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Bioremediation cleans up contaminated environments using live organisms like microbes, plants and fungi to nullify pollutants in soil, water and air. It's famously used in the Exxon Valdez oil spill of 1989 and ever after. Robot Manufacture & Environmental Health Phytoplankton: Environment & Human Health Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Industrial waste, oil spills, and agricultural runoff send toxins into the environment. Bioremediation uses the natural ability of these organisms to break down, transform or remove harmful pollutants. This can happen in various ways, such as bioaugmentation, whereby specific microbes are added to speed up breakdown of pollutants. Phytoremediation uses plants to absorb or detoxify contaminants. It's usually not a fast process especially when heavy metals are involved. It can take several months. Bacterial engineering hopes to speed up operations. Bioremediation has been used many times successfully. Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment 7 Primary Electrolytes: Essential Ions & Health caught in oil spill - people must clean each bird individually How Bioremediation Works The science behind bioremediation concerns the metabolic pathways of the organisms. Microbes, for instance, use pollutants like oil, pesticides, and even heavy metals as a food source. They consume the contaminants and break them down through enzymatic reactions. The results are less harmful compounds like water, carbon dioxide and simpler organic molecules. Bioremediation picks up as an option after the Exxon Valdez spill off Alaska in 1989. Fertilizers were applied to enhance growth of native microbial populations, reducing oil and helping affected coastlines recover naturally. How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore Methods of Bioremediation In-situ bioremediation This involves treating the contamination directly at the site, without excavating or removing the polluted material. This can be done by: Biostimulation: Adding nutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, or oxygen to stimulate the growth and activity of existing microbes capable of degrading the pollutants. Bioaugmentation: Introducing specific strains of microorganisms known for their exceptional ability to break down specific contaminants. How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health Cupriavidus metallidurans bacteria consume heavy metals and transform them to 24k gold This is used during the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico. As in the Valdez crisis, scientists introduce nutrients into the water to stimulate native bacteria. The bacteria enthusiastically get to work and metabolize hydrocarbons. Their action reduces oil and speeds up the recovery process. Microbe Glue (EPS) in Biofilm Formation Lactic Acid Fermentation: Beneficial Bacteria Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Life Forms on Earth Deepwater Horizon oil rig explosion Ex-situ bioremediation Excavating the contaminated soil or pumping the contaminated water and treating it elsewhere. This enables greater control and optimization of the process, often in bioreactors or landfarms. This method allows improved monitoring and manipulation of conditions to promote microbial activity. Techniques include biopiles and landfarming, where soil is spread out and treated. Remediation of a soil contaminated site at former General Motors plant in Tonawanda, New York in 2020 is successful. Soil is excavated, treated in a biopile, and returned to the environment after microbes break down toxins. The city calculates cost at over $7,000,000 US. Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Fungal Biofilms: Ecology of Biofilm-Producing Molds General Motors Company HQ, Detroit Phytoremediation Phytoremediation uses plants to absorb or stabilize contaminants from the soil or water. Certain species can uptake heavy metals through their root systems, degrade pollutants, or stabilize hazardous materials. For example, sunflowers have been effectively used to extract lead from contaminated urban soils. Sunflower phytoremediation reduces lead concentration by over 60% in a few months. Sunflowers were famously used to remove radioactive contaminants like cesium and strontium from soil near the Chernobyl nuclear disaster site. Sunflowers absorb heavy metals like lead, arsenic and cadmium from soil. Stylonychia: Wonderful World of Ciliates Cupriavidus metallidurans : Metal Eating Gold Making Bacterium Silicon (Si): Fueling the Robot Apocalypse Chernobyl scene Unfortunately these can end up in seeds. Recent consumer tests in White Plains, New York USA, find disturbing heavy metal levels in sunflower seeds and products. In India, researchers also use hyperaccumulator plants to absorb toxic metals like arsenic and cadmium from agricultural lands. The plants detoxify soil and give insight into mitigating future contamination. Microfungi: Mysterious Web of Life & Death Prussic Acid: Secrets of Hydrogen Cyanide Transition Metals in Science and Health Indian mustard Brassica juncea (aka mustard greens, Chinese mustard) is used in phytoremediation Bioremediation of Pesticides in Agriculture Pesticides and fertilizers in agricultural runoff can contaminate waterways and destroy aquatic life each in their own ways. Pesticides introduce toxins and fertilizers can cause massive algal over-blooms. Bioremediation using microorganisms treats contaminated waters. This helps break down pesticides into less toxic forms before they reach ecosystems and reduce excess nutrients and/or toxins in algal blooms. Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Heavy Metals Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium & Arsenic Scheele's Green: History's Most Toxic Pigment Red tide algae bloom caused by fertilizer runoff Landfill Leachate Landfills generate leachate, a harmful liquid, when waste decomposes. Bioremediation includes using bacteria or micro-algae in bioreactors to decompose the complex organic compounds found in leachate. Facts About Bioremediation Plastic-Reducing Microbes: Scientists recently discover bacteria and fungi able to degrade various types of plastic including polyethylene terephthalate (PET), a common plastic used in bottles and packaging. Enzymes: Specific enzymes produced by microbes can target and break down complex pollutants. Scientists try to isolate the enzymes and recreate them synthetically. Bacteria: Unseen Driving Force Behind All Life How to Grow Carrots Glucose in Nature: Ecology & Environment landfill Microbial Efficiency: Some microbes can metabolize pollutants at faster rates, with some able to break down complex hydrocarbons within weeks under optimal conditions. Fungi: Some fungi, through a method called mycoremediation, can digest and neutralize pollutants, using enzymes to break down substances. Bioremediation technologies include phytoremediation, bioventing, bioattenuation, biosparging, composting (such as biopiles and windrows), and landfarming. Other remediation methods are thermal desorption, vitrification, air stripping, bioleaching, rhizofiltration, and soil washing. 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Industries use automation and robotics to promote productivity. Along with robot manufacturing advances come environmental concerns. Robots don't need oxygen, plants and fresh water, but humans do. Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Phytoplankton: Environment & Human Health Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Robots revolutionize industries, drive efficiency and redefine processes in manufacturing. Their precision, speed, and ability to handle repetitive tasks are undeniable assets in today's competitive market. Over 4 million robots work in factories worldwide today. Robot systems are used in building robots. Up to 20 million manufacturing jobs are expected to become robotic by 2030. Tardigrades (Water Bears): Extreme Survivors Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk What Robots Need to Function & Survive By 2030, artificial intelligence (AI) is expected to remove humans from 375 million jobs. Worldwide, up to 800 million people in the workforce are estimated to be replaced by automated systems by 2030. AI is brain food for robots. Using artificial intelligence to optimize robot operations saves energy. AI algorithms can analyze data to identify patterns and adjust robot movements to minimize energy use. Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals As companies strive to improve efficiency and cut costs, a need arises to evaluate the environmental aspects of robot manufacturing. Creating robots starts long before they reach the factory floor. Manufacturing processes are resource-intensive, including raw material extraction, high energy use during production, and transportation. Making one industrial robot causes up to 43 tons of CO2 emissions. How Bacteria Survive a Nuclear Explosion Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back robots at work - don't need a coffee break Raw Material Extraction: Construction of robots necessitates extraction of various minerals, including rare earth elements, silicon, aluminum, iron (for steel) and titanium. Mining can lead to deforestation, habitat destruction, soil erosion and water pollution. Mining for rare earth elements generates around 2000 tons of waste for every ton of material extracted. Much of the energy consumed in the manufacturing phase comes from fossil fuels. Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment 7 Primary Electrolytes: Essential Ions & Health Manufacturing Processes: Creation of robot components like circuit boards, motors and sensors involves energy-intensive processes. Semiconductor manufacturing needs a lot of water and electricity. Production of most polymers is generally viewed as environmentally unfriendly as it depends on fossil fuels as main raw materials. Their extraction and processing cause greenhouse gas emissions. Use of chemicals during manufacturing can generate hazardous waste, affecting human health and the environment. Cleanup is costly in many ways, even with that bright hope of manufacturers, bioremediation. Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts How Solar Panels Work Energy Consumption: Robots use energy in operation, contributing to greenhouse gas emissions if the electricity source relies on fossil fuels. Energy efficiency of robots varies depending on task and design. Thus robots designed to optimize performance and reduce labor expenses simultaneously contribute to poverty and environmental devastation. One solution is use of renewable energy sources. Manufacturers are more frequently incorporating solar, wind, and hydropower systems into their robotic operations. This shift towards renewable energy may reduce the carbon footprint of robotic processes. Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Some strategies are used to minimize environmental impact of robot manufacturing and operation. These include Lightweight Materials: carbon fiber and advanced polymers can reduce weight of robots, leading to lower energy consumption during transportation and operation. Efficient Designs: Designing robots with energy-efficient motors, actuators, and control systems can reduce energy use. Optimizing robot movements and minimizing needless ones helps save energy. Super Alloys in Space Exploration How Astronauts Breathe in Space Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Recycling and Reuse: Promoting the recycling and reuse of robot components can reduce demand for raw materials and minimize waste generation. More manufacturers are adopting principles of circular economy. This keeps resources in use longer while minimizing waste. Difficulties Not surprisingly, immense difficulties remain in integrating sustainable practices. Initial investment needed for renewable energy technologies and efficient robot systems are prohibitive for many businesses. It can take up to seven years to break even on such investments in renewable technology. This is a problem for smaller manufacturers and big ones who want to show rising profits and quick returns. 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Usually known collectively, the Kotharat (Kôṯarātu) are seven patron goddesses of pregnancy, childbirth, nursing mothers and infants. In the Bronze Age their worship centers around Ugarit , north Syria. Gods of Ugarit c. 1800 - 1200 BCE Hutena & Hutellura: Dyad of Birth & Fate Taweret - Hippopotamus Goddess of Egypt Mesopotamian equivalents of the Kotharat are the Sassuratu (Šassūrātu) , assistants of the ancient Sumerian Mountain Mother Goddess Ninmah. They're also compared with the Hurrian fate goddess dyad of divine midwives Hutena and Hutellura . Early mention of the Kotharat comes from Mari, an ancient city state on the bank of the life-giving Eurphrates River, c. 2900 - 1759 BCE. Ugaritic writings mention the word Kotharat is plural. Traditionally the Kotharat are seven goddesses or a heptad, but the number can vary. Lammašaga: Sumerian Angel Goddess Turquoise: Precious Stone of Ancients Minoan Genius (Genii) Helper Spirits The Kotharat relate to conception, pregnancy, birth, and the formation of the fetus in the womb. Ancient literature calls them 'divine midwives'. They bless marriages with fertility, protection and health. Both Kotharat and Sassuratu appear on god lists in Mari. Excavations of the city reveal remains from c. 3100 BCE. The influential Amorites pay homage to the Kotharat in various northern Syrian cities. Asherah: Goddess of Childbirth & Fertility Hesperus (Vesper) the Evening Star Ugarit Royal Palace: Romancing the Ruins While some suggest the goddesses have single names, like the Sassuratu , no evidence has yet been found. In mythology they appear in Ugaritic myth in the Marriage of Nikkal and Yarikh . They oversee the birth of a son and give wedding blessings to a human woman. The Kotharat also appear in the Epic of Aqhat (c. 1350 BCE). They visit the house of Danilu after Baal intervenes on his behalf and grants him a descendant. This is Aqhat, the hero of the story. Danilu holds a six-day feast in honor of the Kotharat . On the seventh day they leave. Eileithyia: Birth Goddess of Ancient Greece Ugarit - Trade Hub of Bronze Age Syria Hepat - Sun Goddess of Aleppo Despite similarity in names, mythologists differ about whether the Kotharat relate to the artisan god Kothar . He's a patron of creators in north Syria, especially Ugarit. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Bacteria are among the most diverse organisms on Earth. They're found in extreme conditions like high acidity, toxic waste and scorching heat. They can survive in space and withstand intense radiation. Plutonium (Pu): Nuclear Weapons & Space Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria Bacteria are single-celled organisms in environments from ocean depths to atmospheric zephyrs and the human body. They're important to ecosystems, nutrient cycling, decomposition and digestion. Many have unique adaptations to resist extreme temperatures and high radiation levels. Bacteria living near hydrothermal vents enjoy super-boiling temperatures. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons North Korea (DPRK): Total Control The sheer devastation of a nuclear explosion is hard to envision. Beyond the immediate fireball and shockwave, lingering effects of radiation create widespread destruction and long-term contamination. The key to bacterial survival is in their natural defenses and the unique environments they inhabit. They have several possible means of survival if caught in a nuclear blast. Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Difference Between Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health A nuclear explosion triggers a rapid release of energy, creating a fireball followed by a powerful shockwave. The immediate consequences can include a massive blast zone, intense heat and high radiation. This radiation primarily consists of ionizing radiation, a serious threat to living cells. Some bacteria have developed traits to survive. They endure radiation thousands of times more intense than the amount humans can withstand. Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space Super Alloys in Space Exploration Pyrococcus furiosus : Extremophile of Vulcano Radiation Resistance: Certain bacteria like Deinococcus radiodurans (known as Conan the Bacterium) are renowned for radiation resistance. It comes from their efficient DNA repair mechanisms. When exposed to levels of radiation able to destroy DNA of other organisms, D. radiodurans quickly and accurately pieces its genetic code back together. It survives and prospers in radioactive habitats. Deinococcus  species can survive up to 5,000 grays (Gy) of radiation. A dose of 10 Gy is lethal to humans. What Robots Need to Function & Survive Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Protective Environments: Environment influences survival. Bacteria deep underground in soil or rock are shielded from initial heat and blast wave. Closer to the surface they find shelters, like rock pores. Many bacteria are known for forming biofilms. Biofilms are created from bacterial bodies, organic particles and microbial glue (EPS). Bacteria create protective layers to shield themselves from toxins like radiation. Cell Structure:  The cell wall composition and protective pigments can enhance a bacterium's resistance. For instance, some bacteria have thick cell walls as barriers against radiation and other damage. Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Salmonella Bacteria: Science & Health Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore parts of a bacterium Many produce melanin to help survive intense solar radiation. These are also under the eyeball of genetic engineering. Melanin is the brown pigment of natural dark skin, tanned skin and liver spots. Spores - Nature's Survival Pods: Many bacteria form spores. These are dormant, highly resistant structures with thick, protective walls. Spore structure shields bacterial DNA from radiation, heat and dehydration. In the aftermath of a nuclear explosion, spores can remain dormant until conditions become more favorable. allowing the bacteria to revive and repopulate. Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Treponema pallidum : About the Syphilis Bacteria bacterial spores with DNA tucked inside The oldest bacterial spore on record is a 250-million-year-old spore found in a salt crystal in New Mexico. It's successfully revived in 2000. Genetic Adaptations:  Some bacterial species have traits to endure radiation exposure better than others. Research identifies certain genetic markers associated with radiation resistance. Metabolic Diversity: Bacteria are metabolically diverse. They can use a wide range of resources for energy including metal. Some metabolize radioactive compounds, using radiation as a source of energy. Binary Fission: Speedy Microbe Reproduction Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation radiation detectors Microorganisms such as Geobacter metallireducens var. GS15, a metal reducing proteobacterium, and Shewanella oneidensis reduce oxidized soluble plutonium Pu(VI/V) to the insoluble form Pu(IV). Gram-negative facultative anaerobes like Serratia spp . biomineralize and precipitate uranium. Naturally occurring microorganisms able to biomineralize radionuclides are targets for genetic manipulation. Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Bacteria & Archaea: Differences & Similarities Fungal Biofilms: Ecology of Biofilm-Producing Molds & Yeasts Bioremediation: Bacteria can help clean radiation contaminated settings just as they are used in toxic waste remediation. They remove or neutralize harmful substances from soil and water. Ecological Recovery: As primary colonizers, bacteria can catalyze regrowth of more complex ecosystems, though it may take several million years depending on the severity of destruction. Astrobiology: Studying radiation-resistant bacteria helps humans understand life in extreme environments. This is valuable in fields like astrobiology which searches for potential life beyond Earth. Seven Probiotics: Human Digestive Health Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Humans & Other Life Forms While bacteria can withstand extreme conditions, humans cannot. The immediate aftermath of a nuclear explosion with lethal radiation, intense heat, and destructive blast can destroy human existence. Besides bacteria, organisms likely to survive a nuclear explosion include tardigrades (water bears), fruit flies, some scorpions, braconid wasps, mummichog fish and of course cockroaches. Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes: Life Forms on Earth Xanthan Gum & Plant Blight: Xanthomonas Campestris Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Tardigrade aka water bear, moss piglet Tardigrades are classed as microanimals. They're the most radiation-resistant and resilient organisms known. Most creatures able to survive would nonetheless be affected by high levels of radiation. No Guarantees Not all bacteria are equally resistant. Survival of any particular species depend on intensity of the blast, the level of radiation, and the specific environment. A direct hit from the blast or prolonged exposure to extremely high levels of radiation can be fatal even to the most resilient bacteria. However, some can populate and flourish in the aftermath. 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The alembic is an essential alchemical tool. It functions like a retort, which in lead, iron or copper form has been used through history. The alembic is an evolutionary vessel for processes of distillation important to many experiments and elixirs . Equipment Alchemists Need: Essential Tools of the Trade Alchemy: Processes Used by Alchemists Alchemy Processes Invented by Islamic Alchemists Traditionally used for distillation, the alembic back to antiquity, it consists of two main components: the body (or cucurbit) and the head (or cap), which connects to a cooling tube (or receiver). As mixtures are heated in the cucurbit, the vapors rise into the head, where they are condensed back into liquid form and collected in the receiver. This elegant design allows for purification and separation of substances, a key goal in alchemical practices Literature: Great Literary Patrons in History The Pseudos: Underground Alchemy Writers Writing in Letters of Gold: Ancient Alchemy Brief History of the Alembic The invention of the alembic is often attributed to Cleopatra the Alchemist or Mary the Jewess during the early centuries AD in Alexandria. In ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia, methods of distillation are used for perfumes and pharmaceuticals. The Greeks call it ambix or cup. Later Islamic Golden Age scholars, who explore Greek works in-depth, call it al-ambic . Ibn al-Haytham and Jabir ibn Hayyan advance the art of alchemy and distillation. The alembic is also popular during the medieval period in Europe. Christine de Pizan: Medieval Writings Finding the Philosophers' Egg Aristotle: Intellect & Psyche the Soul Beautiful Glass Alembic Set, from Historical Glassworks The alembic, with its elegant design and intricate construction, plays a pivotal role in alchemical processes. It evolves from the simple concept of the retort, a distillation apparatus of lead, copper, iron or later glass, a bulbous body with a bent neck for draining fluids. Essential Features of the Alembic 1. Material Construction Glass is a main reason for expansion of alchemical knowledge, as alchemists can for the first time see processes inside the transparent stomach or womb. Produced in the early glassworks of Alexandria, glass caters to alchemists, artists, brewers and physicians. Honey Mead: Most Ancient Ambrosia John Dee - Talking to Angels Hermeticism & Alchemy in Alexandria The retort has a similar function but is all one piece. Glass is made from silica, which is heat-resistant and non-reactive, ensuring that the purity of the substances being distilled is maintained. Glass cannot be consumed by mercury , oil of vitriol or even aqua regia . It's crucial for alchemists to observe and control their experiments. 1. Distillation : The Core Process Distillation is the primary use of the alembic. Alchemists heat materials and allow the volatile matter to evaporate and pass through the apparatus. Vapors cool and re-condense, and purified liquids are collected. This process is vital to making tinctures, elixirs and medicines. 4 Infused Wines of Ancient Medicine Elixir Vitae: Giambattista della Porta Caterina Sforza: Renaissance Alchemy condensation on the glass 2. Adaptability While the classic alembic is a staple in alchemical tradition, modern variations exist, including those made from metals and other materials. These adaptations serve specific purposes, such as handling different chemical processes. 3. Design The unique design of the alembic, with its circular body and elongated neck, not only contributes to its functional effectiveness but also lends itself to artistic expression. Many alembics are beautifully crafted, becoming a symbol of the art of alchemy itself. Zodiac Alchemy - Metals & Planets Emerald Tablet - Sacred Alchemy Text Aqua Regia: The Green Lyon of Alchemy Alembic heads or still heads from a 1606 alchemy book Through the process of distillation, alchemical practitioners aim to separate the impure from the pure, extracting the essence of a substance and transforming it into its most potent form. The adept requires patience, skill and a deep understanding of the principles of alchemy. Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Plutonium (Pu) is a synthetic chemical element known for its potent uses and dangers. A heavy, silvery white metal, it tarnishes to a dull finish in air. It powers spaceships and nuclear weapons. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Nine Countries with Nuclear Weapons Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology plutonium 238 glowing as it decays Plutonium has several isotopes, with plutonium-239 one of the most significant. This isotope is used in both nuclear weapons and reactors due to its ability to undergo a nuclear chain reaction. Plutonium is created in 1940 by bombarding uranium with deuterons in a cyclotron . The resulting neptunium-238 undergoes beta decay to form plutonium-238, the first isotope of the element to be synthesized. The name "plutonium" is chosen to follow the naming convention of uranium and neptunium, in planetary order. Plutonium-238 is used in spacecraft, like the Mars Rovers, on lengthy or long-distance missions. De-Orbiting Satellites: Problems & Processes Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Curiosity Rover on Mars (selfie) Key Properties and Characteristics Plutonium has a density of 19.86 grams per cubic centimeter, over 1.5 times denser than lead. This helps in its application as a nuclear fuel and in making alloys for manufacturing. Plutonium also reacts with air, water, and organic materials, creating an array of hazardous compounds. It can exist in multiple oxidation states from -3 to +7. Radioactivity: All isotopes of plutonium are radioactive, decaying through alpha emission. Radioactivity is the source of energy potential but also represents a significant health hazard if mishandled. Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Weapons-grade plutonium - Los Alamos National Laboratory Multiple Allotropes: Plutonium can exist in six different allotropic forms (crystal structures) at different temperatures and pressures. Diverse densities and properties lead to unpredictable behavior. Chemical Reactivity: Plutonium is a highly reactive metal, readily forming compounds with oxygen, halogens, and other elements. Its surface quickly tarnishes in air, forming a coating of plutonium oxide. Toxicity: Plutonium is highly toxic due to its radioactivity and ability to concentrate in bone tissue. Inhalation of plutonium particles can cause lung cancer and other serious health problems. North Korea (DPRK): Total Control Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Electrum: Metal of Money & Myth Uses and Applications Nuclear Weapons: The fissile isotope plutonium-239 is a primary ingredient in nuclear weapons. Its ability to undergo chain reactions makes it a powerful explosive material. Countries with nuclear capabilities, such as the United States, Russia and China, rely on plutonium as a core component of their defense strategies. Nuclear weapons help them dominate the world stage. Super Alloys in Space Exploration Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space How Astronauts Breathe in Space 1945: Nagasaki nuclear bomb is made with plutonium core Nuclear Power: Plutonium-239 is also used as fuel in some nuclear reactors. It's produced in uranium-fueled reactors and can be reprocessed and used as mixed oxide (MOX) fuel. Plutonium-239 is often used in fast breeder reactors, which are capable of generating more plutonium than they consume. These reactors help develop a sustainable energy cycle to meet growing energy demands. Space: Plutonium-238 is used in radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs) to provide long-lasting power for Mars Rovers and deep-space probes like the Voyager and New Horizons. RTGs convert the heat from plutonium-238's radioactive decay into electricity. Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Oxidation: Metabolism & Molecular Action How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG ) Most plutonium today is produced in nuclear reactors by irradiating uranium-238. When uranium absorbs neutrons, it transforms to plutonium-239, which can then be extracted. Plutonium has plenty of energy opportunities, but also presents environmental and safety hazards, as in waste management. The US currently has 56 million gallons of high-level nuclear waste in storage. Nuclear Waste Management: Plutonium is a long-lived radioactive waste product from nuclear reactors. Safe and secure long-term storage solutions are crucial to prevent environmental contamination and proliferation risks. Transition Metals in Science and Health Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Solar Panels & Batteries in Space Environmental and Health Hazards: The release of plutonium into the environment through accidents or improper handling has serious health risks for humans and ecosystems. Accidental releases from nuclear plants or improper disposal cause widespread ecosystem sickness. Top Plutonium Producers Russia and the United States rank among the leading plutonium producers. Other nations producing plutonium are France, India, Pakistan and the United Kingdom. By 2023 North Korea acquires plutonium. Cell Communication in Living Organisms Difference Between Oxidation & Fermentation Photosynthesis: Nature's Energy Production Russian military load Worldwide Concerns The widespread availability of plutonium increases the risk of nuclear weapons proliferation, as it's a key ingredient in their construction. Plutonium significantly influences global political dynamics. Ownership of nuclear materials gives control on national security and international levels. Countries with plutonium leverage their nuclear arsenals to enhance defense strategies. In contrast, international efforts, such as the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT), hope to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons. It's been active since before 1970. Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar Zinc (Zn): Technology, Nature & Health CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business anti-nuclear protests go on throughout the world North Korea initially joins this treaty then more recently pulls out. Other nations with nuclear weapons who don't sign the treaty are Israel, India and Pakistan. Pakistan won't if India doesn't. Debates continue. Supporters say nuclear energy is a low-carbon alternative to fossil fuels. Critics point out the risks of nuclear proliferation and environmental harm. Even small amounts of plutonium can damage human health due to the element's long half-life. Plutonium-239 has a half-life of 24,100 years, meaning it can linger long, long time. Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Space debris is human made. It includes discarded rocket stages, defunct satellites and tiny fragments created by collisions and explosions. Even a flake of paint can cause destruction in space. How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts What Robots Need to Function & Survive Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space About Space Debris Space debris or orbital debris is defunct, human-made objects in space. This junk is left behind from over six decades of humans in space. With more activity like CubeSats, space tourism and commercial space travel, the load increases exponentially. Space debris includes non-functional spacecraft, abandoned rocket stages, and defunct satellites still orbiting Earth. They present significant problems for space travel and functionality of existing satellites. CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials The debris can range from tiny bits of metal or even solidified gasses to large, inactive satellites. The volume of space debris is immense. Defunct Satellites:  Satellites that have reached the end of their lifespan and are no longer functional. There are 30 to 40 launches annually, usually by commercial companies. A satellite has a lifespan of 15 years before becoming junk. Starlink satellites are made to last 5 years and intended to de-orbit after that time. There are 6,750 Starlink satellites in orbit today. Magnesium (Mg): Ecology & Human Health Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Algae in Glass Houses: Diatomaceous Earth Non-functional Spacecraft: over 5000 are currently identified in orbit. Rocket Bodies and Upper Stages:  Discarded components of rockets used to launch payloads into orbit. 3000 rocket bodies are tracked. Fragmentation Debris:  Pieces created from collisions, explosions, and even deliberate anti-satellite tests.  Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology How Astronauts Breathe in Space Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics NASA night launch Mission-Related Debris:  Objects released during satellite deployments or other space activities, such as lens covers or tethers. Paint Flecks and Solid Rocket Motor Slag:  Tiny particles can cause serious damage at orbital speeds. Micrometeoroids:  Naturally occurring particles in the billions. By NASA estimates there are: Over 36,500 objects larger than 10 cm (4 inches) being tracked. They're the size of softballs or larger, carefully monitored to avoid collisions. About 1 million objects between 1 cm and 10 cm (0.4 to 4 inches). Over 130 million objects smaller than 1 cm (0.4 inches). These are practically impossible to track, but sheer number makes them a constant hazard. As of 2023, over 34,000 pieces of debris larger than 10 cm are in orbit, along with about 100 million smaller fragments less than 1 mm. Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Solar Panels & Batteries in Space Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health Danger to Space Travel Space debris is a serious threat to active satellites, the International Space Station (ISS), and future space missions. At speeds of up to 17,500 mph (28,000 km/h), even a small piece can cause serious damage on impact. Collision Risk: The primary concern is the risk of collisions. A collision with a larger piece of debris can completely destroy a satellite, creating even more debris in a cascading effect known as the Kessler Syndrome, which could render certain orbital regions unusable. Even a small object can be lethal. A collision with a 1 cm piece of debris can release energy equivalent to a hand grenade, enough to destroy a satellite. Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses Operational Challenges: Space agencies and satellite operators constantly monitor and maneuver their assets to avoid potential collisions. This requires significant resources and can impact mission performance. ISS Vulnerability: The ISS is particularly vulnerable due to its size and long-term presence in orbit. It has shielding to protect against smaller debris, but astronauts occasionally need to adjust the position of the station. The threat of space debris is most severe for active satellites and manned missions. Even small pieces can travel at speeds up to 28,000 kilometers per hour (17,500 mph). Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land How Solar Panels Work International Space Station needs to alter position to avoid space junk Danger of Space Debris Falling to Earth Most space debris orbits Earth at altitudes where it will eventually re-enter the atmosphere and burn up due to friction. However, larger objects, like defunct satellites or rocket stages, may not completely incinerate. This creates a small but real risk of debris striking Earth's surface. While the chances of being hit by falling space debris are statistically very low, the potential for damage in populated areas does exist. The effect of space debris on Earth's atmosphere and environment is a complex and relatively understudied area. Burning up of small debris contributes to atmospheric dust. Nitrogen Fixation & Evolution of Plant Life Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Larger pieces can release harmful chemicals during re-entry. The launch of rockets adds to atmospheric pollution, and accumulation of debris in orbit is a visual blight for stargazers, researchers and astronomers. When spacecraft re-enter the atmosphere, they can release materials potentially affecting climate. Concerns include space debris contributing to pollution in the Earth’s orbital environment, raising ecological questions. S pace debris is a growing hazard. While immediate risk to those on Earth is low, long-term consequences exist for space exploration. Accumulation of debris makes launching and operating satellites risky and expensive. Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Transition Metals in Science and Health Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology This inhibits research, communication and national security. For satellites, potential collisions are the immediate threat. Investments of over $1 trillion are needed for active satellite operations. Other Facts About Space Debris Mitigation Efforts: International efforts are underway to mitigate the creation of new debris. This includes designing satellites able to de-orbit themselves at the end of their lives as in the idealistic Starlink scenario, and avoiding intentional destruction of satellites. CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Pharos Lighthouse: Ancient Wonder of Alexandria Debris Removal Technologies: Solutions like nets, harpoons and even lasers are developed to deal with existing space debris. The European Space Agency's ClearSpace-1 mission, set for launch in 2025, hopes to capture and deorbit a defunct satellite. International Cooperation: Countries and organizations around the world are creating laws and initiatives aimed at responsible space use. The global community must collaborate with continuous data sharing and innovations. Potential Futures: With private companies and emerging nations increasing their presence in space, the difficulties of managing space debris is only expected to grow. Silicon (Si): Fueling the Robot Apocalypse Metalloproteins: Biochemistry of Nature & Health Food to Energy: Krebs Cycle & Cell Balance Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

