated equipment isn't needed to get started. Green Coffee: Consumer Facts & Information Cherish the Chocolate: Sweet Fermentation Apples: Nature, Spirituality & Folklore Vinegar and Its Production Acetic acid bacteria can be a curse to vintners as the microbes occur together with wild yeast when the grapes are ripe. In consuming the ethanol produced by the yeast, they're responsible for turning wine to vinegar. Many types of vinegar exist, including wine, apple cider, rice, and malt vinegar, each imparting distinct flavors and characteristics based on source material. Vinegar has long been lauded for its health benefits. Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid): Key to Life's Energy Pan: Wild Rustic God of Music & Flocks Amazing Legacy of Alexander von Humboldt oil and vinegar dressing becomes a work of organic art It's strongly promoted by Dioscorides, a physician in Nero's army and author of De Materia Medica , a comprehensive and influential book on natural medicine. Vinegar today is thought to have health benefits like blood sugar regulation and antimicrobial properties. Acetic acid bacteria and lactic acid bacteria (LAB) work in tandem to produce unique flavors. Acetobacter , Lactobacillus , and Aspergillus are dominant microorganisms in the acetic acid fermentation process of fragrant black Zhenjiang vinegar. Five Sugars: Glucose, Maltose, Fructose, Sucrose, Lactose Gingerbread Houses: German Folklore Lactic Acid Bacteria: Nature to Modern Uses Bacteria: Eating & Excreting Ingestion : Acetic acid bacteria primarily consume ethanol, the byproduct of yeast fermentation. They can also metabolize sugars and other organic compounds under specific conditions. Excretion : The primary product of their metabolism is acetic acid, which gives vinegar its characteristic sour taste. In addition, they may produce other byproducts, including water and carbon dioxide. Cultivating Artisan Vinegar If making artisan vinegar, attract and cultivate AAB for unique flavor tones. Create the Right Environment: A Home of Their Own Air Exposure : AAB need oxygen, so it's important to expose the fermenting mixture to air. Use a wide-mouthed jar, or a fermentation vessel fitted with an airlock that allows gas to escape while keeping contaminants out, if you want to get fancy. Temperature : A temperature of 15-27°C (60-80°F) facilitates bacterial activity. Stay on the warm side of the scale. Acetic acid bacteria work under cooler conditions but much more slowly. Turmeric (Curcuma longa): Ancient Uses & Medicine Ancient Traders & Buyers: Art of Testing Metals Hildegard von Bingen: Nature, Music & Beer Acetobacter acetic acid bacteria Start with an alcohol (ethanol) source, such as unfiltered wine or cider with some sugar left. A blend with about 10% residual sugar provides ideal feeding conditions for the bacteria.  The alcohol concentration should be between 5-12% for optimal bacterial activity. Add Nutrients Include additional sugars, like honey or fruit juice, to provide nourishment for the bacteria. Acetobacter  is an aerobic bacterium, needing oxygen. Cover the jar loosely with light-weave fabric or a paper towel. This setup allows air to flow in while keeping unwanted particles out. Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Women Brewers: Brewing History of Europe Song of the Loreley - Lethal Beauty Organic vinegar with the Mother can be used to "seed" vinegar at home Introduce the Mother: Hi, Mom! If unpasteurized vinegar containing a mother is available, add a small amount to the mixture. Not much is needed as under optimal conditions the bacteria multiply rapidly by binary fission and the results of their activity are soon detected. No Mother? Fear not. Acetic acid bacteria live throughout the environment. They gather on ripe fruit waiting for ethanol to appear, they're in soil, on clothing and even floating through the air. Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Krausen (Kräusen): Bubbles of Brewing Success Mother of Vinegar forming The bacteria will eventually find their way to the tantalizing habitat prepared for them. Acetic acid bacteria are harmless to humans, and their work provides some healthful perks. Some people like to attract the wild bacteria for a unique flavor profile. Others prefer the convenience of apple cider vinegar dregs, which can be used to start a new batch or new Mother with tried and true results. Silvanus: Roman God of Wild Lands & Fields Wild Yeast: Microbes Acting Naturally Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Monitor and Wait ... and wait Go camping for a month and come back. Now the liquid starts to look cloudy. Industriously, AAB begin to form a gelatinous layer on the surface of the liquid. This is the mother of vinegar. Be patient. It can take several weeks to months for a robust mother to develop, as she grows and matures. Her appearance is a cause for celebration. Sugar Beets, Altbier & First Newspaper Yeast: Microbiology of Bread & Food Making Calcite: Metal-Eating Bacteria to Coral Reefs celebration Beyond Acetobacter: Other Acetic Acid Bacteria As fermentation progresses, the balance of microorganisms will evolve. While Acetobacter takes center stage, other bacteria like Gluconobacter and Acetobacter aceti also contribute to the process. Gluconobacter , often found in fruit juices, can convert sugars into acetic acid without relying heavily on ethanol production. While yeast takes care of converting sugar to alcohol, acetic acid bacteria work their magic, turning that alcohol into vinegar. Every ingredient matters in this process, influencing the final flavor profile of the vinegar. Enjoy the journey. Alchemy: How to Make Rosaceum Oil Vinegar Cures of Physician Dioscorides Alexandria: Jewel of Ancient History Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Proteins are macronutrients needed to build and repair tissues, produce enzymes and hormones, and support functions from brain health to beautiful skin. Proteins are long chains of smaller units, the amino acids . Peptides & Effects: Science of Human Health Polysaccharides: Starch, Glycogen, Cellulose Carbon Fixation: Environmental Heath & Ecology The specific sequence and arrangement of amino acids determine the structure and function of each protein. There are twenty different amino acids, combining in various sequences to form proteins. These sequences determine the specific structure and function of each protein. In living organisms proteins make enzymes to speed up metabolic reactions. Feed the Yeast: Nutrients for Microbe Health Ethyl Acetate: Scent of Flowers, Wine & Fruits Science of Onion Tears: Demystifying Acids There are countless types of proteins, each with a specialized function. Major categories include: Enzymes:  catalyze biochemical reactions. Hormones:  regulate bodily functions (e.g., insulin). Antibodies:  defend against pathogens. Structural Proteins:  give support and shape (e.g., collagen, keratin). Transport Proteins:  carry molecules (e.g., hemoglobin). Collagen, best known for skin health, is the most abundant protein in the human body. It provides flexibility and strength to tissues including tendons and ligaments. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes How Protein is Created: From Code to Chain Protein is created with the process of protein synthesis in the ribosomes of cells . It goes through several stages: Transcription: DNA in the cell's nucleus contains the code for each protein. This code is transcribed into messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA then leaves the nucleus to enter the surrounding cytoplasm. Translation: mRNA carries the genetic instructions to ribosomes, cellular units which can read the code. Maltose: Sweet Delight of Brewing & Energy Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation Amygdalin: Bitter Almonds & the Cyanogenic Compound parts of a human cell Amino Acid Assembly: Transfer RNA (tRNA) molecules bring specific amino acids to the ribosome based on the mRNA code. Peptide Bond Formation: Amino acids are linked together by peptide bonds, forming a polypeptide chain. Folding and Structure: The polypeptide chain then folds into a unique three-dimensional structure, determined by the amino acid sequence. Details of folding are essential for the protein's function. Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Amylase: Starch to Sugar Enzyme of Digestion & Fermentation Lactase: Nature's Milk Digestion Enzyme Polypeptide chain: serine & alanine residues are amino acids with water removed due to bond formation. Natural Protein Sources Suggested dietary allowance for an average sedentary adult is 0.8 grams of protein per kg of body weight. For instance, a person weighing 165 pounds or 75 kg should have 60 grams of protein daily. Proteins can be classified as complete or incomplete. Complete Proteins : These contain all nine essential amino acids the body can't produce. Animal sources typically provide these proteins. meat (beef, pork, poultry) fish eggs dairy products (milk, yogurt, cheese)    Galactose: Simple Sugar of Nature & Health Secrets of Xanthan Gum for Artists & Chefs Arcanum Joviale: Alchemy of Sudorific Sweat Incomplete Proteins : These lack one or more essential amino acids and are often found in plant sources like beans and nuts. Combining foods can create a complete protein intake. Rice and beans together cover all essential amino acids. l egumes (beans, lentils, chickpeas) - peanuts are highest in protein soy products (tofu, tempeh, edamame) nuts, seeds, and grains (quinoa, amaranth) Beer: Malting & Mashing in Grain Fermentation Asphodel: Ancient Dye & Medicine Plants Warrior Queen: Kriemhild of the Burgundians Peanuts are an excellent sources of protein Structures, Properties, and Types of Proteins The structure of a protein determines its function. There are four levels of protein structure. Primary: The linear sequence of amino acids. Sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain is determined by genetic information. Secondary: Local folding patterns, like alpha-helices and beta-sheets, f orm and are stabilized by hydrogen bonds. Tertiary: This is the three-dimensional shape created from interactions among various side chains of amino acids. Quaternary: The arrangement of multiple protein subunits. This occurs when two or more polypeptide chains join to create a functional protein. Fermenting Green Beans: Salt, Brine & Bacteria Power of Pepsin: Potent Digestive Enzymes Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment basic amino acid structure - hydrogen (H), nitrogen (N), carbon (C), oxygen (O) - R is a variable side group. Proteins have a range of properties, including: Solubility: Some proteins dissolve in water, while others are insoluble. Denaturation: Changes in temperature, pH, or exposure to chemicals can disrupt the protein's structure, causing it to unfold and lose its function. This is why cooking alters protein texture. See the Maillard Reaction . Binding Capacity: Proteins can bind to other molecules, enabling them to perform specific tasks. Seven Probiotics: Human Digestive Health Botulism: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Protein is required for: Growth and Repair: Essential for building and maintaining tissues, including muscles, bones, skin, and organs. Enzyme Activity: Enzymes accelerate biochemical reactions, facilitating everything from digestion to metabolism. Amylase, an enzyme in saliva and the intestines, begins the digestion of carbohydrates. Hormone Production: Hormones regulate various bodily processes, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Dioscorides: Natural Medicine of Ancients Irrwurz or Mad Root: German Folklore 7 Primary Electrolytes: Essential Ions & Health Immune Function: Antibodies, the body's defense system, are proteins. Fluid Balance: Proteins help regulate fluid balance. Transport: Transport proteins carry molecules like oxygen and nutrients. Hemoglobin transports oxygen in the blood, while ferritin stores iron in the body. Environment: Proteins are vital in processes such as decomposing organic matter. Microorganisms and fungi use proteins to break down dead materials, recycling nutrients back to the soil for new growth. Malaria: Roman Fever & Renaissance Plague Ammonium (NH+4): Nitrogen Needs of Plants Lignans: Nature's Weapons of Defense fungi Protein Supplements Protein supplements, such as whey, casein and soy protein isolates, can be a convenient way to increase protein intake. Supplements come with pros and cons. Pros: Convenience: easy to consume and integrate into any diet. Muscle growth and repair: effective in supporting muscle growth, especially when combined with resistance training. Weight management: Can promote satiety, aiding in weight loss or maintenance. Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy Pasteurization: Microbial Dominance & Destruction Song of the Loreley - Lethal Attraction Cons: Potential for overconsumption: excessive protein intake can strain the kidneys. Digestive issues: some people experience digestive problems from certain supplements. Cost: supplements can be expensive. Not a substitute for whole foods: supplements should complement a balanced diet rich in whole foods. Taking supplements without food can inhibit nutrient uptake for vital body functions. Quality: some supplements may contain additives or fillers which can cause bad reactions. Some countries don't require all ingredients to be listed on packaging. Molybdenum (Mo): Ecology & Human Health Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment Potash: Agriculture, Plant & Garden Health model kidney - excess protein can cause proteinuria, with swelling of body parts in later stages Facts About Protein The human body contains tens of thousands of different proteins. The average adult needs about 0.8 grams of protein per kilogram of body weight daily. This amount may vary based on activity level and individual needs. The amino acid tryptophan is often associated with sleep due to its role in producing serotonin, a neurotransmitter. Organic Polymers: Ecology & Natural Health SCOBY & Mother of Vinegar: Cultured Cuisine Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid): Key to Life's Energy Spider silk is one of the strongest natural materials known, composed primarily of protein. Deficiency in essential amino acids can lead to a condition called Kwashiorkor, characterized by stunted growth and swelling. Proteins account for about 15% of human body weight. The largest known protein, titin (connectin), has nearly 30,000 amino acids. Titin is a molecular spring, responsible for passive elasticity of muscles. Noble Rot: Secret of Sumptuous Sweet Wines Kombucha: Ancient Brew & DIY Health Tea Acetic Acid Bacteria for Vinegar Artisans: Acetobacter Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top