North Korea, officially the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (DPRK), is a totalitarian regime. The government controls political, economic, military, media and civilian life. Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Oxidation: Metabolism & Molecular Action North Korea: Isolation and Control North Korea is an enigmatic nation. Its political, economic, military, and civilian realities are shaped by history, ideology and the iron grip of the Kim dynasty. North Korea's politics are defined by a strict single-party regime under the Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), led by the Kim. Since its founding in 1948, the WPK has enforced a stronghold on power. The Korean peninsula's modern history is defined by Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to1945, and division after World War II. The former Soviet Union administers the north, United States the south. Myanmar (Burma): Beauty & Brutality Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses The two states are solidified in 1948 as the DPRK in the north and the Republic of Korea (South Korea) in the south. Kim Il-sung, a former anti-Japanese guerilla fighter, emerges as the undisputed leader of the North. He establishes a cult of personality lasting to present day. Kim Il-sung cultivates the Juche  ideology, often translated as "self-reliance." It emphasizes national independence in all spheres. Kim Il-sung establishes a totalitarian state, meant to value authority of government over individual rights. The Korean War (1950-1953) further enforces the division. Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Korean War - North Korean prisoners of war in Seoul, 1950 A devastating conflict, the Korean War ends in armistice but no formal peace treaty. This leaves the two Koreas technically still at war. Since the Korean War, the history of North Korea is characterized by famine, military confrontations, and international isolation. This contributes to the nation's current policies and global stance. The Cold War (1947-1991) has a strong influence. The Soviet Union and China provide support to North Korea, enabling the country to establish a distinct political and economic system. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Polyphenols: Plants & the Environment Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Korean Peninsula and neighbors When Kim Il-sung dies in 1994, his son Kim Jong-il takes over. Kim Jong-il continues the oppressive governance style of the patriarch. His leadership faces serious hardship including economic collapse and a famine with hundreds of thousands dead. Yet the regime maintains its stance. The North Korean famine (Korean: 조선기근) or Arduous March (고난의 행군) is a time of widespread starvation and economic crisis in North Korea 1994-1998. It prompts a surge in defections, most toward the famine's end. Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics In 2011, Kim Jong-un ascends to power, focused on consolidating his authority and modernizing the military. Under his leadership, North Korea actively pursues its nuclear weapons program. As a result, tensions with other countries rise and sanctions continue to pile up, degrading international relations if North Korea. This plunges the country further into seclusion. Totalitarian Rule and the Cult of Personality The Workers' Party of Korea (WPK), led by Kim Jong-un, holds absolute power. Elections are held but symbolic, offering only pre-selected candidates. Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials The Kim family promotes a pervasive cult of personality. Kim Il-sung is revered as "Eternal President." Both Kim Jong-il and Kim Jong-un are portrayed as infallible leaders. Their images and slogans are ubiquitous. Devotion to the Kim family is a patriotic duty. Dissent is not tolerated and is met with severe punishment, including imprisonment, forced labor and execution. Economic Realities: Sanctions, Stagnation, and Inequality North Korea's economy is centrally planned around state control. The government controls all supply and distribution channels. Feudalism & the German Peasants' War Kimchi: Microbes, Acids & Fermentation Food to Energy: Krebs Cycle & Cell Balance Juche over-ideology contributes to the country's segregation from the global economy. The collapse of the Soviet Union in the early 1990s, a major trading partner, is a major blow to the North Korean economy. International sanctions, imposed in response to North Korea's nuclear weapons and ballistic missile programs have further crippled the economy. These sanctions restrict trade in key resources and technologies. While official data is scarce and unreliable, it is widely accepted that North Korea's economy has struggled for decades. Citric Acid: Nature, Health & Science Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Silicon (Si): Fueling the Robot Apocalypse The industrial sector is outdated and inefficient. The country faces severe economic obstacles, such as limited access to global markets, as well as pervasive poverty, chronic food shortages and malnutrition. Despite overall economic stagnation, some limited market activity emerges in recent years, often tolerated unofficially. These activities are largely unregulated, and inequality is rampant. Attempts at economic reform make little progress. A privileged elite, connected to the ruling party and military, enjoys a vastly higher standard of living than the average citizen. CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Religious Wars Catholics & Protestants France How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts According to estimates from the International Monetary Fund, North Korea's economy shrinks by 4.5% in 2020 alone. It's worsened by natural disasters and the effects of the global COVID pandemic. Heavy military spending further diverts resources from critical sectors like healthcare and education. China is North Korea's primary trading partner, making up over 90% of its foreign trade. However, international sanctions have hindered the ability of North Korea to conduct business abroad, creating dire economic consequences for its citizens. In 2020 two-thirds of the population live below the poverty line. Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis ATP: Nature of Energy & Vital Functions Metalloproteins: Biochemistry of Nature & Health Nation's capital Pyongyang fares better than many North Korean regions North Korea contains most of the peninsula's mineral deposits. About 200 minerals are economically valuable. While iron ore and coal are foremost, focus is also on gold, magnesite, tungsten , lead and zinc . North Korea has a robust space program, the National Aerospace Technology Administration (NATA; Korean: 국가항공우주기술총국), the official space agency of North Korea. It's founded on 1 April 2013. To further North Korean space exploration the country implements the Law of Space Development in 2014. The law governs NATA's role in notification, security, research and potential compensation regarding satellite launches. Tungsten: Elusive Metal of Light, Art & Industry Methane (CH4): Science of Microbial Gas Nine Years War 1688-1697 France vs. Europe It advocates for collaboration with international organizations and other nations, emphasizing equality, mutual benefit, and adherence to international law and space regulations. It's against militarization of space. Military: Nuclear Ambitions and Military Power North Korea maintains a large, standing military, the Korean People's Army (KPA), one of the largest in the world. Military service is compulsory for both men and women. The KPA is heavily focused on defense. Large numbers of troops are stationed along the Demilitarized Zone (DMZ) separating North and South Korea. Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health de-militarized zone easily seen from space at night as most of North Korea is blacked out North Korea's military strength includes nuclear weapons. Despite international outrage North Korea continues to develop nuclear weapons and ballistic missiles able to reach regional and intercontinental targets. These military programs are considered a deterrent against potential foreign aggression, particularly from the US. They're also seen as a source of national pride and a bargaining chip in international negotiations. North Korea has engaged in multiple nuclear tests, drawing international condemnation and stringent United Nations sanctions. The regime continues to invest heavily in its military. Phosphorus: Element of Fatal Fascination Silent Destroyers: Microbial Corrosion of Concrete Heavy Metals Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium & Arsenic North Korean troops are currently fighting for Russia in Ukraine Military service is compulsory for all men, usually for at least two years starting at age eighteen. While all North Koreans have a duty to national defense, the Military Service Act is applicable only to male citizens. Leadership believes a formidable defense is essential for survival. Military parades are common in North Korea and showcase the country’s weaponry and strength. These events not only bolster national pride but rally support for the regime. Plugged by state-controlled media they portray an image of defiance against perceived external threats. Women Scientists of the Ancient World Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Quorum Sensing: Microbial Coordination Civilian Life: Surveillance, Repression, and Limited Freedoms Life for ordinary North Koreans is characterized by surveillance, limited freedoms, and economic hardship. The state controls access to information. Independent media does not exist. People have no freedom of speech, assembly or religion. The state controls all aspects of life, including media, education and culture. Black Tea (Camellia sinensis): Harvest to Cup Rise & Fall of the Habsburg Dynasty Europe Thirty Years' War: Conflict, Antagonists, and Impact on Society Foreign travel is severely restricted. Citizens are categorized based on their perceived loyalty to the regime, which affects their access to education, employment, and housing. Human rights abuses are widespread. The United Nations and other international organizations have documented systematic violations, including arbitrary arrests, torture, forced labor, and political imprisonment. A network of political prison camps, known as kwanliso , is believed to hold tens of thousands of people. They're detained for perceived political offenses personally or by family members. How Solar Panels Work Soy Sauce: A Cultural Culinary Odyssey Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Access to food, healthcare, and basic necessities is limited especially in rural areas. Despite improvement in living standards for some in Pyongyang, many people face daily struggles for survival. Access to information is drastically restricted, with state-run media being the only source of news. Foreign media and communications are banned. This censorship leaves many citizens uninformed about world events. North Koreans often find ways to adapt. Informal markets or jangmadang allow citizens limited entrepreneurship potential. The markets face periodic crackdowns by government which fears they might undermine its control. Antimony (Stibnite, Kohl) Ancient Metal of Science & Beauty How to Grow Carrots Glutamates: Umami Flavors & Brain Cells Rice, the primary grain of North Korea Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Super alloys have unique combinations of strength, corrosion resistance and high-temperature stability. Made primarily with nickel, cobalt and iron, super alloys are used in constructs enduring extreme environments. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore Cobalt (Co): The Little Goblin Who Could From the searing heat of atmospheric reentry to the frigid vacuum of deep space, every component of a spacecraft faces extreme conditions. High-performance materials such as super alloys provide resilience and stability. Nickel-based super alloys  are most widely used due to superior resistance to oxidation and exceptional high-temperature stability. The addition of chromium can improve strength and resistance to oxidation by over 30%. CubeSats: Science, Technology & Risky Business Building Robots: Elastomers, Metals & Plastics Titanium (Ti): From Space to Earth & Back nickel (Ni) Cobalt-based super alloys  are characterized by outstanding toughness and wear resistance. These alloys are particularly beneficial in environments prone to mechanical breakdown. Iron-based super alloys , while less common in aerospace applications, are preferred for cost-effectiveness. They're strong, thus ideal for non-critical components where weight and budget constraints are priorities. De-Orbiting Satellites: Problems & Processes Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts Qualities of Super Alloys Exceptional Strength: At high temperatures, conventional metals lose strength and are prone to creep, or slow deformation under stress. Super alloys maintain strength even at temperatures over 1000°C (1832°F). This is desirable for components like turbine blades in rocket engines. Corrosion Resistance: Hostile environments in space, whether the corrosive effects of rocket propellants or relentless radiation, create the need for materials to resist degradation. Super alloys resist oxidation, corrosion, and erosion for long-term reliability of spacecraft components. What Robots Need to Function & Survive Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Silica, Silicon & Silicone: Differences & Similarities Shuttle launch, NASA Stability at High Temperatures: Spacecraft components are subject to drastic temperature fluctuations. In atmospheric reentry, the exterior of a spacecraft can heat up to several thousand degrees Celsius. Super alloys retain structural integrity and dimensional stability at these temperatures, preventing catastrophic failures. Nickel-based super alloys, can withstand temperatures over 1200°C (2192°F). Creep Resistance: The constant stress and high temperatures in rocket engines and other spacecraft systems can cause metals to deform over time, known as creep. Super alloys are designed to resist this phenomenon. Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Survival of Bacteria in the Extremes of Space How Astronauts Breathe in Space Super Alloys in Space Exploration Rocket Engines: Extreme heat and pressure in rocket engines demand materials to withstand the conditions. Super alloys are used in combustion chambers, turbine blades, nozzles and other engine components. Nickel-based super alloys retain over 90% of original strength in high heat. Spacecraft Structures: Super alloys are part of the structural integrity of spacecraft, especially in areas exposed to extreme temperatures or radiation. They're used in heat shields, which protect spacecraft during atmospheric reentry. Super alloys are used in structural components including support frames and load-bearing elements. The strength-to-weight ratio of the alloys enables lighter designs. Solar Panels & Batteries in Space Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Gas Turbines: Power generation in spacecraft often relies on gas turbines, which require high-performance materials. Super alloys are used to manufacture turbine blades and other critical components. Cryogenic Systems: Some spacecraft components, such as fuel tanks, require materials to function at very low temperatures. Many super alloys maintain strength and ductility at cryogenic temperatures. Advanced Manufacturing: Super alloys can be used in advanced manufacturing processes like 3D printing to create complex and customized parts for spacecraft. Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Oxidation: Metabolism & Molecular Action How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Myanmar (Burma), has a rich cultural heritage but violent history of conflict, military rule and civil unrest. Brutal changes and warfare accompany the infamous military coup of Feb 2021. Myanmar is not safe for foreign visitors. Russo-Ukrainian War: Motives, Propaganda & Technology Buddhist Violence in Rakhine State Myanmar Rohingya Genocide in Myanmar Myanmar is a Southeast Asian nation allied with Russia and China. Military rule and civil war throws the country into chaos, leading to stronger methods of control by leaders. Geography and History Bordered by India, Bangladesh, China, Laos and Thailand, Myanmar is a land of diverse geography and ethnicity. It ranges from the Himalayas in the north to the Irrawaddy River delta in the south. Geographic features include alpine landscapes, forests and lowlands. Myanmar has a long coastline along the Bay of Bengal and the Andaman Sea. Its fertile plains and coasts are integral to the agricultural sector. Ancient Grains: Wheat, Barley, Millet, Rice Drone Warfare: Unmanned Combat Vehicles Lithium (Li): Science, Health & Uses Geography historically contributes to fragmentation of the country, with various ethnic groups controlling different territories. Myanmar's history is marked by the rise and fall of powerful kingdoms. The British colonize the country in the 19th century, absorbing it into British India. Independence is achieved in 1948. Ethnic tensions erupt and nascent democracy falters. Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land Jade - Jadeite, Nephrite & Jade Roads Feudalism & the German Peasants' War By 1962, Myanmar is ruled by a Socialist military junta. Decades of isolation, repression, and economic stagnation follow. Military control and human rights violations reach a tipping point in 2011. The military, known as the Tatmadaw or Sit-Tat, permits elections under a system giving them substantial power. They're guaranteed 25% of the seats in parliament regardless of election outcomes. In 2015 Aung San Suu Kyi and her National League for Democracy (NLD) party sweep the elections. This is a major step toward civilian rule, offering hope for a more democratic and prosperous future. Silicone: Creation, Robotics & Technology Salt (NaCl): Science, History & Cuisine Thirty Years' War Europe: Five Major Battles Above: Aung San Suu Kyi, leader of the NLD and a Nobel Peace Prize laureate. Despite being imprisoned, she remains a symbol of hope and resistance for many in Myanmar. Under leadership of Aung San Suu Kyi and the NLD, the government brings in reforms to enable political freedom and economic growth. Annual foreign direct investment rises from $1.5 billion to over $5 billion. Overall, Myanmar's economy relies heavily on agriculture, garments, and natural resources. Kachin State produces most of the world's jade , while Mandalay Division remains a leading source for rubies and sapphires . Copper (Cu) Effects on Human & Plant Health Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength Mad Hatter's Disease: Mercury Madness The country also has reserves of gold , silver , copper , tin , nickel , coal, limestone and other minerals. Myanmar's exports are primarily oil and natural gas. Additional exports consist of vegetables, wood, fish, clothing, rubber, and fruits. The country's current export partners include China, India, Japan, South Korea, Germany, Indonesia and Hong Kong. Natron - Ancient Embalming & Household Salts Silicon (Si) Metalloid: Prehistory into the Future Herbs & Natural Remedies - Ancient Egypt tapping a rubber tree In the 2010s the power-sharing arrangement between the NLD and the military remains uneasy. It's influenced by deep-seated mistrust and competing agendas. Even in transition the military retains control over ministries and economy. Ethnic conflicts, as in the horrendous 2017 Rohingya Muslim genocides by the military, draw international condemnation but little else. Sapphire Gemstones: Colors, Myths, Origins & Gemology Nickel (Ni): Metallurgy Facts & Folklore Alchemy: How to Make Emerald from Quartz Tensions escalate in the months leading up to the 2021 coup. They're largely due to the military's dissatisfaction with election results from November 2020 as the NLD secures 82% of seats in parliament. The military claims widespread electoral fraud. This is dismissed by other countries including the United Nations. On Feb 1, 2021, Tatmadaw forces led by Commander-in-Chief Min Aung Hlaing arrest Aung San Suu Kyi and other NLD leaders. They nullify election results and reinstate military rule. Renaissance Wars: Venice vs. Ottoman Great Persecution Rome vs. Christianity Famous Women of Ancient Rome Min Aung Hlaing:  The current leader of the military junta and de facto ruler of Myanmar. He is accused of human rights abuses and responsible for the violent suppression of dissent. Massive protests erupt nationwide as civilians unite against military rule. Civil disobedience gains traction and brutal military response. Thousands have been killed, and tens of thousands arrested and imprisoned. The coup also reignites and intensified pre-existing ethnic conflicts. Various armed groups including newly formed People's Defense Forces (PDFs) take up arms against the military regime. Metalloproteins: Biochemistry of Nature & Health Transition Metals in Science and Health Heavy Metals Cadmium, Mercury, Lead, Chromium & Arsenic students with Myanmar flag art Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs): Numerous armed groups representing ethnic minorities exist across the country, each with particular grievances and agendas. Some align with the PDFs to fight the military junta. Post-coup politics are dominated by military generals, primarily Senior General Min Aung Hlaing. Both domestic and international observers question the legitimacy of his administration. Aung San Suu Kyi remains a respected figure, despite her detention. She continues to inspire many to strive for a democratic Myanmar. Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Space Satellites: Mechanics & Materials Compost: Teeming Metropolis of Life & Death The national and international response to the coup has seen varying levels of involvement from regional organizations like ASEAN, which has been criticized for its ineffective measures to address the crisis. Myanmar's international relations are complex. Historically it maintains closer ties with China. China often shields Myanmar from international criticism. However, the coup seriously complicates this relationship. While China has refrained from condemning the coup outright, it has also expressed concerns about instability. The European Union and other countries impose sanctions on the military regime but effect is limited. Sirius the Dog Star: Stellar Mythology Rabbit Fever Plague & Warfare: Hittites Pharos Lighthouse: Ancient Wonder of Alexandria Prior to the coup, Myanmar is on a path of economic growth across various sectors, including agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism. However, the coup severely impacts foreign investment. Foreign direct investment falls by 60% in the year following the coup. Myanmar's geographical position in Southeast Asia attracts regional power interests. The military's tightened alliances with China and Russia fortify its standing. The ongoing geopolitical complexity continues to shape regional stability and internal struggles of Myanmar. Glutamates: Umami Flavors & Brain Cells Ancient Salt & Health: Physician Dioscorides Famous Women of Renaissance Alchemy Collapsing Economy & Intensifying Warfare The coup has a devastating impact on Myanmar's economy. Sanctions, political instability, and the COVID-19 pandemic cause a sharp decline in economic activity, with rising unemployment and widespread poverty. Foreign investment is drastically reduced, and the country struggles to attract international aid. Ongoing civil war further exacerbates the economic crisis. Fighting between military and various armed groups displaces hundreds of thousands, disrupting agriculture and trade. As of 2023 the number of people displaced internally rises to 1.5 million. Solnitsata - Neolithic Salt Trade Town Cell Communication in Living Organisms Platinum (Pt): Junk Metal to Pure Treasure Myanmar military weapons and equipment are lethal and diverse, including assault rifles, machine guns, mortars, mines, anti-tank weapons, armored cars, tanks and rocket launchers. Many come from China and Russia, with contributions from other countries, such as tanks from France, Brazil and Israel. Weapons and equipment are also made in Myanmar. The air force is significant, used in devastating strikes against civilians. In Dec 2024 the military commissions 8 new aircraft from the Aviation Industry Corporation of China (AVIC), close associate and investee of the European aerospace giant Airbus. Biometallurgy: Microbes Mining Metals Oxidation: Metabolism & Molecular Action How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts An unimpressive navy in 1988 since blossoms into a premium seagoing force with the help of donations from allies. Russia supplies Kh-35E anti-ship missiles. The navy acquires its first submarine from India in 2020. Sophisticated equipment includes the latest in technology. The Myanmar navy commands the coastline with 227 active vessels and 19,000 personnel. Solar Energy & Nuclear Power in Space Zinc (Zn): Technology, Nature & Health Space Debris: Coping with Dangerous Junk Myanmar guided missile stealth frigate Drones as unmanned combat aerial vehicles (UCAVs) are used by military and anti-military forces. A new suicide UCAV is initially seen in smuggled footage from western Rakhine State Dec 2024. It's confirmed as deployed in January 2025 in Karen (Kayin) State in the eastern part of the country. Resistance drones are lately able to track and target people, such as army generals. Reduction in Chemistry: Gaining Electrons Elixir of Life: Alchemy & the Emperor Lead: Death Metal of Metallurgy Humanitarian Aid Humanitarian aid is severely restricted. The country is in severe crisis with shortages of food, medicine and essential services. Socially, divisions have deepened. According to Human Rights Watch 77% of the population opposes military rule. Citizens continue to brave the streets to demand democracy while reports of military abuses pour in. Is Myanmar Safe for Foreign Visitors? Currently, Myanmar is not safe for foreign visitors. The country is embroiled in civil war, and the military regime is known for brutality. Risks include being caught in crossfire, arrest or violent attack. Sacred Geometry: Insight to the Mysteries Arsenic: Murderous Metal & Miracle Cure Leap to Flames: Why Did Empedocles Jump into Mount Etna? Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Bacteria are highly adaptable and many survive in extreme conditions, like high acidity. Some can function in anaerobic habitats. Survival of bacteria in space is an ongoing question. Here are the answers. How Spacecraft Produce Water for Astronauts Microbe Glue (EPS) in Biofilm Formation Lactic Acid Fermentation: Beneficial Bacteria Can we colonize? Bacteria are programmed to withstand the vacuum of space, backed by research proving their resilience. Microorganisms like bacteria are diverse, quick to reproduce and have lived on planet Earth for 3.7 billion years. Certain species are unbelievably tough in extreme settings. Deinococcus radiodurans , dubbed Conan the Bacterium, survives exposure to radiation levels up to 1,000 times higher than are lethal for humans. It can withstand extreme temperatures and even desiccation. Extremophiles like Conan flourish in conditions of extreme heat, acidity or high salinity. Extremophiles enjoy environments deadly for the majority of organisms. What Robots Need to Function & Survive Lithium Ion Batteries on Earth & in Space Pyrococcus furiosus : Extremophile of Vulcano Conan the Bacterium Halomonas is found in salt flats. It can withstand salt concentrations 10 times more than seawater. Thermococcus , a genus of archaea, is found in hydrothermal vents at temperatures higher than 100°C. Researchers believe these extremophiles can be the key to the potential for existence of life in alien settings like subsurface Martian ice. Frozen oceans of Europa and Enceladus also have possibilities. Challenges Facing Bacteria in Space Vacuum: The near-perfect vacuum of space dehydrates organisms, causing cell damage or death. First Life on Earth: Microbes & Stromatolites Whey & Whey Products: Health & Science Predators of the Microworld: Vampirovibrio  & Lysobacter Extreme Temperatures: Temperatures can swing from scorching highs exposed to direct sunlight to frigid lows in the rest of space. Radiation: UV radiation, cosmic rays and solar flares can damage DNA and other vital molecules. Lack of Nutrients: Space is essentially a nutrient desert, making it difficult for organisms to maintain metabolism and reproduce. Self-Healing Silicone Technology in Robotics Compost: Teeming Metropolis of Life & Death Calcite: Metal-Eating Bacteria to Coral Reefs In recent years, multiple studies attempt to assess survival rates of bacteria in space conditions. One is the BIOPAN study during the FOTON-M3 mission back in 2007. The experiment exposed microorganisms, including Bacillus  spores, to the brutal environment of space for 12 days. These spores remained viable even after intense UV radiation and cosmic rays in the vacuum of space. Research on the International Space Station (ISS) studies how bacteria react to microgravity and radiation. After 30 days in space, bacteria not only survive but show changes in growth patterns and genetic make-up. Agriculture: Calvin Cycle in Photosynthesis ATP: Nature of Energy & Vital Functions Metalloproteins: Biochemistry of Nature & Health For example, Escherichia coli , commonly known as E. coli, has an increased resistance to antibiotics after exposure to space. Due to versatility E. coli strains are commonly used in genetic engineering projects on Earth. Survival in Simulated Space: Experiments on Earth recreate the vacuum, temperature extremes, and radiation levels of space. They show some bacteria, especially those who form spores, can survive for extended periods, even years. Lithopanspermia and Meteorites: The theory of lithopanspermia suggests life spreads through the universe with rocks struck from planets by asteroid impacts. Evidence of bacteria is found within meteorites. Honey Bees (Apidae): Nature & Myth Escherichia coli (E. coli): The Good Bacteria Irrigation in History: Greening of the Land It's part of the overall panspermia theory suggesting microbial life is carried through space on comets, meteoroids, or even spacecraft. Their tiny size is a factor - about 150,000 E. coli bacteria can dance on the head of a pin. How Bacteria Survive Space & Other Extreme Conditions Spore Formation: Spore formation allows bacteria to enter a dormant state, greatly increasing their resistance to dehydration, radiation, and temperature extremes. Pigmentation: Some bacteria produce pigments, such as melanin, to shield from harmful radiation. How Astronauts Breathe in Space Calcium (Ca): Earth Metal of Structure & Strength How Salamanders Regenerate Body Parts Melanin is dark pigment of skin as in natural tone, tanning and liver spots DNA Repair Mechanisms: Bacteria have sophisticated DNA repair mechanisms to counteract damaging effects of radiation. Biofilms: Bacteria can form biofilms, which are communities of cells encased in a protective matrix. Biofilms can enhance resistance to UV radiation and dehydration. The ability of bacteria to survive in space is important to astrobiology, the study of origin, evolution and distribution of life in the universe. It opens up countless possibilities. Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes Cyanobacteria: Nutrients & Bacterial Blooms Let's colonize! Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top

Escherichia coli or E. coli are a benefit in the microbial world. Many strains are good for human health and the natural environment. Some dwell in the digestive system making up only 0.1% of microbes, but with vital functions. Botulism: Causes, Symptoms & Prevention Listeria Bacteria: Health and Environment Pseudomonadota: E. coli , Gonorrhea & Nitrogen Fixing Bacteria E. coli is a type of bacteria in the Enterobacteriaceae family. It’s a rod-shaped, gram-negative organism, commonly found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals, including humans. Discovered by Theodor Escherich in 1885, these bacteria are adaptable and live in diverse habitats. Over 700 strains are identified. Most are not only harmless but crucial to human health and ecosystems. Feed the Yeast: Nutrients for Microbe Health Lactic Acid Bacteria: Team Players of Fermentation Bdellovibrio : Lifestyles of Predatory Bacteria Characteristics and Properties E. coli is a facultative anaerobe, found in both oxygen-rich and oxygen-free habitats. This adaptability is key to its survival in the intestines and other harsh or competitive environments. It’s a motile bacterium, using flagella or whip-like structures to move. Under the microscope it can have a distinct wriggle, and often travels at a rapid rate, navigating skillfully through the crowded microworld. Ammonium (NH+4): Nitrogen Needs of Plants Predators of the Microworld: Vampirovibrio & Lysobacter Amino Acids: Optimal Body Health & Energy E. coli inhabits the intestines E. coli is found almost everywhere in nature. This bacterium helps shape microbial communities, influencing nutrient cycling. A ppearing in 95% of human feces, it's a key indicator of fecal contamination in water sources. E. coli has a simple cellular structure and a single circular chromosome. These give the bacterium a distinct advantage, allowing rapid adaptation to change. It can form biofilms , helping it survive hostile environments. Esters & Phenols in Brewing, Perfumes, Food Making Difference Between Gram-Positive & Gram-Negative Bacteria How to Cultivate Green Algae for Science & Health Functions in Humans In humans, E. coli is a core member of GI tract microbiota. It aids digestion by breaking down complex carbohydrates and synthesizing essential vitamins. Its functions include: Vitamin Production: E. coli produces essential vitamins, particularly Vitamin K and some B vitamins, which the human bodies can't create. These are important for blood clotting, energy metabolism and nerve function. Nutrient Breakdown: E. coli aids in breakdown of complex carbohydrates hard for humans to digest, extracting energy and nutrients from tough fibrous materials. Biofilm Communities: Metropolitan Microbes Seven Deadly Diseases of the Renaissance Acid-Producing Bacteria in Sulfuric Acid Creation complex carbohydrates GI Tract Health: By colonizing the digestive system, beneficial E. coli strains compete with potentially harmful bacteria, preventing them from settling in to cause infections. They're a natural defense against pathogens. Immune System Stimulation: Their presence stimulates the immune system, keeping it primed and responsive to potential threats. In the environment, E. coli helps in nutrient cycling by breaking down organic matter for ecosystem health. In biotechnology, it's widely used to produce insulin and other recombinant proteins. Catalase: Unseen Enzymes Essential to Life Rotten Egg Sulfur Smell: Microbial Processes Renaissance Apocalypse: End is Nigh In the GI tract, E. coli consumes a variety of foods. These include sugars, amino acids as well as fibrous matter. Symbiotically, they excrete vitamins, short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and more for digestive health. Butyrate, one of the short-chain fatty acids, maintains the integrity of the intestinal lining. SCFAs in the human GI tract are acetic, propionic and butyric acid (butyrate). They're the main energy source for intestinal cells. Maltose: Sweet Delight of Brewing & Energy Three Types of Amylase in Digestion & Fermentation Fermenting Cabbage to Make Sauerkraut human cell Rapid Reproduction: How E. coli Multiplies E. coli reproduces through binary fission. A single cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Under optimal conditions, at a temperature of around 37°C (98.6°F), this process can be fast, every 20 minutes or so. Rapid reproduction rates allow E. coli to quickly colonize new environments and maintain a stable population in the digestive tract. Blooms of these beneficial bacteria are known to appear regularly in healthy intestines. How Lactic Acid Bacteria Make Yogurt Cellulose: Plant Fibers of Structure & Strength Potassium (K): Human Health & Environment E. coli can undergo genetic mutations and horizontal gene transfer, which helps it adapt to new challenges. Some strains even acquire the familiar virulence factors. Biotechnology E. coli is a key player in genetic engineering, helping scientists clone DNA and produce proteins for medical therapies. Researchers are exploring the potential of genetically engineered E. coli . Pyruvate (Pyruvic Acid): Key to Life's Energy 7 Primary Electrolytes: Essential Ions & Health Glycolysis: Biochemistry of Holistic Health Sylvia Rose Books Non-Fiction Books: World of Alchemy: Spiritual Alchemy World of Alchemy: A Little History Fiction Books: READ: Lora Ley Adventures  - Germanic Mythology Fiction Series READ: Reiker For Hire  - Victorian Detective Murder Mysteries Back to Top